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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity
REPRODUCTION AND
HEREDITY
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B. Multiple-choice (9 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which of the following structures can only be found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
(1) Cell wall
(2) Cytoplasm
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(3) Chloroplast
A. (1) and (2) only B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Directions: Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following eyepieces and objectives for a light
microscope.
Sectional Exercise
Lowest magnification Highest magnification
A. × 50 × 20
B. × 50 × 1500
C. × 20 × 600
D. × 20 × 1500
4. Which of the following combinations allows the observation of the largest number of cells in
a specimen?
Eyepiece Objective
Integrated Exercise
A. 5X 4X
B. 5X 100X
C. 10X 4X
D. 15X 40X
A. B.
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C. D.
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6. To prepare a slide of ox eye cells, we add methylene blue solution to the cells to
A. avoid the formation of air bubbles on the slide.
B. stain the cells for easier observation.
C. kill the microorganisms on the cells.
D. preserve the colours of the structures.
A. plant cells.
B. animal cells.
C. chromosomes.
D. DNA.
9. A girl was born with chromosomal disorders. Which of the following can be the full set of
chromosomes in her body cell?
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1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 XX 19 20 21 22 XY 19 20 21 22 X
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
2. The following diagram shows an animal cell undergoing an important process.
Integrated Exercise
S
R
P Q
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Y
(d) At which stage (P, Q, R or S) does the cell make a copy of the genetic materials?
(1 mark)
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(i)
(ii)
(iii) (vii)
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(viii)
(iv) (ix)
(v)
(x)
(vi)
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(b) Match the parts of the microscope with their descriptions by writing the corresponding
letters a, b, etc. in the blanks below. The first one has been done for you as an
example. (9 marks)
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
E 3. Some organs group together to form a tissue.
E 4. Different systems work together to support our lives and keep us healthy.
E 5. The leaf is one of the organs of plants.
B. Multiple-choice (3 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Integrated Exercise
A. a root hair cell. cell X
B. a transporting cell.
C. a leaf cell.
D. a fat cell.
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D. tissue, system, cell, organ
E 3. Each small circle in the following diagrams represents a cell. Which of the diagrams best
represents a system?
A. B. C. D.
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C. Questions (7 marks)
E 1. Bioprinting is a new technology that can be used to ‘print’ living tissues.
EM
ST
bio-ink
Sectional Exercise
bio-paper
(i) Bio-ink is added to a (ii) Additional layers are (iii) Bio-ink fuses together (iv) A living tissue is
layer of bio-paper. printed, one layer on and the bio-paper is printed.
top of another. dissolved.
Integrated Exercise
(b) Printing an organ is more difficult than printing a tissue. Why? (3 marks)
A tissue is made up of (i) (the same type/different
types) of cell while an organ is made up of (ii) (the same
type/different types) of tissues. Therefore, it is more (iii)
.
(c) Patients with severe skin damage (e.g. having burns) need to replace the damaged skin
with new skin. In the future, doctors can print the new skin with the bio-ink made from
the patient’s own skin cells. The flow chart below shows the key steps in obtaining
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enough skin cells for making the bio-ink. Fill in the blanks. (3 marks)
bioprinting 生物打印技術
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
1. Human reproduction involves the fusion of male and female sex cells.
2. An ovum carries an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.
Sectional Exercise
3. An ovum can move by itself to meet a sperm.
4. Implantation usually takes place in the ovary.
5. Exchange of materials between the mother and the foetus takes place at the
umbilical cord.
6. During birth, the head of the baby usually comes out of the mother’s vagina first.
7. During menstruation, some blood will pass out through the vagina.
8. Wearing loose clothing during sleep can reduce the chance of wet dreams.
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B. Multiple-choice (10 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
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Which of the following is the function of structure Y?
A. It stores food.
B. It produces a fluid.
C. It enables the sperm to swim.
D. It carries genetic materials.
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3. Which parts of the male and female reproductive systems produce sex hormones?
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
A. Testes Ovaries
B. Testes Vagina
C. Penis Uterus
D. Sex glands Ovaries
4. Every body cell of Alice carries 46 chromosomes. Alice has a son, who was born normal.
Sectional Exercise
How many chromosomes are there in each body cell of Alice’s son?
A. 12
B. 23
C. 46
D. 92
Directions: Questions 5 and 6 refer to the figure below, which shows the important processes in
human reproduction.
Integrated Exercise
P Q R
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Process P Process R
A. Uterus Ovary
B. Uterus Vagina
C. Oviduct Vagina
D. Oviduct Uterus
6. How long does it take from process P to the birth of the baby?
A. About 9 weeks
B. About 38 weeks
C. About 6 months
D. About 12 months
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
7. Fertilization is
A. the formation of sperms and ova.
B. the fusion of a sperm and an ovum.
C. the cell division of sperms and ova.
D. the formation of an embryo.
8. Through which of the following structures can the foetus get nutrients and oxygen from the
mother’s body?
