The Periodic Table (Ans)

Mastering
Chemistry
Book 1B
Topic 2 Microscopic World I
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved

Unit 6 The Periodic Table
Content
6.1 The Periodic Table

6.2 How is electronic arrangement related
to the Periodic Table?
6.3 Patterns across a period of the
Periodic Table
6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals
6.5 Group II elements – alkaline earth
metals

Content
6.6 Group VII elements – halogens
6.7 Group 0 elements – noble gases
6.8 Forming ions from atoms
6.9 Relating group number of an element
to the charge on ion formed from its
atom
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise

Unit 6 The Periodic Table Inspecting
samples of
elements in the
6.1 The Periodic Table (p. 34) Periodic Table Ref.
w Chemists arrange all the elements in order of
increasing atomic number. This gives rise to the
periodic table (週期表).
A simplified Periodic Table showing the first 36 elements

6.1 The Periodic Table (p. 34)

w Metals are placed on the left-hand side of the Periodic
Table, and non-metals are placed on the right-hand side.
At the junction between metals and non-metals are
metalloids.
w The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table are called
periods (週期).
w The vertical columns in the Periodic Table are called
groups (族).
w Groups are numbered from I to VII, followed by Group 0
(or Group VIII).
w Elements between Group II and III of the Periodic Table
are transition metals (過渡金屬).

6.1 The Periodic Table (p. 35)

w Elements exist in different states at room temperature and
pressure.
The states of the first 36 elements in the Periodic Table


to the Periodic Table? (p. 36)
The electron diagrams of atoms of the first 20 elements in

the Periodic Table


Periods ─ the horizontal rows in the Periodic Table
w Across a horizontal period, there is an increase of one
electron in the atom from one element to the next.
w Atoms of elements in the same period have the same
number of occupied electron shells.
Period number of an element

= number of occupied electron shells in an atom of the
element


Group ─ the vertical columns in the Periodic Table
w All the elements in the same vertical group have the same
number of outermost shell electrons in their atoms.
Group number of an element

= number of outermost shell electrons in an atom of the
element
w For example, the electronic arrangement of a chlorine

atom is 2,8,7. Thus, chlorine is in Period 3 and Group VII
of the Periodic Table.


w The electronic arrangement of an atom of an element
determines the chemical properties of the element.
w Elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties because they have the same number of
outermost shell electrons in their atoms.
w There are the electrons which normally get involved
when the elements bond to other things.


Practice 6.1
1 Explain, in terms of electronic arrangements, why
a) sodium and phosphorus are in the same period of the
Periodic Table;
They have the same number of occupied electron shells
in their atoms.
b) magnesium and calcium are in the same group of the
Periodic Table.
They have the same number of outermost shell electrons
in their atoms.


2 The electron diagrams of atoms of four different elements
W, X, Y, Z are shown below.
Which element
a) is in Period 4 of the Periodic Table? Z
b) is in Group 0 of the Periodic Table? Y
c) is in Group I of the Periodic Table? W
d) is sulphur? X

6.3 Patterns across a period of the Periodic

Table (p. 38)
Samples of the elements in Period 3

w Across a period, the elements change from metals through
metalloids to non-metals.
w The reactivity of the elements also changes across a
period.
w Apart from Group 0 elements, the most reactive elements
are near the edges of the Periodic Table and the least
reactive ones are in the centre.
6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 39)

w The elements in Group I react with water to form alkalis,
Hence they are called the alkali metals(鹼金屬). Each
atom of a Group I element has only one outermost shell
electron. They are very reactive metals.
Samples of some alkali metals
Group I elements are alkali metals Investigating

the properties of
alkali metals Ref.

w Group I elements are good conductors of heat and
electricity. They are softer than most other metals and can
be cut with a knife.
Group I elements have relatively low densities, melting
points and boiling points when compared with most
other metals.
The melting points of Group I elements decrease going

down the group.


w Going down Group I, the melting points and boiling points
of the elements get lower.


