yeoskajsu

frdauh tla osklska f.dvke.=jla fkdfjhs lSjdla fuka ngysr ffjoH jsoHdjo tla wjoshl os tl mqoa.,hl=
jsiska f.dv k.k ,oaola fkdfjs. fuys b;sydih usksid ;rush merks hehs lsj yelsh.

tkus l%s' mq' 220 .Kkla ;rus hehs lreKq fidhd ne,sfusos oek .kakg yelsh. ta wkqj
jsoHd;aul .fjsYKhkays ksr;j b;d idrA:l m%:sm, t,s oelajq lsrA;s Or mqoa.,hskaf.a mrAfhaIK lghq;=
ms,sno jsia;r fkdue;sj ffjoH jsoHdfjs uq,drusNh iy tys oshKqj jsoyd oelajsh fkdyels nj wm ljqre;a
ms,ss.; hq;=j we;' fufia wm usksia jrA.hd f,v oqlska uqojd iqLs; uqos; lsrsu ioyd ld,h, Okh yd Y%uho
lem l, Wodr mqoa.,hka .ek lreKq fidhd ne,su b;d jeo.;ah. ta wkqj jrA:udkh f;la ngysr ffjoH jsoHdj f.dv
ke.sfusos w;s;fha l%shd oduhka fndyjska bjy,a fjs.

ffjoH jsoHdj jsldYKh jir oyia .Kkla ;siafia isoqjqjo mqrd;fha .%sisfha frda. ksIaph l, l%ufjsoh
woo frda. ksIaph lsrsu ioyd Ndjs;d lrhs' ffjoH jsoHdfjs jsYd, oshqKqjla we;s jqfha usksia isrer jsjD;lr
tys wNHka;a;r jHqyh iy lD;Hh ms,snoj wOHhkh lsrsfuka wk;=rejhs' ta wkqj usksia isrerla m,uq jrg
lmd wOHKh lrk ,osfoa ,shkdfvda vdjskapss jsisks' ^,shkdfvdaf.a tu oekqu ffjoH Ysiqka mjd usksia
isrere jsjD; lsrsug Wmfhda. lr .ks&'

ffjoH jso\Hdfjs b;sydih .ek mqMZ,a f,i i,ld ne,sfusos wmg th fufia ld, mrspsfPao fnod oelajsh
yelsh'

1' l%s'mq' 800 - m%d.a ffM;sydisl b;sydih

2' l%s'mq' 2000 - mqrdK Bcsma;= ffjoH b;sydih'
3' l%s'mq' 400 isg 300 - .%sl yd frdaudkql ffjoH b;sydih'
4' l%s'j' 500 isg 1400 - uOH ld,sk hq.h'
5' ls%'j' 700 isg 1500 - wrdns ffjoH b;sydih'
6' ls%'j' 1400 isg 1700 - ffjoH jsoHdfjs mqkrA csjh'
7' l%s'j' 1700 isg 2100 - 18 iy 21 jk Y; jrAI olajd'

ta wkj tu b;sydih ms,sno lreKq .fjsYKh lsrsfuka wm yg wdiajdohl=;a tu lreKq ;j oqrg;a fidhd
ne,su ioyd W;af;ackhl=;a fuu.ska we;s jsh'

tfukau ngysr ffjoH jsoHdj ms,sno lreKq fidhd ne,sfusos wmyg fmd; m; iy jevs jYfhkau wka;rA
cd,ho Wmldrs jsh.

ta wkqj wdishdkq ;=rAls iuqo% ;srej jgd we;s rukSh jq;a fM;sydisl jq;a oqm;a lsysmhla jsh.
mqrdK f,dalfha mqoqu yf;ka tlla ys,sfhdaiaf.a wvs 105la muK jq f,dayuh ms,srej msysgs
“fvvflakshsia” kuska yeoskajk fuu oqm;a ixLHdjg wh;a “frdavsia” kus oqm; ls mq 222 os we;s jq uyd
N=uslusmdfjka tu oqm; jskdY jsh. uhs, 25la muK jq “fldia” kus oqm;o uy;a m%isoaOshla tjlg bis,sh.
ta wka lsisjla ksid fkdj “ngysr ffjoH jsoHdfjs mshd” hk jsreod j,sh ,enq ysfmdal%gshsiaf.a ckauN=ush
jq ksid fjks. ta wkqj fudyqf.ka ngysr ffjoH jsoHdfjs wdrusNh iksgqyka js jrA;udkh f;la osj hhs.

ffjoH jsoHdfjs wdrusNh yd jHdma;sh

-1-
ls'mq' 800fhaa m%d.a ffM;sydisl b;sydih'

fuu jljdkqfjs csj;a jq usksiqkag jsjsO wdldrfha frda. we;s jq nj jdrA:d fjs' ;jo mqrd jsoHd;aul
leksus iy .fjsYKhkag wkqj Tjqka tu frda.s ;;ajhka iqj lr .eksug Wml%u fhdaod we;s njo fy,s orjs fjs'

