Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A viscoelasticity, 123
Absolute global warming potential (AGWP), wood floorboard, 121, 122f
557 Bark, 78
Accoya wood, 33 appearance, 78
Acetylation, 214 diversity, 79
Acoustic insulation, 136 formation, 78–80
Acoustic performance, 256, 256f functions, 78
Acoustic protection, 256 Basidiomycetes, 259
Aesthetics Battenboard, 60
bio-based material versatility, 286, 287f Beeswax, 226–227
customer preferences, 292–293 Bio-based boards, 350t
definition, 285 Bio-based building materials
functions, 286 acoustic protection, 256
material perception, 286–288 aesthetics, 251f, 252
material selection, 293–294 aesthetic versatility, 286
modelling, 285 benefits, 2
and service life, 288–291 dimensional and shape stability, 252–253
Agar block test, 387 embodied energy, 12–13
Air infiltration, 76 end-grain erosion, 282, 283f
Air velocity, 358 human well-being, 256–257
Annual rings, 23 issues, 14–15
Anobium punctatum (furniture beetle), moisture, 277–278
195–196, 195–196f, 396–397 role in modern building sector, 2–4
Archetypal stains, 222 slip resistance, 253–254
Architects, air quality, 361 stiffness and hardness, 253, 254f
Assessment tools, 6, 8t for structural purposes, 250
sustainable agenda, 10–11
sustainable planning, 11–12
B thermal insulation, 254–255
Bacterial decay, 392–393 uses, 4–9
Bamboo, 120f Bio-based products
bahareque walls, 123 resistance against biological agents,
charcoal, 124 603–604
composites, 121, 122f resistance against moulds, 602–603
creep behaviour, 124 Biocidal Product Regulation, 204
degradation, 123 Biocides, 204–207, 205t
disadvantages, 120–121 Biodegradability, 2
extraction, 123 Bio-economy, 562–563
fibres, 121, 121f Biofilms, 253–254, 283
MDF, 123 Biohygrothermal model, 487–488
screen fence, crack formation, 282, 282f Biopolymers, 63
624Index
Biotic decay, 289–290
Black alder wood waste, 63, 64f
Bleaching process, 71–72
Blockboard, 60
Blue-stain infestations, 221, 221f
Bottom-up approach, 12
BRE environmental assessment method
(BREEAM), 6, 8, 577–578
Brown-rot fungi, 190, 190f
Building durability, 445
Building-level assessment methods, 573
Building occupants, 358
Building physics
acoustic properties, 341–343
bio-based materials, 345
definition, 335
hygrothermal properties, 337–341
phase-change materials, 343–344
properties, 336
Building regulations, 3–4, 5t
C Corn, 157–158, 160f
Canadian Wood Council (CWC), 50
Canal infrastructure, 44, 45f
Cancun agreement, 10–11
Capacitive measurement devices, 427f
Carbon accounting method
AGWP, 557
carbon storage benefits, 556–557
carbon-trading scheme, 555–556
GWP impact, 558–559
harvested wood products, 555–556
HWP pool, 559
methodologies, 555–556
Carbon storage, 13
Cattails, 170
Cellulose, 24, 68–70
accessibility, 74
applications, 76–77
degradation, 74–75
dense packing installation, 77
esterification, 75
etherification, 75
insulation, 75–76, 77f
physical properties, 73–74
structure, 69–70, 69f
swellability, 73
Cell wall, 23
Cement boards, 60
Cerambycidae (longhorn beetles), 197
Chemical modification, 33
Chemical pulps, 71
Chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP), 71
Chemomechanical pulping, 71
Circular economy, 560–562
Coating material, 218
Coating permeability, 220–222
Coleoptera (beetles), 193–194, 193–194t
Compounding process, 65
Compressed strawboard, 119
Computer numeric cutting (CNC) machine
technology, 42–43
Construction market, 1
Construction Products Directive (CPD), 4–6
Cork, 78
agglomerates, 84–85
in construction, 83–86, 83f
formation, 78–80
granules, 84–85
structure and properties, 80–82, 81–82f
Corn cobs, 170, 172
Cortical cell, 129–130, 129f
Cradle-to-cradle (C2C) certification, 562
