During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the

world into three (3) categories: First World refers to states which have

Flight incomeband are capital-rich; Second World refers to the f0fIT1er

communist-socialist, industrial states; and Third World refers to narigns

not aligned with either the First World or Second World which are also

called "developing" countries.

. The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the WOl°ld'$

hegemonic powers which were held by the Western Bloc (United States,

its NATO allies, and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and

its satellite states). This left the United States as the sole remaining Super

power of the world. By 1989, US had military alliances with 50 countries

therefore bringing to life the American era As a superpower, US relied on its

strong democracy and capitalist market to promote free market capitalism

and further emphasize its global power. However, its success in promoting

such market led to the dispersal of power to several other countries.

After a decade, Farced Zakaria (2008) refers to this as the post-

American world which is illustrated by the diffusion of power from states

to other actors.This diffusion of power signals the "rise of the rest" which

gives other states the power to play roles in the world's economic and
political arena. In connection with this, Huntington (1996) claims that

Asian nations are expanding their economic, political, and military strength

as a way to show the power they can be capable to hold in the world. Thus,

the Ptmeirican era which includes the post-American world refers to a

period power imbalance.

The classification of countries into three was changed into two

developed and developing. Developed countries are countries that hav

progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructures while

developing countries are low-income countries with less developed'

industrial bases. These two types of countries emerged to highlight the

economic inequalities of states. Such inequalities pushes people living in

developing countries to seek better opportunities in developed countries

or sometimes, motivates them to just move from one country to another

to attain the ways of living they are aspiring for. This ongoing movement

of people from one country to another is called migration.

As physical antihuman geographies develop, the world is becomlI18

connected. Connectedness of nations, ethnicities, and states is the new

trend in the international arerta.Civilizations become global civilizations.

rnrough the rising! global civilizations, the world has turned into a
muitipolar power. In the words of Samuel Huntington, he argues:

The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by the clash of

civilizations. In this new world, the most pervasive, important,

and dangerous conflicts will not be between social classes, rich and

8 other ecoNomically defined groups, but between peoples

belongiNg to dijferent cultural entities.

According to Huntington, global civilizations are divided into the

following categories: Western, Latin American; Islamic; Sinic; Hindu;

Buddhist; Orthodox; Japanese; and African. At present, people from these

global civilizations constantly move from one place to another just to

achieve economic stability, democratic freedom, and holistically good life

that their home countries might not be able to offer.

According to Heywood (2011), cosmopolitanism literally means the

adherence or belief in the world state. It is the ideology that all human

beings belong to a single community. As a concept that can be linked to

globalization, it began its journey when the world moved towards a single

moral community from simply believing that the world could be governed

by one state. In the analysis of Pogge (2008), he identifies three (3) elements
of this concept--individualism, universality, and generality.

In individualism, cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is

the ultimate unit of moral concern; second, the element of universality

wherein he asserts that all human beings are of equal moral worth; and

lastly, the concept acknowledges the element of generality which implies

that human beings have necessary concern for each other (Pogge, 2008) .

Thus, understanding the concept of cosmopolitanism requires an in-depth

understanding of the role of moral integrity among people. Through this

concept, the global city in globalization has come into existence. However,

some critics say that it is impossible to transcend moral and cultural

aspects of societies on an international level. Migration can be linked to

*O0=smopolitanism in the way that it enables people to agree on a common

moral standard which is influenced by how different cultures come in

contact with one anodmer as people move from one place to another.

§§te HIS two types of migration---internal and international

011. Internal migration is any movement from one place to another

in "'.° froountry On the other ha i n n d t , ernational migration is a

. (*"'0 firm €'!'!1.4*g~\ sk ~ n i , n a-

From the rise of the very first civilizations, many scholars believe bat
~.

social inequality, economic depression, and freedom deprivation off? the

factors why people move from one place to another. These factors are the

reasons why cosmopolitan ideas exist. They occur at present and since the

concept of cosmopolitanism adheres to the equality and moral integrity

among men, it plays a role in why people migrate. It is clear that Nlilifiliion

is and will always be a trend. Sotne experts say that migration also has its

own catalysts for it fuels the population growth of a region or a country,

Internal migration is also known as local migration and has always been

driven by economic sustainability.

In the midst of globalization, nations around the world engage in trade

to promote and strengthen relationships among them. There is n0 global

government that could govern all nations. According to Henry Nan (2009) ,

transnational relations exist in the present world because countries trade

with one another, and populations move across state boundaries.

Due to transnational relations and the growing demand for economic

wealth, migration exists. It is defined as the form of social behavior that

both shapes and is shaped by broader social and economic structures and

processes of transformation (International Migration Institute, 2011). In

the definition of Boswell (2002), however, migration is not only rooted in

economic aspirations but also in political motivations. This is because

some people are being oppressed by their governments and want to be

free from tyrannical politicians. For centuries, this trend has been existent

because of the necessity to explore and gain natural resources. At present,

global migration is a unique concept.

To better understand the concept of global migration, three (3)

categories of this trend were created: voluntary economic migration, jbrged

displacement, and refugee crisis. Voluntary economic migration is rooted

is the pursuit of economic stability. It is usually seen in the condition of

people in the global south such as in the regions of Asia and Africa. People

from these regions move to other countries which have steadily growing

labor markets and can provide them high salaries. This ldnd of migration

in illustrated by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW). The second and third

categories, on the other hand, refer to how people are forced to migrate.

According to Boswell (2002), forced displacement and the refugee crisis

could be traced to the factors of state tyranny or corruption OI' the fear of

w`olence such as civil war.

There are several effects of migration in a particular country. There

are different scenarios and different factors why people migrate. Migration

plays a vital role in the social, economic, and political aspects of the

Philippines. With the country reliant on labor export, OFWs are seen

to be major economic drivers of the country. They affect the economic

sustainability of the country through their remittances. In addition, this is

also the reason why the country's foreign policy focuses on labor export.

Another effect of migration in the Philippines is the brain drain. In 2009,

the Philippine Institute of Development Studies found out that fifty percent

of employed Filipino emigrants have tertiary education and only 14.5

percent of them are managers and professionals, 26.6 percent of them are

worldng as technicians and clerks, and the rest are operators known as

service workers (Zosa & Obeta, 2009) .