m%d.a ffM;sydisl f,ka is;=jsus" i,l=Kq iy usksid jsiska ;Kk ,o Ndkav j,g wkqj Tjqka N=;hka
w;oaN=; n,fjs. oevs f,i jsYajdi lr we;s nj mqrd jsoHd{fhda mji;s' ;jo tu hq.fha jsiq hloqrka" lgsgvshka
yg jsfYaI n,hla ;snq nj tl, usksiqka jsYajdi l,y' Tjqka uka;%" jdis .=relus hk wdosh u.ska frda.ska iqj
m;a lsrsug W;aiql jqy' tnejska Tjqka m%:u ffjoH jreka f,i yoqkajhs' fndfyda frda. ioyd hd;a{d lsrsuo
iuyr jsglos fT!Iosh .=k ^n,fjs.hka we;ehs is;= Ydl jrA.& we;s Yl fldgiao Wmfhda. lr f.k we;'

w;smqrdk fud<fha ie;alu

mqrd jsoHd{hka jsiska fidhd .kakd ,o fuu hq.hg wh;a hehs ie,flk ysia ln,la fus ioyd idCIs orhs'
tu f;dr;=re j,g wkqj ysia lnf,a isoqrla jso tu frda.shdf.a wef.a isgs N=;hka m,jd yersug W;aiy ord we;s
nj;a tu isoqr hus m%udKhla iqj jq nj;a frda.shd csj;aj isgs ld,fha fuh isoqr isoq lr we;s nj;a mejfia'

ls' mq' 2000 mqrdk Bcsma;= ffjoH b;sydih'

mqrdk Bcsma;= jeishd Tjqkaf.a rcjreka ush .sh l, usksh j, oud msrusv ieoq nj ioyka fjs' ;jo tu
usksh osrdm;a fkdjs ld,hla ;nd .eksug fnfy;a .e,ajq nj ioyka fjs' fu hq.fha os mqclhd jsiska frda.hska
iqjm;a lsrsug fiajh lr we;s nj jdrA:dfjs' Bcsma;= kIaGdjfYaI wOHKh lrkakka jsiska fy,s lrkd wdldrhg

-2-
ie,l= jsg tu hq.fha os Yrsrfha jsjsO fldgia ioyd jsjsO ffjoH jreka isgs njg fy,sfjs' ;jo wo mjqf,a fi!LH
fiajsldj f,i yoqkajk prs;h nsysjsuo fuu hq.fha wvs;d,u f.dv ke.=k nj jsiajdY lrhs'

fus hq.fha ffjoH jreka f,i ie,flk whf.a ldrAHhka jdrA:d.; lr we;s njo ioyka fjs' tu lreKq
“memhsria” kus jq wo ld,fha lvodis j,g iudk fld, j, ,shd we;s nj ioyka fjs' tu hq.fha oekqu wkqj
reOsrh .,k ;=jd,hla u; msvkhla fhosfuka reOsr jykh wvqjk nj;a" kdrs yd m%ij ffjoH jsoHdjo tl, hus
ugsgul oshqkq njo ioyka fjs'

tl, mqclfhda frda.ska iqjm;a lsrsug wemlem js isg w;r fojshka yd frda.shd w;r iusnkaO;d we;s
lrk ,oafoa mqclhd jsisks' tl, usksiqkag frda. we;s jkafka kmqre N+; wd;auhka Yrsr.;jq jsgh' hd;a{d
lsrsfuka tajd iqjm;a l, yels nj Tjqka oevsfia jsYajdi lr we;' ;jo wnska" lxid" fifkfy fld, iy ;DK
jrA>fha .iaj, fldgia fnfy;a jgsfgdare f,i ,sjsuo isoq lr we;' fujka l%uhka m,uq jrg oelsh yelsfla fuu hq.fha
osh'

ls'mq' 400 isg ls'j' 300 olajd .%sl yd frdaudkql ffjoH b;sydih'

uq,au YsIaGdpdrh nsys jqfha .%sish flaJo% lr f.khs' tu hq.fha jsiq usksiqkag ,sjsu" .Ks; oekqu
iy orAYK jsoHdj ms,sno wjfndaOhla ;snsKs' fojs jreka jsYd, .Kkla isgsk nj Tjqka jsYaji l,o f,dalh
ms,snoj jsoHd;aulj is;sug Tjqka W;aiy lf,ah'

ysfmdal%gssia

b;d m%isoaO .%sl odrAYKslhl= jk fudyq kjsK ffjoH l%ufha mshd f,i yoqka jhs' fuu hq.fha
jsiq odrAYKslhka fndfyda uhlau is;=fjs frda. we;s jkafka fojshka jykafiaf.a ovqjsus f,ihs'

-3-
 kuq;a ysfmdl%gsia fuu idusm%odhsl u; j,g jsreoaOj is;d wMZ;a u;hka f.dv ke.sug iu;a jsh'
ysfmdal%gsiaf.a oelaug wkqj usksia YsrefrA iu;=,s; ;djh rod mj;skafka n,fjs.hka y;rla u;hs' tajd weig
fkdfmfkk n,fjs. fkdjsu jsfYaI isoqjsuls' tu n, fjs. y;r kus
 reOsrh
 fiu
 ly ms;
 lMZ ms;

fuu n,fjs.hka iu;=,s;j mj;sk ;=re usksid ksfrda.sj isgsk nj;a uska tlla fyda fjkia jq jsg iu;=,s; ;djh
nso jegs usksid f,v fjk nj Tyqf.a u;h fjs' fus wkqj Tyqf.a m%:sldr l%u jqfha fuu y;frA iu;=,s; ;djh we;s
lsrsuhs' ta wkqj reOsr jykh lr jsu" jukh lrjsu hkdosh Tyqf.a m%:sldr l%u j,g we;=,;a jsh' ;jo frda.shdf.ka
frda. b;sydih ,nd .eksugo" frda.shd mrSCId lsrsuo fuu hq.fha isoq jq jsoHd;aul isoqjsush' woo frda.
ksIaph lsrsug fmr frda.shdf.ka frda. b;sydii weisu frda.shd mrsCId lsrsu isoq lrhs'