Sectional Exercise
A
C
B
Integrated Exercise
D
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sex hormones in our bodies.
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body
(e)
➣ where (iv)
(c) and sex hormones are
➣ a bag of skin which holds produced
the testes
(v)
(g)
(i)
➣ where a foetus grows and
➣ where (vi) are
develops before its birth
produced
(j)
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2. Complete the table below which summarizes the number of chromosomes in human body
cells and sex cells. (6 marks)
Male Female
Sex cell
Body cell Sex cell (sperm) Body cell
(ovum)
No. of chromosomes 46 (a) (b) 23
No. of autosomes (c) 22 44 (d)
Sectional Exercise
Sex chromosomes (e) half in number: X (f) X
half in number: Y
3. The diagrams below show a 28-day menstrual cycle and the changes in the thickness of the
uterine lining.
P Q
28 1
27 2
26 3
25 4
Integrated Exercise
period I
24 5
Q
period IV
23 6
22 period II 7
21 8
R S
20 9
period III
19 10
18 11
17 12
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16 13
15 14
(a) How does the thickness of the uterine lining change during the menstrual cycle? Put the
letters P, Q, etc. in the boxes to show your answers. The first one has been done for you
as an example. (3 marks)
(b) What is the name of the process that takes place during period I? (1 mark)
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4. The length of pregnancy usually increases with the size of the mammal.
E 5. Using condoms in sexual intercourse can help prevent the transmission of AIDS.
E C. Matching (4 marks)
Match the birth control methods with their working principles by writing i, ii, etc. in the blanks
below.
(a) Condom (i) Tie and cut the oviducts or sperm ducts
(b) Rhythm method (ii) Act as a barrier to prevent sperms from reaching the ovum
(c) Sterilization (iii) Stop ovulation by using sex hormones
(d) Birth control pills (iv) A natural method without using birth control devices
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1. The zygote formed after fertilization receives half of its genetic information from the
father and half from the mother.
Sectional Exercise
2. In a ‘genetic traits tree’, a square is commonly used to represent a male.
3. Blood group is an example of continuous variation.
4. A bar chart can be used to present the data of discontinuous variation.
5. Some variations cannot be changed by the environment.
6. Twins are formed by two sperms fusing with the same ovum.
7. Identical twins have the same IQ.
E 8. There are four different kinds of bases on the DNA strands.
E 9. If 20% of the bases on DNA is A, 20% of the bases is T.
Integrated Exercise
E 10. Every three bases on DNA encode one ‘message’.
B. Multiple-choice (8 marks)
Choose the correct answer for each question.
1. Which of the following cells determine(s) the traits we inherit from our parents?
(1) The sperm from the father
(2) The ovum from the mother
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(3) The brain cells from both parents
A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
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3. The graph below shows the distribution of the body mass of a group of students.
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Number of
students
4
0
44.5 47.5 50.5 53.5 56.5 59.5
5. Which of the following information can be used to prove whether two persons are identical
twins or not?
A. Their genetic materials
B. Their genders
C. Their blood groups
D. Their eye colours
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
B. DNA consists of two strands of bases.
C. Base C on one strand always pairs with base G on the other.
D. DNA is found inside the nucleus of a cell.
E 8. The sequence of bases on a DNA strand is ATGTTCCATGCG. Which of the following shows
the correct sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
A. CGAABCTGCTAT
B. CGAGGTTGCTAT
C. TACAAGGTACGC
Integrated Exercise
D. TACAAGGTABAG
1. The features each generation inherits from their parents are called (a) ,
which are determined by the (b) in the nucleus of cells.
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which are determined by (b) and the (c) .
E 4. The two strands of DNA are twisted around one another that makes DNA a
(a) . There are (b) kinds of bases on the
strands and the sequence of the bases encodes instructions for cells to make
(c) which have various functions in the body.
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I
1 2
Key:
Sectional Exercise
(b) State the individuals who have straight thumbs in this family. (1 mark)
Integrated Exercise
(c) (i) Does the father or mother of this family have curved thumbs? (1 mark)
(ii) Does the next generation inherit the trait of curved thumbs? If yes, state this
individual. (2 marks)
(d) Does the eldest child in this family have straight thumbs or curved thumbs? (1 mark)
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2. A group of students use a mobile phone app to measure their resting heart rate. The following
table shows the results.
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
(a) Based on the data, explain whether heart rate is a continuous or discontinuous
variation. (2 marks)
Sectional Exercise
Integrated Exercise
E 3. The photo on the right shows a model in science. It is used to show the
structure of a material found in our body cells.
