DECLARATION

A Project on
TURNOVER EXCITATION USING IMAGE
PROCESSING MATLAB

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

degree

In

Electronics & Communication Engineering

BY

FATIMA TANZEEM(1810931002)

Under the supervision of

MS. ANJALI GOPAL VASHISTHA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ALIGARH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, ALIGARH
(AFFILIATED TO DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW)

I hereby declare that submitted is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written
by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been
made in the text. 

FATIMA TANZEEM

(1810931002)
 CERTIFICATE
Certified that FATIMA TANZEEM have carried out the research work
presented in this project entitled “TURNOVER EXCITATION USING
IMAGE PROCESSING MATLAB” for the award Bachelor of Technology
from affliated to DR APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow under
my supervision. The project embodies result of original work and studies
carried out by Student them self and the contents of the project do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Signature Signature

(Ms. Anjali Gopal Vashistha) (Mr. Arif Hasan)

Assistant Professor Head Of Department

EN & EC Department EN & EC Department

ACET, Aligarh ACET, Aligarh

DATE:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our great fortune that we have got the opportunity to carry out this
project work under the supervision of Ms. Anjali Gopal Vashistha in the
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Aligarh
College Of Engineering and Technology, affiliated to Dr. APJ Abdul
Kalam Azad Technical University(AKTU), UTTAR PRADESH, India. I
express my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our guide
for her constant support, unparalleled guidance and limitless
encouragement.

We wish to convey our gratitude to Mr. Arif Hasan , HOD, Department

of EN & EC Department, ACET and to the authority of ACET for
providing all kinds of infrastructural facility towards the research work.

I would also like to convey my gratitude to all the faculty members and
staffs of the Department of EN & EC Department, AKTU for their
whole hearted cooperation to make this work turn into reality.

FATIMA TANZEEM
CONTENTS

S No. TOPIC PAGE No.

1. ABSTRACT 6

2. INTRODUCTION 7

3. METHODOLOGY 8-11

4. IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY 12

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

6. REFERENCES 14
Brain tumor identification can be done through MRI images. This project
focus at present, processing of medical images is a developing and
important field. It includes many different types of imaging methods. Some
of them are Computed Tomography scans (CT scans), X-rays and
Magnetic smallest defects in the human body. Abnormal growth of tissues
Resonance Imaging (MRI) etc. These technologies allow us to detect even
the in the brain which affect proper brain functions is considered as a brain
tumor. The main goal of medical image processing is to identify accurate
and meaningful information using images with the minimum error possible.
MRI is mainly used to get images of the human body and cancerous tissues
because of its high resolution and better quality images compared with
other imaging technologies.
Brain tumor identifications through MRI images is a difficult task because
of the complexity of the brain.

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MRI images can be processed and the brain tumor can be
segmented. These tumors can be segmented using various
brain tumors through MRI images can be categorized into four different image
segmentation techniques. The process of identifying sections; pre-processing,
image segmentation, feature extraction and image classification.
Brain tumors affect the humans badly, because of the abnormal
growth of cells within the brain. It can disrupt proper brain function
and be life-threatening. Two types of brain tumors have been
identified as Benign tumors and Malignant tumors. Benign tumors are less
harmful than malignant tumors as malignant are fast developing and harmful
while benign are slow growing and less harmful.

Medical imaging technique is used to create visual representation

of interior of the human body for medical purposes and non invasive
possibilities can be diagnosed by this technology. The various types of medical
imaging technologies based on noninvasive approach like; MRI, CT scan,
Ultrasound, SPECT, PET and X-ray. When compared to other medical imaging
techniques, Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI) is majorly used and it provides
greater contrast images of the brain and cancerous tissues. Therefore, it focuses
on the identification of brain tumor.The brain tumor detection can be done
through MRI images. In image processing and image enhancement tools are
used for medical image processing to improve the quality of images. The
contrast adjustment and threshold techniques are used for highlighting the
features of MRI images. The Edge detection, Histogram, Segmentation and
Morphological operations play a vital role for classification and detecting the
tumor of brain. The main objective of this paper is too studied and reviewed the
different research papers to find the various filters and segmentation techniques,
algorithms to brain tumor detection.
 According to the following steps, Brain tumors can be detected using Image
Processing techniques.

METHODOLOGY

• IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING
It is very difficult to process an image. Before any image is
processed, it is very significant to remove unnecessary items it may
hold. After removing unnecessary artifacts, the image can be processed successfully.
The initial step of image processing is Image Pre-Processing[8].

Pre-Processing involves processes like conversion to greyscale image, noise removal

and image reconstruction. Conversion to greyscale image is the most common pre-
processing practice[9].
After the image is converted to greyscale, then remove excess noise using different
filtering method.