.d,ka

.d,ka hkq .%slfha isgs ldhsl frda. ffjoH jrfhla f,i ie,l= whls' Tyq frdauhg f.dia tys m%Odk ffjoH
jrfhla f,i lghq;= lf,ah'

fuu ld,fhaos usksia Ysrer lmd ne,su ks;s jsfrdaOs f,i ie,l= nejska Tyq jsiska i;=ka lmd i;=kaf.a
wNHka;r jHqyh mrsCId lf,ah' tajd usksidg iiouska usksia Ysrer .ek wOHKh lsrsug W;aiy lf,ah' fuu
oekqu frdaufha ffjoH jrekaf.a ffY,Hd.dr oekqu jrAOKh lsrsug jeo.;a jsh' frdaufha ffY,H ffjoH jreka
wMZ;a ffY,H Wmlrk ndjs;hg kenqre jk w;ru frdau hqoaOfhka ;=jd, ,enq fid,aOdoqjkag ie;a lus lsrsuo
Tyq jsiska isoq lrk ,os' l=vd m%udKfha frday,a idod yuqod fid,aodoqjkaf.a ;=jd, iy B;, myrj,a ie;a lus
j,g ndckh lf,ah' tmuKla fkdj uq;%dIfha .,a" weiaj, ie;a lus Tyq jsiska isoq lf,ah'

ikSmdrCIdj

fuu ld,fhaos frdaudkqjka ;udf.a iksmdrCIdj flfrys fhduq isgs nj oelafjs' oqjs,s Yrsr.; jsfuka
je,lsu" msrsisoq c,h mdkh" u< ojH ksis f,i bj;a lsrsu jeks iksmdrCIl lghq;= Tjqka jsiska isoq lr we;'

ls'j' 500 isg 1400 olajd uOH ld,sk hq.h'

fuu ld,fhaos frdaudKq wdos m;a;sh nso jegsu;a iu.u Tjqkaf.a iksmdrCIl lghq;= wvd, jq njla
fmfka' csj;a jsug jsYd, fjfyila oere Tjqkag id.skak iy frda. j,ska ksoyia jsug myiq fkdjsh' fuu ld,fha oso

-4-
csj;a jq fndfyda msrsila wd.fuka iqjh me;=y' tu ksid Tjqkaf.a ffjoH jrhd jqfha mqcl jreka yd Tjqkaf.a
YsIHhka h' ;jo foaj ovqjus ksid frda.s jk njo fudjqka jsYajdi lf,ah' tu ld,fhaos kej;;a iajdNdjsl m%:sldr l
%u ndjs;d lf,ah' ta w;r mqclhka jsiska lrk ,o yqkshka" n,s f;djs,a" hl=ka neosu wdosh m%Odk ;ekla .ks'
ful, ffjoH jreka f,i ie,l= fndfyda wh msrsus mCIh jsh' ffjoH jrshkao w;f,diaila isgsfhah'

ie;alus

fus ld,fhaos Tjqka i;= jqfha wiusmqrAK ffY,Hd.dr oekquls' tafia ;snsh os;a Tjqka iqjl, fkdyels
w;a md lmd bj;a lsrsu;a" nsoskq wia:s h;d ;;ajhg .eksu;a iy ykaosj, wdndo ioyd ie;a lus lsrsu;a lf,ah' fus
ld,fhaos ;=jd, msrsisoq lrk w;r ksrAjskaol f,i wnska fhdod.;a nj ioyka fjs'

jika .;

fuu ld,fha b;d oreKq f,i jika.; me;sr hdug fya;= jqfha Tjqkf.a iksmdrCIdj fydo ugsgul fkd;s
nsuhs' uydudrsh keu;s jika.;h ksid ck.ykfhka 90% la muK urkhg m;a jq nj ioyka fjs'

ls'j'700 isg 1500 olajd wrdns ffjoH b;sydih'

frdaufha nso jegsu;a iu.u jsoHdkq l=, ffjoH l%uhka ia;dms; lsrsug jeo.;a uOHia:dkhla jqfha
wrdnshhs' fuu ld,fhaos .%sisfhka yd frdaufhka ffjoH jsoHdj yeoersug Ysiqka wrdnshg hjk ,os' ;jo
ysfmdal%gsiaf.a u;hka iy wdydr .eksu iy jHdhdu lsrsu md,k ;;aj igyka l, hq;= njo fidhd .kakd ,os'
tmuKla fkdj ffjoH jreka jsiska fnfy;a jrA. ;=kavq j, ,sjsugo fus ld,fhaos yqre jsh' Lksc jrA. iy fT!Io
me,egs frda. iqj lsrsug fhdod .kakd ,os' ;jo ;=jd, msrsisoq lsrsug uOHidr .e,ajsuo lrk ,os' kuq;a fuu
ld,fha CI%o% csjska iy ;=jdh meijk whqre Tjqka oel isgsfha ke;' frday,a j,ska m%:sldr .eksfusos
oqmam;a fukau fmfydi;a whgo iu ;ekla ,ensks' ffY,Hd.dr myiqluso oshqKq jsh' ls'j' 931 os ffjoH jrekag
ksjros mqyqkq jsuso ffjoH n, m;% ,nd osu isoq flfrks' fuu ld,fhaos jsfYa ie;alus jrA. oshqkq js we;s njo
fmfka' ll=,a j, kyr .eg .eisus bj;a lsrsu usg Wodyrk f,i oelajsh yelsh' ksrsjskaol f,i ridhksl o%jHka
fidhd .;af;ao tajd mq,qka j,g oud kdihg we,a,sfuka ksrAjskaokh lr .; yels njo Tjqka fidhd .;af;ah'