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(b) In which part of a cell is this material found? (1 mark)
(c) This material is packed in some thread-like structures. Name these thread-like
structures. (1 mark)
(e) This material is often described as ‘book of life’. Write ONE of its importance. (1 mark)
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Louis Ray
Sectional Exercise
big nose, small eyes, small big nose, big eyes, big mouth,
Appearance
mouth, without ear lobes with ear lobes
Body mass 67 kg 70 kg
(a) Are Louis and Ray identical twins or non-identical twins? (1 mark)
(c) Complete the paragraph below to describe how the type of twin in (a) is formed.
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(5 marks)
This type of twin results from (i) zygotes. Each zygote
develops into a baby. The babies have (ii) genetic materials, so
they may be of (iii) or (iv) genders.
They may also look (v) each other.
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
I NTEGRATED E XERCISE
A. True or false (8 marks)
Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement.
Sectional Exercise
3. When making biological drawings, we should use a pencil to draw.
4. An ovum carries 23 chromosomes.
5. The zygote formed from fertilization carries two sets of chromosomes.
6. Ovulation is a secondary sexual characteristic of females.
7. Most of the genetic materials of a boy come from his father.
8. Non-identical twins result from two different zygotes.
Integrated Exercise
Choose the correct answer for each question.
Q
S
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T
R
2. In the preparation of a microscope slide, the specimen should be as thin as possible so that
A. light can pass through the specimen up into the objective.
B. the cover slip can lie flat on the slide.
C. it is easier to focus onto the specimen.
D. it does not carry germs.
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3. Which of the following cells have the chromosomes shown in the photomicrograph?
Sectional Exercise
B. 3 times
C. 4 times
D. 5 times
5. The cells shown on the right are long and have many
branches. Which of the following is most likely the function
of these cells?
A. To support the body
B. To cover the surface of the body
C. To store fats in the body
D. To carry messages throughout the body
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
A. circulatory system.
Sectional Exercise
B. digestive system.
C. reproductive system.
D. breathing system.
Integrated Exercise
their cells, a cell of wild strawberries has
A. 7 chromosomes.
B. 14 chromosomes.
C. 28 chromosomes.
D. 56 chromosomes.
8. Which of the following is NOT exchanged between the bloods of a foetus and its mother at
the placenta?
A. Red blood cells
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B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Nutrients
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Directions: Questions 10 and 11 refer to the graph below which shows how the thickness of the
uterine lining of a woman changes during a menstrual cycle.
Thickness of
the uterine
lining ovulation
Sectional Exercise
1 7 14 21 28 35
(a) Place the slide on the and hold it in place using the clips.
(c) Turn the coarse adjustment knob in the opposite direction until you see a clear image.
(e) Turn the until the objective is just above the slide.
Correct order:
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
2. The photomicrographs below are the images of some cells observed under a microscope.
Cell Y
Sectional Exercise
Image I Image II
(b) (i) If Image II is obtained using an eyepiece of 15X and an objective of 20X, what is
the magnification of the image? (2 marks)
Integrated Exercise
(ii) Measure and calculate the actual length of cell Y. Show your calculations clearly.
(2 marks)
(ii)
(i)
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(iii)
(b) A student wonders how the foetus ‘eats food’ and ‘goes to the toilet’ inside its mother’s
body. Briefly explain to her. (3 marks)
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4. The diagram below shows a test for determining the sex of the foetus. In the test, the watery
liquid surrounding the foetus is collected using a syringe. The watery liquid contains some
foetal cells that can then be examined under the microscope.
foetus
Integrated Exercise
(b) (i) To determine the sex of the foetus, doctors will look for some thread-like
structures in the foetal cells under a microscope. What are these structures?
(1 mark)
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(ii) How can the doctors determine the sex of the foetus by examining these
structures? (3 marks)
foetal 胎兒的
ultrasound transducer 超聲波掃描探頭
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Cells, Human Reproduction and Heredity 4
Sectional Exercise
(a) State TWO features of DNA shown by the paper model. (2 marks)
(b) The photo on the right shows a DNA model that is much
Integrated Exercise
more similar to real DNA. Compare this model with the
paper model. State TWO differences between them.
(2 marks)
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DNA encodes ‘messages’. These ‘messages’ depend on (i)
on DNA. These ‘messages’ are actually instructions for the cells
to make different types of (ii) in the body, which have
various functions, such as used as structural materials of body tissues, or used as
enzymes and (iii) that regulate cell activities. By controlling
(iv) .
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S PELLING C ORNER
Look at each group of figures below. Use one key term in science to describe the figures. The
letters forming the missing part of the key term can be found on the right.
1.
R C T
E R O I
P U D O
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Key term:
2.
O
M R
C O E
S
Integrated Exercise
H M
O
Key term:
3.
A
N
R O G
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Key term:
4. C O C
M S
I O
R E
P
Key term:
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