Typical chemical reactions of Group I elements
w They react with oxygen to form oxides.
w They react with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen
gas.
w They react with chlorine to form chlorides.
Potassium burns in oxygen,

forming an oxide


Reaction with oxygen
w Alkali metals give a silver lustre when freshly cut but
tarnish (失去光澤) rapidly in air.
w To stop Group I metals from reacting with air, they are
stored in paraffin oil.
Lithium in contact with air, with Lithium is stored in paraffin oil

a dark grey lithium oxide coating


Reaction with water
w They all react vigorously with water to give hydrogen gas
and an alkaline solution. For example, sodium reacts with
water to give hydrogen and lithium hydroxide (氫氧化鈉)
(the hydroxide makes the solution alkaline).
lithium + water → hydrogen + lithium hydroxide
The alkaline solution
produced when lithium reacts
with water can turn universal
indicator solution blue
alkaline solution produced when lithium

reacts with water


Reaction with water
w They all react with certain non-metals to form compounds
called salts (鹽). For example, sodium burns in chlorine
gas with a bright flame and releases a lot of heat. A white
powder of sodium chloride is produced.
sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
Sodium chloride is produced

when sodium burns in
chlorine gas


Trend in reactivity of Group I elements
w Moving from lithium to potassium, their reactions with
water get more and more vigorous.
The reactivity of Group I
elements increase going
down the group.
Lithium fizzes steadily on the

water surface


Sodium
• melts to form a silvery ball
• fizzes quickly on the water
surface


Potassium
• melts to form a silvery ball
• fizzes furiously on the
water surface
• the hydrogen gas catches
fire and burns with a lilac
flame


Practice 6.2
1 The table below shows some properties of Group I elements.
a) Suggest a possible value for the melting point of potassium.

Allow 60 – 80 °C (the actual value is 64 °C).
b) Use the information to explain why rubidium is a liquid at 50 °C.
Its melting point is below 50 °C and its boiling point is above 50 °C.
c) Describe the general trend in density going down the group.
The density increases going down the group (except for
potassium).


2 A student recorded the following observations when he watched a
video about the reaction of potassium with water.
Two of the observations are INCORRECT. Identify the errors and give
the correct observations.
The metal burns with a lilac flame, NOT a golden yellow flame.
The pH of the resulting solution should be above 7.

6.5 Group II elements – alkaline earth metals

(p. 45)
w Group II elements are found on the Earth and react with
water to form alkaline substances. Hence they are called
the alkaline earth metals (鹼土金屬).
w Each atom of a Group II element has 2 outermost shell
electrons.
Examples of Group II elements
Group II elements are alkaline

earth metals


(p. 46)
Physical properties of Group II elements
w Group II elements are harder and denser than their
Group I neighbours, but less dense than most other
metals. They also have higher melting points than Group I
elements.
Group II elements have relatively low melting points and

densities when compared with most other metals.


(p. 46)
Physical properties of Group II elements


(p. 46)
Typical chemical reactions of Group II elements
w They burns in oxygen to form oxides.
w The metals from magnesium to barium react with water to
form hydroxides and hydrogen gas. The hydroxides of
Group II metals are less soluble in water than those of
Group I metals.
w They react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form chlorides
and hydrogen gas.
w They react with chlorine to form chlorides.


(p. 47)
Reaction with oxygen
w When left in the air for some time, the surface of a Group II
element will be covered with a layer of oxide.
w Group II elements burn brightly when heated in the air. For
example, magnesium burns brightly to form magnesium
oxide when heated in the air.
magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide
Magnesium burning in air


(p. 47)
Reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid
w Group II elements are all reactive metals and react readily
with dilute hydrochloric acid.
w For example, magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
During the reaction, magnesium dissolves and gas bubbles
are evolved.
magnesium + dilute hydrochloric acid
magnesium chloride + hydrogen
Magnesium reacting with

dilute hydrochloric acid


(p. 48)
Reaction with chlorine
w Group II elements react with certain non-metals to form
compounds called salts.
w For example, at a high temperature, magnesium burns in
chlorine gas to form magnesium chloride.
magnesium + chlorine magnesium chloride
Magnesium burning in chlorine