Cradle-to-gate assessment
manufacturing
common operation, 551–552
modification treatments, 552
production of bio-based boards,
552–553
raw material supply
additives, 550–551
agriculture and animal products,
549–550
forest products, 549
recycled products, 551
transportation, 551
Creosote, 206, 210f, 429–430
Cross laminated timber (CLT)
evolution, 41
fair-faced surface, 45, 46f
game changers, 47–49
lamellae, 40–41, 41f
nailed stacked plank panel, 40
properties and performance, 45–47
tall timber buildings/vertical timber city,
50–51
uses, 42–45
Index625
D E
Decarbonised economy. See Low-carbon
economy
Decay fungi
classifications, 188, 189t
fungal rot, 188–190
physiological needs, 190–191, 191t
temperature requirements, 190–191, 192t
Decay models
biological models, 510
black and white box model, 512
challenges, 520–522
climate indices, 512–513
dose-response functions, 510–512, 511f
hazard mapping, 516–517
mathematical models, 510
performance prediction, 513–516
service life prediction and planning,
517–520
variability, 521–522
Degree of exposure, 262
Developers, air quality, 361
DGNB system, 8–9
Dimensional stability, 252–253
1,3-Dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy-ethyleneurea
(DMDHEU), 216
Dipping method, 207
Doha agreement, 10–11
Do-it-yourself (DIY) products, 207
Dried block-peat, 148, 148f
Drilling resistance method, 458, 459f
Dry-wood insects, 194, 194t
Durability
bamboo, 271
biological decay and, 258–261
classes, for fire retardants, 313–314
definition, 257–258
exterior out of ground contact conditions,
265–270
in ground contact conditions, 265
hazard/use classes, 261–262
integrated approach, 262–263
interior conditions, 270–271
laboratory accelerated testing, 272–273
lab test methods, 273–276
nonwood products, 271
statistical analysis, 276
timber classes, 258, 258t
wood products, 271
Earth overshoot day (EOD), 2–3, 3t
Eco-labels, 565–566
Economic issues, 14
80-storey Barbican Oak project, 51, 51f
ELODIE, 580
Embodied energy, 12–13
Empirical aesthetics, 286
Energy efficiency
bio-based product evaluation, 347–349
bioeconomy, 351
definition, 345
energy requirement reduction, 345–346
smart bio-based materials, 346–347
Environmental assessment
bio-economy, 562–563
of buildings, 576–584
carbon accounting, 554–559
circular economy, 560–562
construction stage, 553
end of life stage, 554
life cycle assessment, 548
low-carbon economy, 564
measurement and certification, 565–584
product stage, 548–553
use stage, 553
Environmental labels
certifications, 572
drivers, 572–576
EPD in Europe, 569–572
types, 565–569
Environmental product declarations (EPD)
in Europe, 569–572, 575t
for wood products, 573f
EOD. See Earth overshoot day (EOD)
Epicuticle, 130
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC),
408–409
Eurocodes, 4, 7t
European Chemical Agency (ECHA), 204–206
European classification system (EN 13501-1),
309–311
European Directives, 363, 363t
European regulations, wood-based products
biocidal products regulation, 606
Construction Products Regulation,
605–606
existing regulations, 604–605
Lead Market Initiative, 606–607
626Index

European standardisation Flame retardants, 67–68

biological durability, 602–604 Flax
European regulations application, 102–105
biocidal products regulation, 606 board, 99, 102–103
Construction Products Regulation, morphology, 100–102, 100–101f
605–606 production, 98–99
existing regulations, 604–605 shives, 99, 102–103
Lead Market Initiative, 606–607 stem, 98–99, 99f, 101f
wood and wood-based products, 594–595 Floating test method, 414–415
biological resistance, 596–597 Flowerpot test, 421, 422t
moisture risk, 598–599 Formaldehyde, 140, 141f, 353