ls'j' 1400 isg 1700 olajd ffjoH jsoHdfjs mqkrA csjh'

fuu ld,fhaos lvd jegqk ffjoH jsoHdfjs msmsosula isoq jqks' ffjoH lreKq ioyka jk fmd;a
m;a ,sjsu;a tajd fnsod yersu;a ksid ffjoH jsoHdj m%p,s; jsu jeo.;a isoaoshls'

m,a,s j,os ffjoH jsoHdj b.eksjsu;a ldhsl ffjoH jreka usksia Ysrer .ek .fjsYKhka l%ula l%ufhka
oshqkq jsh' usksia YsrefrA jHqyh yd l%shdldrs;ajh fijsug jeo.;au ldrkh jk usksia Ysrer lmd ne,qy' m
%:u jrg isoq lf,a ,shkdfvda vdjskaps jsisks' wekavDiafjfia,ska fus ioyd vdjskag iyh jqks' fufia YsrefrA
moaO;s .ek fjka fjkaj wOHKh lsrsu fus ld,fhaos isoq jqks' ysfmdal%gsiaf.a i;r n,fjs. u;
Tjqkaf.a .fjsYKhka isoq lf,ah'

js,shus ydjs

ffjoH jsoHdfjs jHdma;sh;a iu. reOsr odjkh ,smsno lreKq fidhd .;a js,shus ydjs .ek ioyka l, hq;=h'
usys msg we;s jsYsIaG jq;a" mqoqudldr jq m%jdyk moaO;sh l=ula oehs weiqj fyd;a osh yels ksjrosu
ms,s;=r Tfnsu Ysrer ;=, we;s reOsr ixirK moaO;sh hkakhs' fusf,dj we;s ieu oqusrsh udrA.hlgu jvd jevs

-5-
oqrla jsysfoa' idudkH reOsr udrA.fha oqr ie;mqus 10'000 ;a 60'000 ;a w;r m%udKhla nj ms,s .efka'
reOsr ixirKh ms,snoj fkdfhla u; m%ldY fldg we;;a reOsr ixirKfha i;H jsoHd;aulj Tmamq lsrsfus f.!rjh
ysusjkafka bx.%sis cd;sl js,shus ydjsghs'

fudyq jsiska ia;%s nsch yd mqreI nsscho tla jsfuka csjshd frdamkh js l<,h l%ufhka jefvk wkaou
fmkajd fok ,os'

weka;ks jeka ,sjqfjka fydla

m%:ufhkau wkq olak wdOdr fldg f.k ffjoH jsoJd;aul mrsCIK meje;ajsfus f.!rjh ysus jkafka
jqYanrA.a irijsfha orAYK jsoHdj ms,sno udyd pdrAHjrhd j isgs we;fkaishia lrApia keue;a;dghs' tfia
uq;a wkq olakh wdOr fldg f.k ffjoH jsoHdjg buy;a fiajhla l, fY%aIaG;u mqoa.,hka w;rska m%Odk ;ek
ysus jkafka weka;ks jeka ,sjqfjka fydla keu;s Ts,kao cd;slhdghs' fufia wkq olakh ffjoH jsoHd;aul
mrsCIK ioyd fidhd .eksu m%:sldr .Kkdjlg uq,a jq uyd m%:sldrh fjs tfiau fndajk frda. foi wMZ;a
fldaKhlska ne,sh yels jqfha uska miqjhs' Tyq jsiskau ;kk ,o 200la ;rus wkq olakhka Wmfhda.s lrf.k
m,uqfjkau lrk ,oafoa l=vd i;=ka ksrAudkh js we;s wkaou ksrsCIKh lsrsuhs' fudyqf.a wkq olakh u.ska
jsYd, fldg oelsh yels jq jevsu m%udKh jqfha 160 jdrhla muKs' reOsrh mrsCId l, Tyq m<uqfjkau
r;a;dkq fidhd.;af;ah' udMZ jeks i;ajhkaf.a r;a;dkq wkavdldr nj;a usksiqkaf.a iy laIsrmdhs .Khg wh;a
i;=kaf.a ;ka;= r;a;dkq f.da,dldr nj;a fmkajd oqkafkah' uia msvq ;ka;= m,uqfjkau yoqkd .kq ,enqfjso
fudyq jsisks' f,dalfha m,uq jrg laIqo%csjska ishiska oel n,d .;a mqoa.,hd jYfhka Tyqf.a ku b;sydi .;
js ;sfns' tmuKla fkdj" ne,a,lf.a .rANdIh mrsCId lsrsfusos m,uq jrg Y=l%dKq yoqkd.kq ,enqfjso Tyq
jsisks'

ffjoH jsoHdjg muKla fkdj" cSj jsoHdjgo Tyqf.ka bgq jq fiajh iqMZmgq fkdfjs' b;d l=vd
i;=kaf.a isg usksid olajd jq;a i;aj fldgsGdi fndfyda .Kklf.a ksrAudKh ms,snoj mrsCIK mj;ajd w.kd
lreKq rdYshla fy,s orjs lf,ah'

