ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT

Lesson 08: Division of Skeleton and the Different Bones of

the Human Body

Lesson Objectives:

At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:

a. name the different human bones;and

b. group the different human bones based on its division.

Readings:

Division of the Skeleton

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(80 BONES) (126 BONES)

Skull Upper Extremities

Cranium (8) Shoulder (pectoral) girdle (4)
Ear Bones (6) Arms (6)
Face (14) Wrists (16)
Spine Hands (38)
Vertebrae (26) Lower Extremities
Thorax Hip (pelvic) Girdle (2)
Ribs (24) Legs and Knee (8)
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Sternum (1) Ankles (14)

Hyoid Bone (1) Feet (38)

TOTAL = 206 BONES

The Skull
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- includes the bones that form the cranium, the face, and the middle
ear

Bones of the Skull

a. Cranial Bones – enclose and protect the brain

Name Numbe Description

r

Frontal 1 Forehead bone; the bony projections

Bone under the eyebrows and the superior of
the eye orbit.

Parietal 2 Forms the superior and lateral walls of the

Bone cranium

Temporal 2 Lies inferior to the parietal bones

Bone

Occipital 1 Forms back of the skull

Bone
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Sphenoid 1 Butterfly-shaped, forms the floor of the

Bone cranial cavity

Ethmoid 1 Irregularly shaped, forms the floor of the

Bone cranium, side walls and roof of the nose
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Sutures – immovable joints which interlocks the skull bones except, the
mandible (jawbone) which is attached to the skull by means of a freely
movable joint. The suture of the skull includes;

1. Coronal – connects the frontal bone with 2 parietal bones.

2. Sagittal – connects the 2 parietal bones.

3. Lambdoidal – connects the occipital bone with the 2 parietal

bones.

4. Squamous – connects the parietal bones to the temporal bones.

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Lateral View of the Skull

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Inferior View of the Skull

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b. Facial Bones – holds the eyes and attached with facial muscles
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Name Number Description

Nasal Bone 2 Small bones that form upper part of bridge

of nose

Maxilla 2 Fused to form the upper jaw

Zygomatic 2 Cheek bones; also helps orbit

Mandible 1 Lower jawbone articulates with temporal

bone at condyloid

Lacrimal 2 Fingernail-size forming part of the medial

walls of the orbit

Palatine 2 Forms posterior part of the hard palate

Inferior 2 Thin curved bones on the lateral walls of the

Concha nasal cavity

Vomer 1 Single bone in the median line of the nasal

cavity
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(a)

(b)
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(a) Anterior View of the Skull (b) Ossicles

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c. Auditory Ossicles (Ear Bones)

1. Malleus (Hammer) - 2
2. Incus (Anvil) - 2
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3. Stapes (Stirrups) - 2

Sinuses
 Empty air
spaces or
cavities found
in the sphenoid,
ethmoid and
maxillary
bones.

Functions
1. Give resonance to the voice
2. Reduces the weight of the skull
Fontanels (little fountain) - areas where ossification is incomplete and
regarded as “soft spots” made up of fibrous membrane.

 Anterior fontanel - the

large diamond-shaped soft
part at the junction of
frontal, coronal and sagittal
sutures. It closes at 12-16
months after birth.

 Posterior fontanel – the

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small triangular-shaped soft

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part at the junction of sagittal & lambdoidal suture. This

fontanel closes at 2-3 months after
birth.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc
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Hyoid bone – an isolated, horse-shoe-

shaped bone that does not articulate with
any other bone. It serves as a movable
bone for the tongue and an attachment
point for the neck muscles that raise and
lower the larynx when we swallow and
speak.

© McGraw-Hills and Companies, Inc.

Figure.Anterior view of
the sinuses (top),
fontanels (right) and hyoid
bone (down)

The Vertebral Column (Spine)

The spine extends from the skull towards

the pelvis. Before birth, the spine
consists of 33 separate bones called
vertebrae, but 9 of these eventually
fuse, forming the two composite bones,
the sacrum and the coccyx, that
construct the inferior portion of the
vertebral column. Of the 24 single bones,
the 7 vertebrae of the neck are
collectively called the cervical
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vertebrae, the next 12 are the thoracic

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vertebrae, and the 5 supporting the

lower back are known as the lumbar
vertebrae.
Intervertebral disk is the watery,
spongy, and compressible fibro-cartilage
that separates each vertebra. It serves to
cushions the vertebrae and absorbs
shocks.
Functions of the Vertebral Column
1. Supports the head and
body
2. Protects the spinal cord
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3. Provides for numerous body movements.

4. Forms part of the thorax and pelvis.
The Vertebral Column

Spinal Column Curves – these allow human beings to stand upright and
help to maintain the balance of the upper body.

 Cervical curve is located at the top of the spine and is composed of

cervical vertebrae.
 Thoracic and lumbar curves composed The Vertebral Column

of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae respectively.

 Pelvic or sacral curve is formed by the sacrum and coccyx.

Name Number Description

Cervical 7 Upper seven vertebrae, in neck region

Vertebrae
First cervical vertebra (C1) – Atlas
Second cervical vertebra (C2) – Axis

Thoracic 12 Ribs are attached

Vertebrae

Lumbar 5 Short at the back area, the strongest of

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Vertebrae all the vertebrae

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Sacrum 1 Forms the posterior wall of the pelvis

Child = five separate vertebra
Adult = fused into one

Coccyx 1 “Human Tailbone”

Child = five separate vertebra
Adult = fused into one
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Thorax/Thoracic Cage/Chest

Cone-shaped cage of slender bones enclosing the vital organs of the

thoracic cavity.