performance, 597–598 Formaldehyde-based resins, 54, 63
service life planning, 599–600 Fourteen-storey treet building, 50, 50f
wood-disfiguring fungi, 599 Fungal decay, 258–259
European Technical Approval Guidelines bio-based building materials, 280–281
(ETAGs), 4–6 field testing, 416–418
Expanded polystyrene (EPS), 349 laboratory testing, 387–390
Exposure dosage, 265, 266f test methods, 388t
quasi-continuous approach, 267–268, 267f Furfurylation, 215–216
Extrusion process, 65
G
F Glue lamination, 42
Factorisation, 238–239 Grafting method, 227
Fibreboard, 52, 58–60, 59–60t Graphite, 362
Fibre saturation point (FSP), 277–278, 407 Grass
Field testing, 385 in building structures, 154–155
description, 416 hay bales, 151, 151f
fungal decay, 416–418 mowing herbs, 153–154
termites, 421–422 thermal conductivity, 155, 156t
weathering and leaching, 435–440 Graveyard test, 416, 416f
Film-forming coating, 220 Green building, 21, 576–577
Finite element analysis (FEA), 320 Greenhouse gas emissions, 12–13
Fire performance Growth ring. See Annual rings
reaction to fire, 305–307
bio-based building products, 309 H
European system for, 309–311 Hardboard (HB), 58–59
wood products, 311–312 Hardness, 253, 254f
resistance to fire Hardwoods, 22, 23f
bio-based building products, 315–317 Harvested wood products (HWP), 555–556
load-bearing function, 317–320 Heartwood, 22–23
separating function, 316–317 Heat flow (HF) method, 296, 297f
retardant treatments, wood products, 312–314 Heat release rate (HRR), 164, 165f
safety, 305 Hedonistic testing, 292, 293f
Fire resistance Hemicelluloses, 24–25, 25f, 32–33, 126
mowing herbs, 153 Hemp
peat, 146 applications, 110–112
of straw bale construction, 118, 119f bricks, 110
Fire safety engineering (FSE), 306 concrete, 110
Fire testing, 320 mature plants, 106, 106f
Index627
morphology, 107–109, 108–109f
oil, 225
particle board, 110–111, 111f
production, 105–106
shiv, 107
stem, 106–107, 106f, 108f
uses, 106–107
Hempcretes, 111, 172
High Quality Environmental standard (HQE), 9
Hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS), 223
Hollow WPC profiles, 67, 67f
Horizon 2020 Framework programme, 346
Hot-plate (HP) method, 296, 296f
HQE-France, 579
HRR. See Heat release rate (HRR)
Human factors/ergonomics (HFE), 370
Human well-being
building materials, thermal properties of,
256–257
description, 365–366
design paradigms, 371
factors affecting, 366
future prospects, 372
human factors/ergonomics, 370
impact measurement, 371–372
material- and product-related factors,
368–369
material performance, 369–370
psychophysiological well-being, 367
Humic acid, 439
Humidity buffering, 338
Hydrolysis, 355–356
Hydrophobic treatment, 32
Hydrophobization agents, 225–227
Hydroxyl groups, 73
Hygroscopicity, 163
Hygro-thermal models, wood
future aspects, 502
moisture-induced stresses, 495
moisture-related degradation, 495–496
multi-Fickian method, 495–496, 498–500
recent advances, 495
single-Fickian model, 495–498
Hylotrupes bajulus (house longhorn beetle),
197, 197f, 397
I 396–397
IMPACT compliant tools, 580
Impregnation method, 208, 209–210f
Indoor air quality (IAQ)
air velocity, 358
architects and developers, 361
biological pollutants, 354–355
building occupants, 358
government and organisations, 363–365
hygric performance, 139–140, 139f
individual occupants, 360
manufacturers, 361–362
pollution, 351–353
primary pollutants, 353–354
relative humidity, 357
secondary pollutants, 355–356
temperature, 356
ventilation, 357
VOC abatement, 140–141
VOC sampling and analysis, 358–360
Injection moulding, 66, 66f
Insect monitoring, 454–456
In-service tests, 444
decay check, 457–458
description, 456
instrumented survey, 458–460