-6-
;dCIKsl oshqKqj;a iu. ffjopH jsoHdfjs oshqKqj

18 iy 21 jk ishjia;=,os we;s jq ldrAusl jsma,jh fya;=fjka usksidf.a csjk rgdj iy Tjqkaf.a fi!LHhg
oshqjla we;s lf,ah' ;jo fus usksid l%ufhka lDIsldrAusl rgdjla idol fldg f.k f.jq .eus csjs;hg wdhqfndajka
lshd ldrAulrkh jq kd.rsl m%foaY j,g ixl%ukh jkakg jsh'

k.r wdY%s; mrsirfha mj;sk jdhq oqIK" c, oqIK yd iksmdrCIl ;;ajh msrsysu fya;=fjka tu ck;djg
fld,rdj" w;sidrh" CIh frda.h" irusm" jeks nhdkl f,v frda. we;s jkakg isoq jsh' fuu ld, jljdkqj ;=,os ffjoH
fCIa;%fha we;s jq jsYd, m%.;shla jYfhka oelajsh yelafla ngysr ffjoH jsoHdj ;=, kjsK ;dCIKsl ffjoH
Wmlrk yd fkdfhl=;a fT!Io yd tka;;a jrA. fidhd .;af;ah'

jdiqrshka tkak;

1770 os tvsjvs fckrA jsiska jiqrsh tkak; fidhd .kakd ,os' Tyq f.a ksjig fkdoqre .j y,l
idrdfk,usia kus f.dmMZ oershl .j jdiqrsfhka fmf,K nj wdrkaps jsh' fudyq tys f.dia we.fha wf;ys
jq nsns,lska .;a ierj wg yejsrsos fcausia msmaia kus orejdg tkak;a lf,ah' Tyqg .j jdiqrsh
frda. ,CIK my, js blaukska iqjh ,ensks' miqj kshu frda. nsc foajrlau isrere .; l,uq;a Tyqg frda.
je,oqfka ke;' fuu fidhd .eksfuka fldags ixLhd; usksia csjs; ns,s.;a jiqrsh usksidg ydks fkdjk
frda.hla njg m;a jsks'

fjo kd,dj

js,shus ydjs jsiska reOsr ixirkh ms,sno isoaOdka;h f,djg yoqkajd osfuka miq ngysr ffjoH jsoHdj
l=MZ .eksjqk nj;a jevsfofkl=f.a u;hhs' kuq;a bka jir 200 lg miq foaykdo Y%j|Kh iioyd Y%jK kd,sldjla
^fjdo kd,dj& nsys jqjdg miq ffjoH jsoHdfjs mqkrA csjkhla we;s jsh' wdhqre fjso" wef,da m%:s"
hqkdks" fydausfhda m%:s" wdos lskus ffjoH l%uhla wkq .ukh l,o ta yeu ffjoH jrh l=gu ke;eu ners ;trug
m;aj we;s Tjqkg wdNrkhla noq jq fjo k,dj f,djg yoqkajd fok ,,afoa m%xY cd;sl frkshs ;sfndams,s
yhsiska;a f,fkla jsisks'

Tyq oqgq hus isoaoshla Wmfhda. lr f.k lvodishla yl=,d tla fldkla frda.s ldka;djlf.a ,h u; ;nd
wfklg Tyqf.a lk ;enq jsg Tyq jsiauhg m;a lruska Bg fmr lsis oskl fkdweiq jsre f,i wehf.a yoj; iamkaokh
jk whqre wefikakg jsh' fufia foy kdo Y%jK kd,sldj ms,sno uq, OrAuh fidhd .;a f,fkla thg “ ,d
is,skavsfrA” hkqfjka yoqkajd miqj T yqf.a ndmamdo iu. tla js thg “ iafg;iafldama” hk ku ;ensh' m
%:ufhka ,sfhka ;ekq fujd tla tla whf.a ku u; wkqj jevs oshqkq jsh'

c,Ns;sld m%:sYla;slrK tkak;

-7-
 f,dj lsrA;s Or jsoHd{fhla jq ,qjs mdiAprA jsiska Tyq lrk ,o mrAfhaIK j, m%:sm,
wkqj mgmkq frda.h ms,snj lreKq fidhd .kakd ,os' 1878 os m%xYfha ffjoH welvusfha bosrsfha
jsI nsc isoaOdka;h .ek Tyqf.a f,dal mqcs; foaYKh mj;ajk ,os' fus wkqj wdidokh ms,sno iene ;;=
jeis ;snq lMZ j,d mg, bj;aj .sfhah' fuu fidhd .eksfuka miq mdiaprA ;=, n, mj;ajkakg tla jqfha m
%;sYla;slrKhhs" ta ms,sno mrAfhaIK meje;ajq Tyq isjs jirla we;=,; l=l=MZ megjqkaf.a
fld<rdj" yrl=ka iy negMZj ka jeks i;=ka f.doqre jq weka;%Eia kus frda.H" iy W!rkag iefok
trsisgs,eishdj kus frda.hla ioydo m%;sYla;slrK l%u fidhd .;af;ah' mdiaprA ridhksl jsoHd{fhla
jqj;a ffjoH jsoHdfjs jsma,jhla lsrsug iu;a jsh' msiaiq n,a,kaf.a fl, i;=kg tkak;a lruska mj;ajk ,o
mrAfhaIK fnfyda oqrg idrA:l jsh' ta kqj c,Ns;sld tkak; Tyq jsiska fidhd .kakd ,os' mdiaprA ;u
fidhd .;a foh w;ayod ne,qfjsh' oqrAj, lrk ,o jsI nsch wdOdr fldg f.k usksid ;=, frda. ksjdrk m
%;sYla;sh we;s l, yels nj Tyq thska Tmamq lf<ah'