(p. 48)
Trend in reactivity of Group II elements
w Beryllium does not react with water. The metals from
magnesium to barium react with water.
w The reactions are not as vigorous as the reactions of
Group I elements, but as in Group I, the reactions get
faster going down the group.
Calcium reacts
readily with water
Magnesium reacts very

slowly with water


(p. 48)
Trend in reactivity of Group II elements
The reactivity of Group II elements increases going
down the group.
w Group II elements are less reactive than Group I elements

in the same period.
Trends in melting point and reactivity

of Group I and Group II elements

(p. 48)
Practice 6.3
A student investigated the reactions of some Group I and Group II
elements with water. Each time, he added a small piece of metal to
water. He measured how long it took for the reaction to finish.
The table below showed his results.


(p. 48)
a) What conclusions can you make from the data about the reactivity of
Group I and Group II elements with water?
The reactivity of Group I elements increases going down the group.
The reactivity of Group II elements increases going down the group.
The reactivity of Group I elements is higher than that of Group II elements.
b) i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of sodium with water.
sodium hydroxide + _______________
sodium + water à _______________ hydrogen
ii) The student thought that an alkaline solution was formed in the
reaction. How could you show that an alkaline solution was formed?
Add universal indicator solution / pH paper.
The solution goes blue / purple / gives a pH above 7.
c) Suggest TWO reaction conditions the student should keep constant for
a fair comparison. Any two of the following:
• Use the same mass of metal. • Use the same volume of water.
• Carry out the reactions at the same temperature.
• Use metal of the same particle size.

6.6 Group VII elements – halogens (p. 50)

w Group VII elements are non-metals. They react to most
metals to form salts. Hence, they are called the halogens
(鹵素) (which mean ‘salt-makers’).
w Each atom of a Group VII element has 7 outermost shell
electrons.
Group VII elements are halogens


Physical properties of Group VII elements
w Group VII elements are toxic and have an irritating smell.
They occur in different states at room temperature and
pressure.
w Fluorine is a pale yellow gas and chlorine is a
greenish yellow gas, bromine is a reddish brown liquid that
vaporises easily to give an orange vapour, and iodine is a
shiny black solid that sublimes to form a purple vapour.
Comparing the
observation of some
elements in aqueous
sodium sulphite Ref.
Halogens appear in
different states

w They have low melting points and boiling points.
w They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.


When going down the group,
w their colours get darker;
w their melting points and boiling points increase;
w they change from gases to liquids to solids at room
temperature;
w they become less volatile.


Trend in reactivity of Group VII elements
w Group VII elements are the most reactive group of
non-metals. They react with hydrogen to give hydrogen
halides.
w In their reactions with hydrogen, the elements get less
reactive going down the group.


Trend in reactivity of Group VII elements
The reactivity of Group VII elements decreases going
down the group.
Some trends in
properties going down
Group VII

6.7 Group 0 elements – noble gases (p. 53)

w Group 0 elements are chemically inert. They are called
noble gases (化學惰性).
Group 0 elements are

noble gases


Physical properties of Group 0 elements
The Group 0 elements
w are colourless;
w have very low melting points and boiling points;
w are all gases at room temperature and pressure;
w have very low densities;
w are poor conductors of heat and electricity.


Physical properties of Group 0 elements
w Going down Group 0, the melting points and the boiling
points of the elements increase.


Why are the Group 0 elements so unreactive?
w Each noble gas atom has 8 electrons in its outermost shell,
except for helium, which has two.
w An outermost shell of 8 electrons is extremely stable.
w It is this stability that make the noble gases so unreactive.
w Atoms of other elements combine to obtain 8 electrons in
the outermost shells (or 2electrons for the lighter elements
close to helium). This tendency to acquire the electronic
arrangements of atoms of noble gases is referred to as the
octet rule (八隅體規則).