visual inspection, 456–457
Insulation corkboards (ICB), 343
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), 10–11
International Energy Agency (IEA), 10–11
Intrinsic durability, 258. See also Durability
Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC),
204–206
Isoptera (termites), 198–199, 199f
subterranean, 199–200
K
Keratin, 129
Knowledge based bio-based products
(KBBPS) project, 601
Konto-insulation plate, 148, 148f
Kraft sludge fibres, 64
Kyoto Protocol, 10–11
L
Laboratory testing, 385
Anobium punctatum (furniture beetle),
Anthrenus flavipes (carpet beetle),
397–398
628Index

Laboratory testing (Continued) laboratory testing, 400–402

data interpretation and evaluation, types, 398–400
393–394 Marino wool, 130, 131t
development, 394 Martesia striata, 399–400
digital image correlation, 411, 412f test method, 401–402
durability, 273–276 Material protection
fungal decay, 387–390 biocides, 204–207, 205t
Hylotrupes bajulus (longhorn beetle), 397 preservation techniques, 207–211,
limnoriids, 402–404 207–210f
lyctid beetle borers, 396 Mechanical performance modelling
marine borers, 400–402 background, 522–523
teredinids, 404–405 cracks, 530–532, 531f
termites, 394–396 degradation phenomena, 526–528, 527t
Tineola bisselliella (clothes moth), glued-laminated timber structure,
397–398 533–538, 533–534f
weathering and leaching, 430–435 (see load and resistance factor design (LRFD)
also Weathering and leaching) concept, 525–526
wood-based panel materials, 389–390 modelling approaches, 528–530, 529f
Laminboard, 60 pile foundations, 532, 532–533f
Lap-joint test, 417, 417f reliability function, 523–526
18 h lasting batch leaching tests, 433 Mechanical pulping, 71
Leaching protocols Mediumboards, 60
Leadership in energy and environmental Mercerisation, 74
design (LEED), 6, 8 Metal angle brackets, 44, 44f
Least-square regression analysis, 116 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI),
LEED-United States, 578 166–167
Legal issues, 14 Microcrystalline cellulose, 76
Legislation, 6 Microfibril angle, 100–101
Lignin, 25, 126 hemp, 108–109, 109f
Lignocellulosic materials, 161 Mini-block test, 387
Limnoria lignorum, 201, 201f Mini-stake test, 416–417, 416f
Limnoria quadripunctata, 399, 400f Modified transient plane source (MTPS)
Linseed oil, 225, 226f method, 297, 298f
L-joint test, 417, 417f Modulus of elasticity, 32
Load and resistance factor design (LRFD), Modulus of rigidity (MOR), 32
523, 525 Moisture, 188, 277–278
Load-bearing structure, 250, 251t Moisture buffer capacities, 338, 339f
Log buildings, 36, 36f Moisture buffer value (MBV), 338
Longhorn beetles, 193–194 Moisture content (MC)
Low-carbon economy, 564 characteristic, 407
Low-density board, 167, 168f description, 406
Lumen, 101 discrimination of wood species, 415
Lyctidae (powder-post beetles), 198 EMC, 408–409
Lyctidae brunneus (brown powder-post material moisture, 277
beetle), 198 mechanical effects, wood matrix, 407–408
monitoring, 447–454
M wood, 302–303
Marine borers in wood, 406–407
field testing, 422–424 Moisture ingress, bridge deck, 280, 281f
Index629
Moisture measurements
continuous, 267–268
field testing
capacitive method, 426–427
electrical resistance, 425–426
gravimetric methods, 425
hygroscopic method, 427
NMRI, 427–428
substitute sensors, 427
laboratory testing
electrical resistance, 410
gravimetric method, 409
neutron imaging, 411–413
NMRI, 413, 414f
X-ray computed tomography, 410–411
Moisture performance
bio-based building materials, 277–278
material properties, effects on, 281–284
moisture sources, 278–281
quantification measures, 284–285
Moisture protection, 229–230
Moisture storage function, 336
Monitoring, 444