laIqo% csjska ^nelagsrshd" ffjria&

udkj ixy;shg jevs jYfhkau ydks meusKjqfha laIqo% csjska ksid iefok frda. j,ska nj b;sydih foi
ne,sfusos fmkshhs' fusjd yoqkd .eksug m%:u tu frda. fkdfhl=;a woaN=; fya;=ka ksid yd wKjsk
yqkshus ksid ieoqK nj ms,s.;a wjoshla o jsh' fujd yoqkd.;a" tafiau yoqkd .eksug u. meoq laIqo%csjs
jsoHd{hka w;r frdngs fldla Wiia ;ekla .ks' wkajslaIh wdOdr lr f.k ishqus f,i mrsCIK mj;ajdf.k .sh fudyq
tl, i;=kg fukau usksiqkgo je,oqk weka;%elaia kus oreKq frda.fha frda. ksOdk w;s ishqus jsI nschla nj
fidhd .;af;ah' ;jo laIh frda.h iefokafkao laIqo%csjshl= fya;= fldg f.k njo fy,s orjs lf<ah' laIh frda.h iqj
lsrsu ioyd laIh frda. nsc ksl=;a l, jsI udrd ilaia fldg .;a gshqn lshq,ska kus T!IOh ksmo jk ,oafoa fudyq
jsisks'

jslsrK hka;%h

ffjoH jsoHdfjs m%.;sh ioyd odhl jq l%ufjsohka w;r bosrsfhkau mj;sk fusj,ula jkafka
tialsrsk Pdhdrem lrkhhs' fuysos idudkH wdf,dal lsrKj,g jvd jsksjso hdfus yelshdj jevs tialsrK ffjoH
jrhdf.a wNsu;h mrsos fra.shdf.a wjhj yryd hfug i,iajd isrer wNHka;rfha oajsudk Pdhdremhla jslYKh
lrhs' wia;s nsosu" iajik wdndo" yDoh jia;=fjs frda. jsksiapshg nyq,j Ndjs;djk fuys ;snsrsf.h js,afy,aus
fldkagscka kus mrudkq jsoHd{hdf.a jsoHd.drfhks'

fmksis,ska

wm jik fmd,j tlu fidfydka msgshla f,i ie,lshs yelsh' fmdf,dj u; i;ajhd we;s jq od is
gush .sh ixLHdj .ek i,ld n,k jsg osrdm;a jk f,dl= l=vd i;=kaf.a u< loka fya;= fldg f.k nsysjk laIqo%m
%dkskaf.a m%udkho is;d .eksug;a wmyiqh' jdikdjlg fuka fujdg jsreoaoj igka lsrsug iu;a csjska we;s

-8-
ksid usksia ikay;sh jskdY fkdjs mj;s' wdos ld,fha isgu i;=ka fukau usksido fusjdfha Wmldr fijq nj
fmfka' ;=jd, ,enq w,shd .xbjqfrA uv ;jrd .kafk;a" wdosld,sk fjoqka ;=jd,h ul=MZ oef,ka jeiqfjs;a"
fkfhl=;a fnfy;a me,egs ikafhda. m%fhdackhg .;af;a;a iycfhka fyda fus ms,snoj oek isgs ksid jsh hq;=h'
fusjd yoqkdf.k usksidg wjYH wkaouska fhdod .eksu wernqfka 20jk ishji ;=, osh' fusjd m%:sffcjl fnfy;a
hkqfjka yoqkajkq ,efns' fmksis,ska fufia yoqkd .;a uq,au m%:sffcjlh f,i ms,s .efka' fmksis,ska f,djg
yoqkajd oqka ;eke;a;d jk wef,laiekavrA maf,ausx f.a kuo jevs fofkl= nj ksilh'

jsoHq;a lka;= f,aLKh ^B'is'cs'&

yoj;g iusnkaO lsishus frda.d ndohla ioyd Tn ffjoH jrhd yuqjq jsg fydo yegs mrsCIdlr n,d B'is'cs'
fkdfyd;a jsoHq;a lka;= f,aLKhla .eksug kshu lrkq ,nhs' yDojia;=fjs Wmosk csj jsoHq;aOdrd igyka
msgshla u; legs fldg fmkajk fuh ydohdndoj, uq,sl wjia:d ffjoH jrhdg u;= fldg fmkajd csjs; oyia .Kka
urKfhka .,jhs' B'is'cs' igykla fkdue;s yDo frda. mrsCIdjla fkdue;s ;rug wo th m%p,s;j ;sfns' fuh fld;rus
w.kd ksrAudKhla fldg f,i ie,l=jdoehs lsj fyd;a th ksmo jq jsf,us whskaf;dajka fkfn,a ;hdf.ka mjd
msoqus ,ensh' 1894os Tyq m%:u ydo lka;= f,aLKh ^B'is'cs' igyk& bosrsm;a lrk ,os'