Intercostal space – spaces between the ribs that are filled with the
intercostal muscles that aid in breathing.

Name Numb Description

er

True 14 Upper seven

The Bony Thorax
Ribs pairs; attached
to sternum by
costal cartilages

False 10 Lower five pairs

Ribs
Lowest two pairs
do not attach to
sternum
(Floating Ribs)

Sternu 1 Breastbone –
10

m shaped like a
dagger
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Xiphoid process – Shoulder Girdle/Pectoral

piece of cartilage Girdle
at the lower end

Also known as the “Pectoral Girdle”, consists of two bones – a clavicle

and a scapula.

Name Numbe Description

r
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Clavicle 2 Collar bones, slender doubly curved bone.

Attaches to the sternum medially and scapula
laterally by the sternoclavicular joints.

Scapula 2 Shoulder blades, triangular and commonly called

“wings”
Scapula plus clavicle forms shoulder girdle
Acromion process – tip of shoulder that forms joint
with clavicle
Glenoid cavity – arm socket
Suprascapular notch – serves as a nerve passage
way
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Right Scapula, anterior and posterior aspect

Upper Extremities/Limb
Thirty (30) separate bones form the skeletal framework of each upper
limb. They form the foundations of the arm, forearm, and hand.

Name Numbe Description

r
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Arm
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Humerus 2  Single and the longest bone in the upper

extremity
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Surface Features of the Right Humerus

Name Numbe Description

r

Forearm

Radius 2  Contributes more to the movement of the

wrist and hand
 Is longer than the radius and connected
Ulna 2
more firmly to the humerus.
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Surface Features of the Right Ulna and Radius

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Bones of the Right Hand, anterior view

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Name Numbe Description

r

Hand

Carpal 16  Consists of 8 small bones each hand, that are

tightly bound by ligaments
 Top row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform

 Second row : trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and

hamate

Metacarp 10
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als  Consists of five metacarpal bones each hand, one

aligned with each of the fingers
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 Bones are not named but are numbered I to V

starting with the thumb

 Made up of 14 bones called phalanges

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Phalange  Arranged in three rows that has a proximal
s phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx,
except the thumb (also called the pollex) which
does not have a middle phalanx
 Digits are also numbered I to V starting from the
thumb
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Pelvic Girdle/Bony Pelvis

It is formed by two Os coxae or hip bones. Each hip bone is formed
by the fusion of three bones namely; the ilium, ischium (sit-down bone)
and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones make up
the bony pelvis. The bony girdle is large and heavy, and attached securely
to the axial skeleton. Bearing weight is the most important function of this
girdle; the total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis. The
reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and parts of the large intestine lie
within and are protected by the bony pelvis.

Ilium
 a large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone

 connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

 important anatomical landmark in giving injections

Ischium
 also known as the “sit-down bone” since it forms the inferior part of
the coxal bone
 ischial spine is another important anatomical landmark during
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delivery process
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Pubis
 pubic bone, anterior part of the coxal bone
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Articulated Male Pelvis

Two Regions
1. False Pelvis – lies superiorly, an area medial to the flaring portions
of the ilia
2. True Pelvis – surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring
parts of the Ilia and the pelvic brim.
Lower Extremities/Limb
The lower limbs carry the total body weight when standing erect.
Hence, the bones forming the three segments of the lower limbs (thigh,
leg and foot) are much thicker and stronger than the bones of the upper
limb.

Name Numbe Description

r
Thigh
Femur 2  The femur is the longest, largest, and
strongest bone in the body.
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Patella and Femur (thigh bone), anterior and posterior view

Name Numbe Description

r
Patella 2  Also known as kneecap, is a large, triangular
sesamoid bone between the femur and the
tibia. It is formed in response to the strain in
the tendon that forms the knee
 Protects the knee joint and strengthens the
tendon that forms the knee.
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Name Numbe Description

r
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Legs

Tibia 2  also called the “shin bone”, on the side

nearest the body
 larger than the fibula because it bears most
of the weight
 connects to the femur to form the knee joint
and with the talus, a foot bone, to allow the
ankle to flex and extend
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 on side away from the body

Fibula
19Page 2  serves as an area for muscle attachment
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Features of the Right Tibia and Fibula

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Bones of the Right Foot, superior view

Name Numbe Description

r
Foot
Tarsal 14  Ankle, or tarsus, is composed of the 7 tarsal
bones which correspond to the carpals in the
wrist
 Largest tarsal bone is called the calcaneus or
heel bone
 Talus rests on top of the calcaneus and is
connected to the tibia
 Directly in front of the talus is the navicular
bone
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 Remaining bones from medial to lateral are the

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medial, intermediate, the lateral cuneiform

bones, and the cuboid bone
 The five metatarsal bones are numbered I to V
Metatarsa 10
starting on the medial side with the big toe
ls
 The first metatarsal bone is larger than the
others because it plays a major role in
supporting the body's weight
 Made up of 14 bones called phalanges

 Arranged in a proximal row, a middle row, and

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a distal row, with the big toe, or hallux, having
Phalanges
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only a proximal and distal phalanx.

 Digits are also numbered I to V starting from
the thumb

Activity 01: Draw and label the different parts of the

Skeletal System in anterior and posterior view.
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