Ky Thuat Sieu Cao Tan - Trinh Xuan Dung - Chapter 3 Scattering Matrix (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019
om
Chapter 3
.c
Scattering Matrix
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
Trinh Xuan Dung, PhD

dung.trinh@hcmut.edu.vn
u
cu
Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology
Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 1
Contents
om
1. Introduction
.c
ng
2. S Parameter Definition and Calculation
co
3. S Matrix Properties
an
4. S Parameter and Time Average Power
th
ng
5. Generalized Parameters
o
du
6. Matrix Conversion
u
Problems
cu

1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [ABCD] matrixs
om
I1 VN
Port Port N
.c
V1
ng
IN
N-Port
co
Network
an
th
I2
Port
ng
Port 2 Ij Vj
V2 j
o
du
𝑉 = 𝑍 𝐼 𝐼 = 𝑌 𝑉
u
cu
𝑉1 𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 … 𝑌1𝑁 𝑉1

𝑉2 𝑍 𝑍22 … 𝑍2𝑁 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝑌 𝑌22 … 𝑌2𝑁 𝑉2
= 21 = 21
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉𝑁 𝑍𝑁1 𝑍𝑁2 … 𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝐼𝑁 𝐼𝑁 𝑌𝑁1 𝑌𝑁2 … 𝑌𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑁
1. Introduction
om
[Z] Matrix [Y] Matrix
.c
ng
𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2
co
𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2
an
th
o ng
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝐼1
du
𝑍11 = 𝑍12 = 𝑌11 = 𝑌12 =

𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑉1 𝑉2
u
𝐼2 =0 𝐼1 =0 𝑉2 =0 𝑉1 =0
cu
𝑉2 𝑉2 𝐼2 𝐼2
𝑍21 = 𝑍22 = 𝑌21 = 𝑌22 =
𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼1 =0
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉1 =0
𝐼2 =0 𝑉2 =0
1. Introduction
om
𝑉1 𝑉1
.c
𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐 𝐴= 𝐵=
𝑉2 𝐼2
ng
𝐼2 =0 𝑉2 =0
co
𝑉1 𝑨 𝑩 𝑉2
𝑽𝟏 𝐼1
=
𝑪 𝑫 𝐼2 𝑽𝟐 𝐼1 𝐼1
an
𝐶= 𝐷=
𝑉2 𝐼2
th
ng 𝐼2 =0 𝑉2 =0
I1 I1a I 2a I1b I 2b I2
o
du
2-port 2-port
u
V1 V1a V2 a V1b V2b V2

cu
Network Network
𝑉1 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩 𝑉2
=
𝐼1 𝑪 𝑫 𝒂 𝑪 𝑫 𝒃 𝐼2
1. Introduction
 [Z],[Y] or [ABCB] are not preferred to use for microwave networks.
om
 Open and short conditions are difficult to achieve at microwave  error in
.c
measurement.
 Open and short terminations may make active circuits unstable (oscillation)  error or
ng
cannot meas.
co
 Microwave circuit analysis and design are based on the transmission & reflection of
an
waves. [Z] or [Y] do not reflect these natures.
th
 Impedance and admittance matrices relate the total voltages and currents at the ports.
 At microwave regime: Voltages, currents and power are represented in term of incident
ng
and reflect qualities.
o
du
 S-parameters matrix, defined in terms of traveling waves, is used instead.

 The scattering matrix represents the relation between the voltage incident waves on the
u
cu
ports to voltage reflected wave from the ports.

 S-parameters are measured with matched loads rather than open- or short-circuits.
 At microwave frequencies, matched loads are relatively easy to realize.
 S-parameters are measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).
1. Introduction
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
Port 1
u
Port 2
cu
Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

1. Introduction
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

2. S Parameter Definition
 𝑉𝑛+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering port n.
om
 𝑉𝑛− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from port n.
.c
 The scattering matrix, or [S] matrix, is defined in relation to these incident and
ng
reflected voltage waves as:
co
𝑉1− 𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁 𝑉1+
an
𝑉2− 𝑆21 𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁 𝑉2+ 𝑉𝑖−
th
= 𝑺𝒊𝒋 = +
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ 𝑉𝑗
𝑉𝑘+ =0,𝑘≠𝑗
ng
𝑉𝑁− 𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑁+
o
du
 The incident waves on all ports = 0  all ports are terminated in matched loads.
u
cu
 𝑺𝒊𝒊 reflection coefficient looking into port i when all other ports are matched.
 𝑺𝒊𝒋 transmission coefficient looking from port j to port i when all other ports are
matched.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