tus'wdrA'whs hka;%h
isrefrA Tskeu ;ekl meyeos,s m%;snsusnhla ,nd .eksug MRI (Madnatic Resonance
Imaging ) ;dCIKh iu;a jsh'idusm%odhsl tlafrA mrsCIK u.ska m%udKj;a f;dr;=re ,nd .eksug
fkdyels jq jsg ta ioyd Ndjs;d lrk b;d oshqKq mrsCIK w;rska jrA;udk f,dalfha tuswdrAwhs
mrsCIKh m%uqL ;djhla .ks' fuu mrSCIKh u.ska usksia isrefrA ijsia;rd;aulj fy,s orjsjla lr .eksug
yelshdjla we;' tysos m%Odk jYfhka mrsCId lsrsug wmyiq jq fud<h" fldoqegfm<" wia:s j,ska
wdjrkh js we;s isrefrA ishMZ is:dk ms,sno f;dr;=re fuu.ska ,nd .; yel'

vstkata mrsCIdj

-9-
 ffoksl csjs;fha usksidg uqyqkosug isoq js we;s wisre ;ssrK yd wNsfhda. /ilg idrA:l
ms<s;=re ,ens ;sfnkafka cdk ffjoH jsoHdj ;=, isoqjs ;sfnk iqjsfYaIs fmr<sh ksid fjks' ^ta wkqj" cdk
mrsCIdjka u.ska t,s olsk T!IO j, we;s iene fjfki ;=,ska fnfyda msrsila ;u fi!LH mrsCIdj .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lsrsug mgkaf.k we;'& fus jk jsg vstkata j, we;s riryia ms,sno fodr.=,q jsjr lsrsug kj;dCIKhg yels
jsu ffjoH b;sydifha ;j;a tla ch.%dysmshjrls'

j;auka cdk mrsCIdjka ;=,ska oreKq jHikhla jqjo idrA:l f,i uevmeje;ajsh yels w;r vstkata .ek
wOHkh lsrsug wjYH jkafka ir< reOsr mrsCIdjla muKs' fuu mrsCIdjka wk;=rej Tfns ffcj o;a; msgmf;a
ie,eiaula ,nd .eksug yels jkq we;' cdk mrsCIdjka u.ska fT!Io j, fjkia lus o isoq l, yel' ta wkqj usksia cdk
wkql%u ;=,ska wjfndaO lr .eksu" yoqkd .eksu ;=,dka m%;sldr yd wkdjels lsugo jqjo mqMZjk'
jrA;udKfha frda. 1300lg wOsl ixLHjlg cdk mrsCIK isoq lr we;' ta wkqj oekg f,dj mqrd us,shk .Kkla
oreKq f,i uqyqK fok oshjevshdj yd yDo frda. jeks frda. ioyd jir 2010os m%;HlaI m%:slrAu ,efnkq we;'
cdk mrsCIdj fjjoH jsoJdfjs tla iqjsfYaIs mshjrla jqjo tys uq,sl mrAudrA;h jkafka m%;HlaI T!IO
fidhd .eksu iy oreKq jHoska ;=rka lsrsughs' cdk mrsCIdj, jeo.;a lu jkafka mrsCidjka u.ska ;yjqre lr
wdrCIs;j m%:sldr lsrsug yels jsuhs' ta wkqj wkd.f;a ffjoH jrhd yuqjsug hk ieu frda.shl=u reOsr nsola
mrsCId lr ;u ffcj o;a; ie,eiafus msgm;la ,nd .; yels jkq we;' tfukau frda. m%:sldrhka j,os frda.shdg lsisoq
fjsokdjla fkdfofkk whqrska b;d flgs ld,hla ;=, m%:sldr lsrsug yels jsu j;a u;a ffjoH jsoHdfjs oshqKqfjs
m%;sM,hls'

- 10 -
jrA;udk ffjoH jsoHdfjs wNsfhda.

HIV/ AIDS

tavsia hkq frgsfrda ffjria .Khg wh;a udkj m%:syla;s WK;d ffjrih ksid frda.s jq mqoa.,hskaf.a
Yrsrh frda.j,g Tfrd;a;=osfus Yla;sh fyj;a m%:sYla;sh ySk jsuhs' tavsia frda.shl=f.a frda. ,CIK tl
frda.shl=f.ka ;j;a frda.shl=g fjkia jsh yels'

fuu frda.h le,sfmdkshd jsYajjsoHd,fha f,dia wekac,sia ffjoH uOHia:dkhg 1981 cqks udifha os
mqoa.,hl=g ;snq frda. ,CIK fufiah' WK" leiai" isrefrA ;ekska ;ek l=oaoegs" Yrsrfha nr is.%fhka wvqjsu
isoqfjs' ffjoH mrsCIK j,os fmks .sfha Tyqf.a iqoq reOsrdkqj, we;s jid ffi, wvqjs we;s njhs' ^ffu
mqoa.,hdg jsInsc ;=kla myros wehs hkak ffjoH jrekaf.a ukig ke.k m%YaKhls'& th tavsia keu;s Nhdkl
yd urdka;sl frda.h yoqkd .eksug uq,a jsh' fuu ffjrih fjk;a ffjria j,g jvd jsfYaI;ajh jkqfha tu ffjrihg m
%;sjsreoaoj,g Yrsrfha ksmojk m%:sfoayj, ffu ffjrih yoqkd .eksug fkdyels jk wdldrhg taldldrs
iajremhlska fkdmsysgsuhs' tfukau isrefrA uqr Nghka jkafka jid moaO;sh wlrAukH lrk tpswhsjs ffjrh
wka ish,q jsInschka yuqfjs isrer wirK lrhs''

