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MATTER AND ENERGY I GVL

Matter and Energy I Formulas

• Topic 2. Measurements and Units

Unit of conversion
1 m = 100 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm
1 m = 1000 mm 1 mi = 1.609 km
1 cm = 10 mm 1 lb = 0.45 kg
1 km = 1000 m 1 kg = 2.2 lb
1 km = 1093.6 yd 1 cm3 = 1 ml
1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 L = 1 dm3
1 ft = 12 in 1 gal = 3.875 L
Unit cm m in ft yd mi
1 cm 1 0.01 0.3937 0.0328 0.0109 6.2137x10-6
1m 100 1 39.27 3.28 1.0936 6.2137x10-4
1 in 2.54 0.0254 1 0.08333 0.02778 1.5782x10-5
1 ft 30.48 0.3048 12 1 0.3333 1.8939x10-4
1 yd 91.4 0.914 35.98 3 1 5.6818x10-4
1 mi 1.609x10 5 1609 63346 5280 1760 1

SI Fundamental Units SI Derived Units

Magnitude Unit Symbol Magnitude Unit Symbol
square
Length meter m Surface m2
meter
Mass kilogram kg Volume cubic meter m3
meter per
Time second s Speed/Velocity m/s
second
meter per
Electric
ampere A Acceleration square m/s2
current
second
Temperature kelvin K Force newton N = kg∙m/s2
Luminous
candela cd Work/Energy joule J = N∙m
intensity
Amount of
mole mol Power watt W = J/s
substance

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MATTER AND ENERGY I GVL

• Topic 3. Scalar and Vector Quantities

Components Magnitude and direction

𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2
𝑅𝑥 = 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑅𝑦
𝑅𝑦 = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑅𝑥

Trigonometric functions
𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑜𝑝
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑎𝑑𝑗
ℎ𝑦𝑝 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑎𝑑𝑗
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑜𝑝 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑐𝑎𝑡. 𝑜𝑝

• Topic 5. Description of Movement in One Dimension/Topic 6. One

Dimension Motion with Constant Acceleration
𝑣0 + 𝑣𝑓 𝑣0 + 𝑣𝑓
𝑥=( )𝑡 𝑦=( )𝑡
2 2
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣0 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣0
𝑎=
𝑡 1 1
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
2𝑦
𝑡=√ 1 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑓 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2 2
2𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣02 2𝑔𝑦 = 𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑣02

Free fall. 𝑣0 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 | 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Vertical throw directed upwards. At maximum height 𝑣𝑓 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 | 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

Max. height Time to reach max. height

1 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣0
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑡=
2 𝑔

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MATTER AND ENERGY I GVL

• Topic 7. Two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration

Components Position Velocity

𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥
1
𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡
2
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃
1
𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2
2
𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑣𝑦
𝑦=( )𝑡 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
2 𝑣𝑥
2
2𝑔𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦2 − 𝑣0𝑦

Time to reach max. height Flight time

𝑣𝑦 − 𝑣0𝑦
𝑡= 𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 2𝑡ℎ.𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑔

Uniform Circular Motion

𝜃
𝑠 𝜔
̅= 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃= 𝑡
𝑅 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 57.3°
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

• Topic 8. Newton’s Laws of motion

𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎 𝑊 =𝑚∙𝑔

• Topic 9. Graphical, Qualitative and Quantitative Description of Forces

𝐹𝑟𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝜂 𝐹𝑟𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝜂

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

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MATTER AND ENERGY I GVL

Approximate Coefficients of Friction

Material µs µk
Wood on wood 0.7 0.4
Steel on steel 0.15 0.09
Metal on leather 0.6 0.5
Wood on leather 0.5 0.4
Rubber on dry concrete 0.9 0.7
Rubber on wet concrete 0.7 0.57
Source: Tippens, P. (2009). Physics (7th Ed.) USA: McGraw Hill.

• Topic 10. Applications of Newton's Laws

∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎

• Topic 11. Mechanical Work and Kinetic Energy

Work Kinetic energy Power

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 1 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝐾= 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑃=
2 𝑡
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = (𝐹 cos 𝜃) 𝑥
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣̅
Work and Kinetic Energy Theorem
1 1
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑣02
2 2

• Topic 12. Potential Energy and the Principle of Conservation of

Mechanical Energy

Theorem of Conservation of Total

Potential Energy Mechanical Energy

𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝐸 =𝑈+𝐾

𝑈0 + 𝐾0 = 𝑈𝑓 + 𝐾𝑓

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MATTER AND ENERGY I GVL

• Topic 13. Kinematics of Rotational Motion

𝑓𝑇 = 1 𝜔0 + 𝜔𝑓
𝜃=( )𝑡
2
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑓= 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔0 + 𝛼𝑡
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
2𝜋 1
𝜔= 𝜃 = 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝛼𝑡 2
𝑇 2

𝑣 = 𝜔𝑅 1
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓 𝑡 − 𝛼𝑡 2
2
𝜔𝑓 − 𝜔0
𝛼= 2𝛼𝜃 = 𝜔𝑓2 − 𝜔02
𝑡

𝑎 = 𝛼𝑅

• Topic 14. Rotational Motion Dynamics

Object Moment of inertia

1
Rod (lateral axis) 𝐼 = 𝑚𝐿2
3
1
𝜏 =𝐹∙𝑟 Rod (central axis) 𝐼= 𝑚𝐿2
12
𝜏 = (𝐹 sin 𝜃) 𝑟 Ring – cylindrical shell 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2

𝜏 =𝐼∙𝛼 1
Disk 𝐼= 𝑚𝑅 2
2
2
Solid sphere 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2
5
2
Hollow sphere 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑅 2
3

• Topic 15. Equilibrium for Non-punctual Bodies

Second condition for rotational equilibrium:

∑𝜏 = 0

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