IMAGE SEGMENTATION

It is the strategy of dispersing a picture into smaller bits. It makes a few

arrangements of pixels inside same picture.
Doles out a tag to each pixel in a picture and the pixels with the comparable mark
share specific highlights [11].
Fragmenting makes it simpler to additionally break down and perceive significant
data structure an advanced picture.
THRESHOLD SEGMENTATION:

'Segmentation' is the method that has been used to separate a computerized image into
many parts that incorporate arrangements of pixels and collection of super pixels.
Goals to be cultivated through the procedure of division are
rearranging and changing the arrangement of portrayal of a picture such that it will
turn out to be increasingly nitty, gritty, significant and simple for the procedure of
investigation. Putting of articles and limits in pictures, for
example, lines, bends could be performed through Image division. All through the
method of picture division, each pixel in a picture is doled out a name and the pixels
comprise of same mark share certain visual highlights. Every
pixel in the district is comparable according to certain highlights or figured properties,
for example, shading, force or surface. Bordering locales are especially unique with
respect to similar highlights. Threshold strategy is the
most straightforward method of picture division.

SEGMENTATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGY:

Morphology' allows to identify the properties of the structure and shape of any
element. Paired pictures may contain numerous deformities. Especially, the parallel
locales developed by basic thresholding are distorted by surface and commotion.
Morphological picture preparing looks to accomplish the objectives of dispensing
with these imperfections by representing picture shape and structure. For the most
part, this signifies perceiving items or
limits inside the picture.

Morphological tasks are intelligent transformations dependent on correlation of

neighbouring pixel.
Typically, morphological tasks are actualized on parallel pictures under the pixel
esteems; 0 or 1. A significant number of the morphological activities focus on twofold
pictures.

K-MEANS, ALGORITHIM:

Majority of picture handling procedures use K-Means calculation for picture division.
It is extremely valuable for enormous pictures with helpless complexity. In any case,
it has been understood that K-Means is vulnerable to determination of tests and
foundations of fluffy sets [10], [11]
• FEATURE EXTRACTION
Accurate
Processor
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form (shape), size and image location. With respect to the results
retrieved from extract features the process of tumor classification
is performed.

IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY
Software Requirements:
MATLAB - I have used MATLAB which is a high performance language for
technical computing instead of other programming language due to following reasons:

1.A very large and growing) database of built-in algorithms for image
processing and computer vision applications.

2.MATLAB allows you to test algorithms immediately without

recompilation. You can type something at the command line or execute a
section in the editor and immediately see the results, greatly facilitating
algorithm development.

3.The abilities to call external libraries such as, Open CV.

4.The ability of process both still images and video.

5.The ability to auto-generate C code, using MATLAB Coder, for a large subset
of image processing and mathematical functions, which could be use in other
environments such as embedded systems or as a component in other software.

Hardware Requirements:
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]. S. Bauer et al., ―A survey of MRI-based medical image analysis for
brain tumor studies,‖ Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 58, no. 13, pp.97–129, 2013.

[2]. B. Menze et al., ―The multimodal brain tumor image segmentation

benchmark (BRATS),‖ IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 34, no.10, pp. 1993–
2024, Oct. 2015

[3]. B. H. Menze et al., ―A generative model for brain tumor

segmentation in multi-modal images,‖ in Medical Image Computing and
Comput.- Assisted Intervention-MICCAI 2010. New York: Springer, 2010,
pp. 151–159

[4]. S. Bauer, L.-P. Nolte, and M. Reyes, ―Fully automatic segmentation

of brain tumor images using support vector machine classification in
combination with hierarchical conditional random field regularization,‖ in
Medical Image Computing and Comput.-Assisted Intervention-MICCAI
2011. New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 354–361.

[5]. C.-H. Lee et al., ―Segmenting brain tumors using pseudo-

conditional random fields,‖ in Medical Image Computing and Comput.-
Assisted

[6]. Intervention-MICCAI 2008. New York: Springer, 2008, pp. 359–366

[7]. R. Meier et al., ―A hybrid model for multimodal brain tumor

segmentation,‖ in Proc. NCI- MICCAI BRATS, 2013, pp. 31–37.

[8]. Vinod Kumar, JainySachdeva, Indra Gupta ―Classification of brain

tumors using PCA-ANN‖ 2011 World Congress on Information and
Communication Technologies.

[9]. Sergio Pereira, Adriano Pinto, Victor Alves, and Carlos A.

Silva ―Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Convolutional Neural
Networks in MRI Images ‖IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL
IMAGING, VOL. 35, NO. 5, MAY 2016
 REFERENCES

1. https://keras.io/applications/
2. https://towardsdatascience.com/transfer-learning-from-pre-trained-
models-f2393f124751
3. https://simpleitk.org
4. https://neurohive.io/en/popular-networks/resnet/
5. https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/svm.html
6. http://builtin.com/data-science/transfer-learning
7. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.pdf
8. https://www.cse.ust.hk/~qyang/Docs/2009/tkde_transfer_learning.pdf