 For a two port microwave network:
om
.c
𝑽+
𝟏 𝑉1− 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑉1+ 𝑽+
𝟐
ng
− =
𝑽− 𝑉2 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑉2+ 𝑽−
𝟏 𝟐
co
an
 𝑉1+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering the input port 1.
th
 𝑉1− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from the input port 1.
ng
 𝑉2+ : the incident signal voltage (wave) entering the output port 2.
o
 𝑉2− : the reflected signal voltage (wave) from the output port 2.
du
o 𝑆11 : input reflection coefficient = 𝑉1− 𝑉1+ = Γ𝑖𝑛

u
𝑉2+ =0
cu
o 𝑆21 : forward transmission coefficient = 𝑉2− 𝑉1+ 𝑉2+ =0

= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
o 𝑆12 : reversed transmission coefficient = 𝑉1− 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ =0

= 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
o 𝑆22 : output reflection coefficient = 𝑉2− 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ =0

= Γ𝑜𝑢𝑡
Incident 𝑺𝟐𝟏 Transmitted
𝑽−
𝟐
om
𝑽+
𝟏
Load
𝑺𝟏𝟏
.c
Forward DUT Z0
Reflected
𝑽− 𝑽+
𝟐 =𝟎
ng
𝟏
co
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉1− 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉2−
an
𝑆11 = = + 𝑆22 = = +
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉1 𝑉2+ =0
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉2 𝑉1+ =0
th
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉2− 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉1−
ng
𝑆21 = = 𝑆12 = =
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉1+ 𝑉 + =0 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉2+ 𝑉 + =0
o
2 1
du
𝑽+ 𝑽−
u
𝟏 𝟐
cu
𝑺𝟐𝟐
Load DUT
Z0 Reflected Reverse
𝑽+
𝟐
𝑽− Transmitted 𝑺𝟏𝟐 Incident
𝟏

 Reciprocal Network
om
.c
 In the case of reciprocal networks, it can be shown that: 𝑺 = [𝑺]𝑻
ng
where [𝑺]𝑻 indicates the transpose of 𝑺 . In other words, the equation is symmetric
co
about the main diagonal.
an
 Lossless Network

th
If the network is lossless, no real power can be delivered to the network
ng
𝟏 𝟏
o
𝑻 ∗
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽 𝑰 = 𝕽𝒆 𝑽+ 𝑻 + 𝑽− 𝑻 𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− ∗
du
𝟐 𝟐𝒁𝟎
u
𝟏
𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽− ∗ + 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽− ∗
cu
= 𝕽𝒆
𝟐𝒁𝟎
𝟏
= 𝑽+ 𝑻
𝑽+ ∗ − 𝑽− 𝑻
𝑽− ∗
=𝟎
𝟐𝒁𝟎
Total Incident Total Reflected
Power Power
 Lossless Network: 𝑽+ 𝑻 𝑽+ ∗ = 𝑽− 𝑻 𝑽− ∗
om
.c
 Using: 𝑽− = 𝑺 𝑽+ ↔ 𝑽+ 𝑻 𝑽+ ∗ = 𝑽+ 𝑻 𝑺 𝑻 𝑺 ∗ 𝑽+ ∗
ng
𝑻 ∗ ∗ 𝑻 −𝟏
 So that for non-zero: 𝑺 𝑺 = [𝑼] or 𝑺 = 𝑺
co
an
 Expanding the above equation, we obtain:
th
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆21 … 𝑆𝑁1 ng 𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁 1 0 … 0
𝑆12 𝑆22 … 𝑆𝑁2 ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆21 𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁
= 0 1 … 0
o
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
du
𝑆1𝑁 𝑆2𝑁 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁 ∗ ∗ ∗ 0 0 … 1

𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁
u
 This condition is equivalent to:

cu
𝑁 𝑁
∗ ∗
𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑖 = 1, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁. 𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑘𝑗 = 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗.
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

 In other words, each column of the scattering matrix will have a magnitude equal to one
om
.c
𝑆11 𝑆12 … 𝑆1𝑁
𝑆21 𝑆22 … 𝑆2𝑁
ng
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
co
𝑆𝑁1 𝑆𝑁2 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁
an
th
ng
Matrix columns
o
du
while the inner product of dissimilar columns must be zero.