Uses of Group 0 elements
w The Group 0 elements are unreactive, they are safe to use.
w Helium is much lighter than air and is non-flammable. It is
used to lift airships and fill balloons.
Helium balloons
The Hindenburg disaster in 1937


w Neon produces a distinctive red-orange light when
electricity is passed through it. This property makes it
useful for making advertising signs.
Neon advertising signs


w Argon is denser than air. It is added to the space above the
wine in wine barrels to stop oxygen in the air reacting with
the wine.
w It is also used to fill tungsten light bulbs because it does
not react with the tungsten filament even at high
temperatures.
Tungsten light bulbs

contain argon which
does not react with the
hot tungsten filament


Practice 6.4
The table below shows some properties of the Group 0 elements, helium,
neon, argon, krypton and xenon.


a) Describe how the density of the liquefied noble gases changes going
down the group.
Increase
b) Predict the boiling point of xenon.
Any value from –130 to –80 °C (the actual value is –107 °C)
c) The atomic number of krypton is 36. The electronic arrangement of a
krypton atom is 2,8,p,q. What are the values of p and q?
p = 18, q = 8
d) Metals can be joined together by high temperature welding. This
process is sometimes carried out in the presence of argon. Suggest
why welding is carried out in the presence of argon.
Argon is unreactive. Air may react with the hot metals. / To prevent the air
/ oxygen from reacting with the hot metals.

6.8 Forming ions from atoms (p. 56)

w Atoms can obtain the stable electronic arrangements of
noble gases by gaining or losing electrons.
When an atom loses or gains electrons, a monatomic ion

(單原子離子) is formed.


Forming positive ions
w Take sodium as an example. A sodium atom has an
electronic arrangement of 2,8,1. It can obtain the stable
electronic arrangement of a neon atom (2,8) by losing one
electron.
w When a sodium atom loses one electron, a sodium ion
forms. The ion has 11 protons but 10 electrons only. Thus,
the sodium ion formed carries a single positive charge. Its
symbol is Na+. A positive ion is called a cation (陽離子).


Forming positive ions
A sodium atom loses 1 electron to form an ion carrying a single positive

charge
When an atom of a metal loses one or more outermost shell

electrons, it forms a positive ion (i.e. a cation).


Forming negative ions
w Take chlorine as an example. A chlorine atom has an
electronic arrangement of 2,8,7. It can obtain the stable
electronic arrangement of an argon atom (2,8,8) by
gaining one electron.
w When a chlorine atom gains one electron, a chloride ion
forms. The ion has 17 protons but 18 electrons. Thus, the
chloride ion formed carries a single negative charge. Its
symbol is Cl-. A negative ion is called an anion (陰離子).


Forming negative ions
A chlorine atom gains 1 electron to form an ion carrying a single

negative charge
When an atom of a non-metal gains one or more outermost shell

electrons, it forms a negative ion (i.e. an anion).

6.9 Relating group number of an element to

the charge on ion formed from its atom
(p. 57)
w Some common ions with the stable electronic arrangements
as those of atoms of noble gases.


(p. 58)
w Atoms of metals in Group I to III lose ‘group number’
electrons so as to obtain the stable electronic arrangements.
The charge of a positive ion formed from the atom

of a metal = group number of the metal
w Atoms of non-metals in Group V to VII gain ‘8 minus group

number’ electrons so as to obtain the stable electronic
arrangements.
The charge of a negative ion formed from the atom

of a non-metal = 8 – group number of the non-metal


(p. 58)
Practice 6.5
1 Complete the table below.


(p. 58)
2 Lead (Pb) is an element in Group IV of the Periodic Table and can form
Pb2+ ion.
A student makes comparisons of Pb atom and Pb2+ ion. In each case,
use a tick ‘4’ to indicate whether you think the comparison is true or false.
Explain your answer.