design standards, 446–447
direct moisture measurement, 450–452
indirect moisture measurement, 448–450
insects, 454–456
MC assessment, 447–448
mechanical stresses, 452–454
Mould fungi, 192
Mould germination graph method, 487,
488f, 489t
Mould resistance design (MRD) model,
493–494, 494t
Moulds, 259
field testing, 418–419
laboratory testing, 391–392, 392f
test methods, 391t
Mowing herbs
chemical properties, 153
fire resistance, 153
mechanical properties, 154, 154–155f
mixtures of, 152, 153f
moisture conditions, 153
technological properties, 154
thermal properties, 153
Multi-Fickian method, 495–496
in Abaqus code and applications, 501
bound water concentration, 498–499
partial differential equations, 498
shape parameters, 499, 500t
sorption isotherms, 499–500, 500f, 500t
Multiway data analysis (MWA), 509, 509f
Mycotoxins, 354
N
Nacerdes melanura (wharf borer), 398
Natural castor oil, 225, 226f
Natural fibres
advantages, 337
classification, 337, 338f
Natural oil based finishes, 224–225, 226f
Neutron imaging (NI), 411–413
New wood species, 264
NF environment, 567
Nonstructural purposes, bio-based materials,
250
Nordic Ecolabel, 566
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging
(NMRI), 413, 414f
Numerical modelling, 300
O
Object quality, 288
Oil treatment, 213–214
Organisational protection, 229, 229f
Oriented strand board (OSB), 52, 57–58, 57t
P
Paraffin, 214
Parenchyma, 156–157
Paris agreement, 14
Particle board, 52, 55–56, 56t, 169–171
Pattern, 287, 288f
Peat
in building structures, 147
chemical properties, 146
current techniques, 148, 148f
fire resistance, 146
mechanical properties, 146
mires and peatland, 142–144, 144f
producing methods, 145–146, 145f
radon protection, 147
rodent resistance, 147, 147t
technological properties, 147
thermal and moisture properties, 146, 150t
3D printing, 149
630Index
Phase-change materials (PCM), 343–344
Phenol, 216–217
Phenylpropane, 25, 25f
Pholad borers, 399–400
Physical barriers
against marine borers, 237, 238f
against termites, 237, 237f
Pigmented paints, 219–220
Plaster-based building material
bacterial growth testing, 393f
Plywood, 52, 54–55, 55t
Pole buildings, 36
Political issues, 14
Poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) loss rates,
429–430
Polymer particle dispersion, 227
Polypropylene, 110
Polyurethane adhesive, 40–41
Postframe, 36
Potential hazards
bacteria, 192
decay fungi, 188–192, 189t, 191–192t
discolouring fungi, 192
insects, 193–200
marine borers, 200–201
moisture, 188
physical and biological hazards, 201–203
Powder-post beetle, 193–194
Powderpost beetle attack rating, 396t
Pozzolanic materials, 362
Prefabrication, 43
Preference test approach, 293
Preservative retention, 210–211, 210f
Pressed insulation plates, 154, 154f
Pressed peat, 147. See also Peat
Pressure plant, 208, 208f
Product Environmental Footprint (PEF), 13
Product Environmental Footprint Category
Rules (PEFCRs), 13
Propiconazole, 204–206
Protective measures
covers effect, 233–234f
end grain, 233f
from ground contact, 235f
marine borers, 237, 238f
moisture protection, 230
physical barriers, 237, 237f
principles, 228–230
quantification, effect of, 238–239, 240f
shelter effect, 232f
from splash water, 232–233f
steel anchors effect, 236f
termites, 237, 237f
ventilation measures, 230, 230–231f
from water accumulation, 234f
water draining, 236f
from wind-driven rain, 231f
of windows, 232f
Pselactus spadix, 398
Psychophysiological well-being, 367
Pulp and paper, 70–73
Pulp washing process, 71
Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter
(PCFC), 164
Q
Quasi-continuous approach
of exposure dosage, 267–268, 267f
of material resistance, 268, 268f
R
Rattans, 120–124, 120f