u
 Example of a unitary scattering matrix of a lossless device:

cu
0 1 0
1 2 𝑗 3 2
0 3
2 0 𝑗 2
0
𝑗 3 2 3
0 1
2
𝑗 1
0 2 2 0
0.1 𝑗0.8
om
Example 1: The S matrix of a component is: 𝑆 =
𝑗0.8 0.2
.c
a. Is the network reciprocal?
b. Is the network lossless?
ng
co
a. The network is reciprocal because 𝑆 𝑇 = [𝑆]
an
th
b. The network is lossy. ng
o
du
u
cu

om
Example 3: Given the following T network. Compute the scattering matrix of the
network?
.c
ng
co
an
th
ng
• The network is reciprocal because 𝑆 𝑇 = [𝑆]
o
du
𝑍𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍0
𝑆22 = 𝑆11 = Γ11 = 𝑉1− 𝑉1+ = =0
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍0
u
𝑉2+ =0
cu
1
𝑆21 = 𝑆12 = 𝑉2− 𝑉1+ =
𝑉2+ =0 2
30dB 5W RF Attenuator
• The T network is a 3dB attenuator!
DC-18GHz
om
Example 4: The two port network has the following scattering matrix:
.c
0 0
𝑆= 0.15∠0 0.85∠ −45
0.85∠450 0.2∠00
ng
a. Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless?
co
b. If port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
an
c. If port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
th
𝑇
a. The network is NOT reciprocal because 𝑆 ng ≠ [𝑆]
The network is lossy because: 𝑆11 2 + 𝑆21 2 = 0.745 ≠ 1

o
du
b. Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 16.5(𝑑𝐵)

u
cu
𝑉2− 𝑆12 𝑆21

c. Γ11 = 𝑉1− 𝑉1+ = 𝑆11 − 𝑆12 𝑉 + = 𝑆11 − = −0.452
1 1+𝑆22
Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 6.9(𝑑𝐵)

4. Time Average Power

 At port 1, the voltage is: 𝑉1 = 𝑉1+ + 𝑉1−
om
 The total time average power at that port is comprised of the two terms:
.c
𝑉1+ 2 𝑉1− 2
ng
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
2𝑍0 2𝑍0
co
 Since port 2 is matched, then: 𝑉2+ = 0. Consequently:
an
𝑉2− 2
th
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
𝑉2+ =0 2𝑍0
o ng
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1− 2
du
2
 At port 1: the Input Return Loss is defined as: = 2 = 𝑆11
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0
2
𝑉1+
u
𝑉2− 2
cu
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 2
 At port 2: = 2 = 𝑆21
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉 + =0
2
𝑉1+


 When all ports have equal characteristic impedance, the power delivered to the load
om
is simply given by:
.c
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆21 2
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu


 A shift in reference planes
om
.c
• In terms of the incident and reflected
ng
port voltages we have:
co
[𝑉 − ] = [𝑆][𝑉 + ]
an
[𝑉 ′− ] = [𝑆′][𝑉 ′+ ]
th
• From the theory of travelling waves on
ng
lossless T.L, we relate:
o
du
𝑉𝑛′+ = 𝑉𝑛+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑉𝑛′− = 𝑉𝑛− 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛

u
cu
𝑒 −𝑗𝜃1 … 0 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃1 … 0
• This gives: 𝑉− = ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑆 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝑉 + = [𝑆′][𝑉 ′+ ]
0 … 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑁 0 … 𝑒 −𝑗𝜃𝑁
′ = 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜃𝑁 𝑆
• This equivalent to: 𝑆𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

• If the characteristic impedances
om
are different for some ports, it
.c
becomes necessary to redefine the
2
ng
scattering parameters so that 𝑆𝑖𝑗
still relates to the time average
co
power flow.
an
• The time average incident, reflected and transmitted power are, respectively
𝑉1+ 2
th 𝑉1− 2 𝑉2− 2
ng
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 =
2𝑍0,1 2𝑍0,1 𝑉2+ =0 2𝑍0,2
o
du
2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉1− 2
• Consequently, 𝑆11 = = +
u
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉1 2
𝑉2+ =0
cu
𝑉2− 2
2
𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑍0,2
𝑆21 = =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 𝑉2+ =0
𝑉1+ 2
𝑍0,1
2
• To preserve the useful interpretation of 𝑆𝑖𝑗 as a relative time average power flow
om
with matched ports, we need to redefine the S parameters when the ports are not
.c
equal.
• The “wave amplitude” toward port n is defined as
ng
𝑉𝑛+
co
𝑎𝑛 ≡
𝑍0,𝑛
an
• The “wave amplitude” away from port n is defined as
th
𝑉𝑛−
ng
𝑏𝑛 ≡
𝑍0,𝑛
o
• Then
du
𝑏𝑖
𝑆𝑖𝑗 =
u
𝑎𝑗
cu
𝑎𝑘 =0,𝑘≠𝑗
1
• And it can be shown that: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 + 𝑍0,𝑛 𝐼𝑛
2 𝑍0,𝑛
1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 − 𝑍0,𝑛 𝐼𝑛
2 𝑍0,𝑛
6. S Parameter Conversion
[S] vs. [Z]
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

om
[S] vs. [Y]
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

[S] vs. [ABCD]
om
.c
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
ng
S11 
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
co
A  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 01 / Z 02 / 2S 21
an
2( AD  BC ) Z 01Z 02
B  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 01.Z 02 / 2S 21 S12 
th
ng AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
C  (1  S11  S 22  S ) / 2 S 21 Z 01.Z 02 2 Z 01Z 02
o
S 21 
D  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 02 / Z 01 / 2 S 21
du
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
S  S11S12  S12 S21  AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
u
S 22 
cu
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01