Key terms (p. 61)

Periodic Table 週期表 halogen 鹵素
period 週期 chemically inert 化學惰性

group 族 noble gas 貴氣體
transition metal 過渡金屬 octet rule 八隅體規則
alkali metal 鹼金屬 monatomic ion 單原子離子
lithium hydroxide 氫氧化鋰 cation 陽離子

salt 鹽 anion 陰離子
alkaline earth metal 鹼土金屬

Summary (p. 62)

1 The Periodic Table arranges the element in order of
increasing atomic number.
2 Each horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table is
called a period.
The period number of an element indicates the number of
occupied electron shells in an atom of the element.
3 Each column in the Periodic Table is called a group.
Groups are numbered from I to VII, followed by Group 0
(or Group VIII).
The group number of an element indicates the number of
outermost shell electrons in an atom of the element.

Summary (p. 62)

4 Element in the same group have similar chemical
5 Across each period of the Periodic Table, there is a
repeating pattern in properties of the elements. The most
obvious repeating pattern is the trend from metals through
metalloids to non-metals across a period.

Summary (p. 62)

4 Element in the same group have similar chemical
5 Across each period of the Periodic Table, there is a
repeating pattern in properties of the elements. The most
obvious repeating pattern is the trend from metals through
metalloids to non-metals across a period.
6 Group I elements — alkali metals
a) They are softer than most other metals and can be
cut with a knife.

Summary (p. 62)

6 b) Their densities are lower than that of most other
metals. The densities of lithium, sodium and potassium
are all less than 1 g cm–3, so they float on water.
c) They have low melting points and boiling points when
compared with most other metals. Their melting points
decrease going down the group.
d) They are stored in paraffin oil to stop them from
reacting with air.
e) They all react vigorously with water to give hydrogen
gas and an alkaline solution.
e.g. sodium + water hydrogen + sodium hydroxide

Summary (p. 63)

6 f) They all react with certain non-metals to form compounds
called salts.
g) The reactivity of Group I elements increases going down
the group.

Summary (p. 63)

7 Group II elements — alkaline earth metals
a) They are harder and denser than their Group I
neighbours, but less dense than most other metals.
b) They have relatively low melting points and densities
when compared with most other metals.
c) They burn in oxygen to form oxides.
d) The metals from magnesium to barium react with
water to form hydroxides and hydrogen gas. The
hydroxides of Group II metals are less soluble in
water than those of Group I metals.

Summary (p. 63)

7 e) They react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form
chlorides and hydrogen gas.
f) They react with chlorine to form chlorides.
g) They react with certain non-metals to form compounds
called salts.
h) The reactivity of Group II elements increases going
down the group.

Summary (p. 64)

8 Group VII elements — halogens
a) They are toxic and have an irritating smell.
b) They are non-metals.
c) They have low melting points and boiling points.
d) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
e) The reactivity of Group VII elements decreases going
down the group.

Summary (p. 64)

9 Group 0 elements — noble gases
a) They are colourless gases at room temperature and
pressure.
b) They have very low melting points and boiling points.
c) They have very low densities.
d) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
e) They are chemically inert.
10 Atoms can obtain the stable electronic arrangements of
atoms of noble gases by gaining or losing electrons.
When an atom loses or gains one or more electrons, a
monatomic ion is formed.

Summary (p. 64)

11 a) When an atom of a metal loses one or more outermost
shell electrons, it forms a positive ion (i.e. a cation).
b) When an atom of a non-metal gains one or more
outermost shell electrons, it forms a negative ion (i.e. an
anion).
12 For monatomic ions formed from atoms,
• the charge of a positive ion formed from the atom of a
metal = group number of the metal;
• the charge of a negative ion formed from the atom of a
non-metal = 8 – group number of the non-metal.

Unit Exercise (p. 65)

Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of difficulty
(from 1 to 5):
question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.