fibres, 121, 121f
Recycled boards, 60
Reed, 347–348
composition, 126, 126f
premature decay, in reed thatched roofs,
125
thatching material, 124–125, 125f
water absorption, 126–127, 127t, 128f
Reed thatched roofs, 125
Refining process, 72
Reliability analysis, 494
Repelling water method, 213–214
Resin treatment, 214–215
Restorative environmental and ergonomic
design (REED), 371–372
Rhinotermitidae, 200
Rigid board, 165–166, 166f
S
Sapstain/blue stain, 259
Sapwood, 22–23
Seaweed balls, 154, 155f
Sedlbauer’s isopleth model, 484–487, 486f
Semitransparent finishes, 222–224
Sensorial analysis, 292
Index631

Separating function, fire resistance, 316–317 Surface finishes

Service life, 289 coating material, 218
Service life prediction (SLP), 263 maintenance, 228
levels of, 269–270, 269f materials, 218
Shape stability, 252–253 products, 218–227
Shipworm, 200 Sustainability assessment of buildings
Simulated house test, 422 15978EN
Single-Fickian model, 495 Bionova Ltd, 580–584
in Abaqus code and applications, 497–498 ELODIE, 580
governing equations, 496–497 IMPACT compliant tools, 580
Slip resistance, 253–254 Tally, 580
Smart bio-based materials, 346–347 Sustainable agenda, 10–11
Social issues, 14 Sustainable construction, 1–2
Softboard (SB), 58, 59f Sustainable planning, 11–12
Soft rot decay, 390 Synthetic paraffin wax, 226–227
Soft rots, 259
Softwood, 22, 23f T
Soil block tests, 387 Take-make-waste economy, 560–561
Sorghum, 158–161, 160f Tally, 580
Sorption isotherm, 28, 29f. See Moisture Teredinids, 400
storage function field testing, 424
Sphaeroma, 399–400 laboratory testing, 404–405
test method, 401–402 Termites
Stadthaus 9-storey, 48, 49f field testing, 421–422
Stake tests, 421–422 laboratory testing, 394–396
Steel screws, 44, 44f Thermal conductivity, 294
Stegobinone, 195, 195f and density, 301–302
Stiffness, 253 measuring methods, 295–300
Strain, 32 and moisture content, 302–303
Straw numerical modelling, 300
acoustic properties, 118 and temperature, 304
bales as construction material, 114–115, and wood orientation, 303
115–116f Thermal modification, 32–33
compressed straw board, 119 Thermal treatment, 212–213
fire resistance, 118, 119f Thermomechanical pulps, 71
hygrothermal properties, 116–117, Thermoplastics, 62
117–118f Thermoset resins, 63
mechanical properties, 117–118 34-storey Västerbroplan, 51, 51f
structure and composition, 112–113, 113f Timber bridges, 38–39, 39f
Strength/weakness/opportunity/threat Top-down approach, 12
(SWOT) analysis, 15, 15t Totora plants, 167
Suberin, 81–82 Traditional flaxboard, 102, 103f
Submersion test, 415 Traditional wooden house, 35
Sulphite process, 71 Transient hot bridge (THB) method, 300
Sunflower, 158, 160f Transient hot strip (THS) method, 299–300
Superhydrophobicity, 227 Transient hot wire (THW) method, 297–299,
Surface appearance 299f
lab assessment, 290–291 Transient plane source (TPS) method,
visual assessment, 290 296–297, 298f
632Index
Transmission loss (TL), 342
Transparent finishes, 222–224
Tung oil, 225, 226f
Twenty-storey apartment blocks, 51, 51f
Typha, 159
U Washington declaration, 10–11
Urbanisation, 10
US-based Green Building Council (USGBC), 8
Use class 3 (UC 3)
complete sampling, 435, 437f
copper leaching rates, 436, 438f
Cr-Cu ratios, 438, 439t
mean moisture, 437–438, 438f
UV-light-induced chemical reactions, 436
vertical test design, 436, 436f
Use class 4 (UC 4)
abiotic and biotic aspects, 439
brown rot degradation, 439, 440f
copper (mg/kg) and compression strength,
439–440, 441t
copper retention, 440
Cu and Cr, leaching of, 440, 442–443t
humic acid, 439
UV absorbers, 223–224
U-value requirements, 3, 4f
UV protection, wood, 222–224, 224f