jrA;udKfha f,dlfha fndfyda rgj, ffjoH jreka fuu frda.h ioyd ms,shus fijsug W;aiy oruska isgsk
w;r fusjk f;la ksjros jq m%:sldr l%uhla fidhd .eksug wfmdfydi;a js we;' ;jo fus jk jsg f,dalh mqrd fuu
frda.h is.%fhka jHdma; fjuska mj;s' fuu frda.h me;srsug fya;= jkafka frda.shl=f.a reOsrh ;j;a wfhl=f.a
Yrsrhg we;=MZ jsu u.sks' m%Odk jYfhka ,sx.sl iusnkaO;d fus frda.h ioyd uq,afjs' widos; mqoa.,fhl=
iu. we;s lr .kq ,nk fkdfhl=;a ,sx.sl iusnkaO;d u.ska frda.h jHdma; fjs' ;jo reOsr mdr js,hkh" csjdkq yrkh
fkdl, fkdl, Wmlrk u.ska tka;k;a yd ffY,H lrAu lsrsu u.ska isoqfjs' frda.sh isj lsrsug fyda md,kh lsrsug
iu;a tkak;la ksmo jsu j;auka ffjoH lafIa;%fha m%Odku wNsfhda.hhs'

ms<sldj

mrsir oqIK" whym;a fi!LH yd wdydr mqreoq" fya;= fldg f.k f,dju .s,.ksuska isgsk ffjoH
jsoHdfjs m%uqL;u ms<s,h jkafka ms<sldjhs' uqL" mshhqre" prAu" fmy,q ms<sldj, isg jvd nshckl
fud,fha ms<sld olajd msysgd we;s fuh isrefrA uq,sl ;ekqus tallh jk ffi, j, jrAOkfha jslD;s;djla ksid
yg .efka' m%Odk jYfhka mrusmrdfjka mrdjg hk fuu frda.h .,a;shd yoqkd .eksu kq;K ffjoH jsoHdfjs m
%Odk;u wNsfhda.hls' ffjoH jreka ms<sld frda.h cdk jsoHdj weiqrska l<, wjia;dfjsosau yoqkd .eksug
yels fuj,us ;eksug mrsCIK mj;ajuska isgs' udkj jrA.hd iekiqus fy,k oskh jevs we;la fkdjkq we;'

l=reMZ WK frda.h

- 11 -
 fuu frda. ffjrih uE; b;sydifha buy;a ;ld nyg ,la jq frda. ldrs ffjrihla jk w;r tu frda. ldrs ffjrih ksid
200 lg wOsl usksia csjs; ixLHdjla wysus js we;' tfiau frda. jHdma;sh je,elajsu ioyd urdoud we;s l=l=,ka
ixLHdj us,shk 80$90 wOslh' hus wdldrhlska fuu ffjrih usksiqka ;=, il%shj jHdma; jsula ioqjqj fyd;a
us,shk 30$50 w;r usksiqka ixLHdjla b;du;a flgs ld,hl os ushhdyels nj jsoHd{hka wkqudk lr we;'

l=reM WK hkq bka*a,qfjkaid ffjri m%fnsohla u.ska me;sfrk udrdka;sl frda.hls' le,eno c,c
mCIska jifrA tla ld,hl os tla m%foaYhl isg ;j;a m%foaYhla lrd uyd mrsudkfhka ixl%uKh fjs' tu.ska fuu
ffjrih f,dj mqrd jHdma; jsula isoq fjs' m%Odk jYfhka fuu ffjrih usksiqkaf.a Yrsrhg we;=MZ jkafka
CIskaf.a u<my iu. msgjk ffjri wdiajdi lsrsu u.ska frda.s i;ajhl=f.a fiu iu.Z msgjk ffjria wkq wdiajdi lsrsu
fukau tu ffjrih usksidf.a iaf,aiau, mgl iu. .egsfuks' ;jo frda.h je,oqk jsg tu i;=kaf.a nr wvqjsu" ns;a;r m
%udKh wvqjsu" msydgq .ejs hdu" wiajdndjsl f,i iakdhq oqrAj,;d oelsh yel' wOsl WK" fiusm%;siaidj"
leiai" we.m; fjsokdj iy jukh hk frda. ,CIK wdrusN js udrdka;sk ksjqfudakshd" fudf,a m%Ody iy
yDofha wlrAukH jk ikal+,;d ;;ajhkag m;a jsu usksiqkag fuu frda.h je,oqk miq oelsh yels frda. ,CIK fjs'
frda.s usksiql=f.ka ;j;a usksiql=g fuu frda. jHdma; fkdfjs' jix.; f,i f,dalfha ck.ykh mqrd jHdma;sh md,kh
lsrsu usksid yuqfjs ysi Tijd we;s ;j;a wNsfhda.hls'

- 12 -