Part I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1 Complete the following concept map.
a) period
b) metalloids
c) non-metals
d) alkaline earth metals
e) noble gases
f) hydrogen
g) increases
h) paraffin oil
i) hydroxide
j) hydrogen
k) increases
l) salts
Jing Kung Educational Press All Rights Reserved m) decreases

Part II MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Directions: Use the following information to answer questions
2–4.
The positions of six elements in the Periodic Table are
shown by the letters U, V, W, X, Y and Z (the letters are NOT
symbols of the elements).


2 (continued)
Which letter shows in the position of the halogen in Period
2?
A U
B V
C W
D X Answer：B


3 Which letter shows in the position of a gas that does NOT
form a compound?
A V Explanation:
B W W is a noble gas. It is chemically
C Y inert.
D Z
Answer：B

4 Which letter shows in the position of an element forming
ions with charge of +2?
A U
B X Explanation:
C Y Y is a Group II element. It forms
D Z ions with charge of +2.
Answer：C


5 The diagram shows an atom of an element.
How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the

atom and in which group and period of the Periodic Table
is the element found?


5 (continued)
Number Number Group Period
of protons of neutrons number number
A 16 18 VI 3
B 16 34 III 6
C 18 16 VI 3
D 18 34 III 6
Explanation: Answer：A
An atom of the element has 16 electrons and 16
protons. Hence its atomic number is 16.
An atom of the element has 18 (i.e. 34 – 16) neutrons.
The electronic arrangement of an atom of the element
is 2,8,6. Hence the element is in Group VI and Period
3 of the Periodic Table.

6 Which of the following combinations is correct?
Group Name
A 0 halogens
B I transition metals
C II alkaline earth metals
D III noble gases
Answer：C


7 W, X, Y and Z are elements in the same period in the
Periodic Table.
W and Y are metals, X and Z are non-metals.
Which shows the correct order of these elements across

the period? Explanation:
A Metals are on the left-
hand side of the Periodic
B
Table, and non-metals
C are on the right-hand
side.
D
Answer：D

8 Caesium (Cs) is a Group I metal. Which of the following
statements concerning is INCORRECT?
A Its atom has one outermost shell electron.

B It reacts vigorously with water.
C Its melting point is higher than that of sodium.
D It reacts with chlorine to form a salt.
Explanation:
The melting points of Group I elements
decrease going down the group.
Hence the melting point of caesium is Answer：C
lower than that of sodium.
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 1, 0620/12, Jun. 2013, 22)


9 An element, X, is a dark grey crystalline solid at room
temperature.
It has a melting point of 114 °C and a density of 4.9 g cm–3.
When heated gently it forms a purple vapour.
Where in the Periodic Table is X found?
Explanation:
X is iodine. It is
in Group VII of
the Periodic
Table.
Answer：D
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 1, 0620/13, Nov. 2015, 19)


10 Which of the following statements concerning helium is
INCORRECT?
A Helium is chemically inert.

B Helium is a colourless gas.
C Helium is less dense than air.
D A helium atom has an octet structure in its outermost
shell.
Explanation:
A helium atom has 2 electrons. Answer：D


11 Which pair of elements will react together most violently?
A Bromine and lithium

B Bromine and sodium
C Chlorine and lithium
D Chlorine and sodium
Explanation:
Chlorine is more reactive than
bromine while sodium is more
reactive than lithium. Hence
chlorine and sodium react together Answer：D
most violently.


12 The diagrams show the labels of four bottles.
Which of the following labels is INCORRECT?

A B Explanation:
Potassium reacts
with water
explosively.
C D
Answer：C
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 1, 0620/11, Nov. 2013, 22)


13 A sodium forms a sodium ion. Which of the following
statements is correct?
A A sodium ion has more protons than a sodium atom.

B A sodium ion has less neutrons than a sodium atom.
C A sodium ion has a fewer number of occupied
electron shells than a sodium atom.
D A sodium ion has a larger relative mass than a sodium
atom.
Explanation:
The electronic arrangement of a Answer：C
sodium ion is 2,8 while that of a
sodium atom is 2,8,1.