V preservative component displacement, 429,
Valchromat, 60
Varnish, 222
Vegetal pith
chemical composition, 161–162, 161t
concretes and blocks, 172–173
distribution, 158, 158f
hygroscopicity, 163
morphology, 159–161, 160f
particleboards, 169–171
sorption isotherms, 163, 164f
sources, 157–159
thermal degradation, 164, 165f
thermal insulation boards, 164–169,
166–168f
thermal properties, 162–163, 162t
Ventilation, air quality, 357
Virgin cork, 80, 80f
Visual strength grading (VSG), 457
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
140–141, 219, 351–352
characteristics, 358
sampling and analysis, 359–360
VTT model, 490–492, 492t
W
Wall cladding, 83–84, 83f
Waste wool, 136
Water immersion tests, 430–431, 431f
Waterproof barriers, 279, 280f
Wax, 226–227
Wax treatment, 213–214
Weathered wood samples, 290, 290f
Weathering
cellular level, 503–504
deterioration processes, 502, 503f
dose-response models, 507–508
factors influencing, 502–503
field testing, 435–440
lab testing, 430–435
macro level, 504–505
molecular level, 503
multiway data analysis (MWA), 509, 509f
non-destructive sensing techniques,
505–506, 506t
partial wetting, 429f
preservative component depletion, 428,
428f
430f
regression models, 508
tissue level, 504
validation procedure, 510
Wind computation algorithm, 506–507
Weight percent gain (WPG), 214–215
Wheat straw isopleth, 117, 118f
White-rot fungi, 190
White rots, 259
Whole building assessment schemes
BREEAM-United Kingdom, 577–578
DGNB-Germany, 578–579
HQE-France, 579
LEED-United States, 578
Wood
absorbability, 30
acoustic properties, 31
applications, 35–39
in building constructions, 35
coating, 33
Index633
colour, 27
as construction material, 276–277
decks, 38
density, 27–28
durability, 34
elemental composition, 26, 26t
fillers, 63–64
fire performance, 34
flour, 63
gloss, 27
impregnation, 33
marine testing, 423–424, 423f
material resistance, 265–266, 266f
mechanical properties, 31–32
moisture content, 28–29
moisture storage, 406–407
oil treatments, 264
pattern, 27
permeability, 30
polymers, 29
porosity, 28
precipitation, 279f
principal directions, 302f
properties, 26–32
quality, 34
seismic performance, 35
service life performance, 263–264
specific heat, 30
specific thermal conductivity, 30
stress, 31–32
structure, 22–26
thermal conductivity, 294, 295t, 348
thermal diffusivity, 31
thermal expansion, 31
thermal properties, 30
treatments, 32–33
waterproof barriers, 279, 280f
Wood and wood-based products, 594–595
biological resistance, 596–597
moisture risk, 598–599
performance, 597–598
service life planning, 599–600
wood-disfiguring fungi, 599
Wood-destroying beetles, 194, 194t, 260
Wooden floor, 37, 38f
Wooden pillars, 37, 38f
Wooden roof, 37–38, 38f
WoodExter/WoodBuild approach, 519
Wood facade claddings, 39, 39f
Wood floor covering, 567, 568t
Wood modification
acetylation, 214
dimensional stability, 211, 212f
DMDHEU, 216
furfurylation, 215–216
oils and waxes treatment, 213–214
phenol, 216–217
resins treatment, 214–215
thermal treatment, 212–213
Wood panels, 52–61, 53f
future directions, 60–61
Wood plastic composites (WPCs ), 603
components, 62–64
in construction sector, 66–67
manufacturing process, 65–66
performance, 67–68
Wool
acoustic performance, 136–139
construction material, 133–136, 133f
cortical cells, 128–130, 129f
cuticular parts, 128–129, 129f
indoor air quality performance, 139–141,
139f, 141f, 141t
insulation, 134–136, 134–135f, 137t
main fibre, 128–130
microscopic properties, 132–133
morphological composition, 130, 131t
surrounding lipid layer, 131–132, 132f
thermal performance, 136
ultrasonic disruption, 130
Wool-based insulation, 134–136, 134–135f
X
Xylophagaids, 399–400