Exercises
om
Exercise 1: Find the scattering parameters for the series and shunt loads shown below.
Show that 𝑆12 = 1 − 𝑆11 for the series case and 𝑆12 = 1 + 𝑆11 for the shunt case.
.c
Assume the characteristic impedance 𝑍0
ng
co
an
th
ng
Exercise 2: A lossless, reciprocal 3-port device has S-parameters of 𝑆11 = 1 2, 𝑆31 =
o
1
du
2
, and 𝑆33 = 0. It is likewise known that all scattering parameters are real. Find
the remaining 6 scattering parameters
u
cu
1 𝑆12 𝑆13
2
𝑆= 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23
1 𝑆 0
2 32
Exercises
om
Exercise 3: A 3 port network is characterized at certain frequency by the scattering
matrix:
.c
0 0.2 0.5
ng
𝑆 = 0.5 0 0.2
co
0.5 0.5 0
an
A matched load is attached at port 2 while a short circuit has been placed at port 3.
th
a. Find the reflection coefficient at port 1? ng
b. Find the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2?
o
du
u
cu

Exercises
om
Exercise 4: A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows.
(a) Is this network lossless? Is this network reciprocal?
.c
(b) What is the return loss at port 1 when all other ports are terminated with matched
ng
loads?
co
(c) What is the insertion loss and phase delay between ports 2 and 4 when all other
ports are terminated with matched loads?
an
(d) What is the reflection coefficient seen at port 1 if a short circuit is placed at the
th
terminal plane of port 3 and all other ports are terminated with matched loads?
o ng
du
u
cu

Exercises
om
Exercise 5: A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows. If ports 3
and 4 are connected with a lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length
.c
of 45◦, find the resulting insertion loss and phase delay between ports 1 and 2.
ng
co
an
th
o ng
Exercise 6: At reference plane A, for the circuit shown below, choose an appropriate
du
reference impedance, find the power wave amplitudes, and compute the power
u
delivered to the load. Repeat this procedure for reference plane B. Assume the
cu
transmission line is lossless.

om
.c
ng
co
Q&A
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

Ky Thuat Sieu Cao Tan - Trinh Xuan Dung - Chapter 3 Scattering Matrix (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ky Thuat Sieu Cao Tan - Trinh Xuan Dung - Chapter 3 Scattering Matrix (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dung Trinh, PhD HCMUT / 2019

Trinh Xuan Dung, PhD

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 2

𝑉1 𝑍11 𝑍12 … 𝑍1𝑁 𝐼1 𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 … 𝑌1𝑁 𝑉1

𝑍11 = 𝑍12 = 𝑌11 = 𝑌12 =

V1 V1a V2 a V1b V2b V2

 S-parameters matrix, defined in terms of traveling waves, is used instead.

ports to voltage reflected wave from the ports.

Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 8

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 10

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 11

o 𝑆11 : input reflection coefficient = 𝑉1− 𝑉1+ = Γ𝑖𝑛

o 𝑆21 : forward transmission coefficient = 𝑉2− 𝑉1+ 𝑉2+ =0

o 𝑆12 : reversed transmission coefficient = 𝑉1− 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ =0

o 𝑆22 : output reflection coefficient = 𝑉2− 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ =0

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 13

𝑆1𝑁 𝑆2𝑁 … 𝑆𝑁𝑁 ∗ ∗ ∗ 0 0 … 1

 This condition is equivalent to:

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 15

while the inner product of dissimilar columns must be zero.

 Example of a unitary scattering matrix of a lossless device:

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 17

The network is lossy because: 𝑆11 2 + 𝑆21 2 = 0.745 ≠ 1

b. Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 16.5(𝑑𝐵)

𝑉2− 𝑆12 𝑆21

Return loss seen at port 1: 𝑅𝐿 = −20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 Γ11 = 6.9(𝑑𝐵)

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 19

4. Time Average Power

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 20

4. Time Average Power

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 21

4. Time Average Power

𝑉𝑛′+ = 𝑉𝑛+ 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑉𝑛′− = 𝑉𝑛− 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑛 𝑙𝑛

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 22

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 25

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 26

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 27

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 29

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 30

transmission line is lossless.

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 31

Dept. of Telecoms Engineering CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 32

You might also like