#! 3+
14 How many electrons are present in one !"Cr ion?
A 21
B 27
C 28
D 31
Explanation:
An atom of Cr has 24 electrons. Answer：A
Hence one Cr3+ ion has 21
electrons.


%" 2–
15 How many neutrons are present in one $"Se ion?
A 34
B 36
C 40
D 42
Explanation:
An atom of Se has 40 (i.e. 74 – 34)
neutrons.
One Se2– ion has the same number of
neutrons. Answer：C


16 Which of the following pairs of ions has the same
electronic arrangement?
A Ca2+ and S2–

B Na+ and Cl–
C Li+ and F–
D Mg2+ and P3–
Explanation:
The electronic arrangement of Ca2+ is
2,8,8 while that of S2– is also 2,8,8. Answer：A


17 Which of the following is / are true for two elements in
the same group of the Periodic Table?
(1) They have the same number of occupied electron

shells in their atoms.
(2) They have similar chemical properties.
(3) They have the same physical properties.
A (1) only Explanation:

B (2) only (2) Elements in the same group have
C (1) and (3) only the same number of outermost
D (2) and (3) only shell electrons.
Answer：B

18 Halogen X has a boiling point of 58 °C and halogen Y has
a boiling point of 184 °C.
Which of the following statements about halogens X and
Y is / are correct?
(1) Halogen X has a smaller atomic number than
halogen Y.
(2) Halogen X is less reactive than halogen Y.
(3) At room temperature and pressure, halogen X is a
gas while halogen Y is a solid. Answer：A
The boiling points of halogens increase going down the
B (2) only group. Hence Y is below X in the group.
C (1) and (3) only (2) The reactivity of halogens decreases going down the
group. Hence X is more reactive than Y.
D (2) and (3) only (3) X has a boiling point of 58 °C. Hence it is NOT a gas at
room temperature and pressure.


19 Which of the following about elements increase(s) across
a period of the Periodic Table?
(1) Number of occupied electron shells in atom

(2) Number of outermost shell electrons in atom
(3) Melting point

B (2) only (1) Elements in the same period has
C (1) and (3) only the same number of occupied
D (2) and (3) only electron shells in atom.
Answer：B

20 Which of the following properties are typical of most
non-metals in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?
(1) They form ions by gaining electrons.

(2) They are poor conductors of electricity.
(3) They have high melting points.
A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only Explanation:
C (2) and (3) only (3) Non-metals have low melting
D (1), (2) and (3) points and boiling points.
Answer：A

21 Which of the following statement is / are correct?
(1) The melting points decrease down the group of

alkali metals.
(2) The melting points increase down the group of
alkaline earth metals.
(3) The melting points increase down the group of
halogens.
Explanation:
A (1) only
B (2) only (2) The melting points of alkaline earth
C (1) and (3) only metals decrease down the group
D (2) and (3) only (except magnesium).
Answer：C

Part III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
22 Consider the following five elements:
aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N),
oxygen (O) and sulphur (S)
For each element,
a) state which period of the Periodic Table it belongs to;

b) state its group number;
c) draw the electron diagram for its atom.


22 (continued)


23 Complete the following table for the electronic
arrangements of atoms of some elements and the
groups and periods to which they belong. Name the
elements.
Electronic Group to Period to Name of element
arrangement which the which the
of atom of element element
element belongs belongs
2,3 III 2 boron (3)
2,8,6 VI 3 sulphur (3)
2,4 IV 2 carbon (2)
2,8,8,1 I 4 potassium (2)


24 The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E
are shown below.
A B C D E
Answer the following questions about these structures.
Each structure can be used once, more than once or not
at all.
Which structure
a) represents an atom of a halogen? C (1)
b) represents an atom of an element used to fill tungsten
light bulbs? B (1)

24 (continued)
A B C D E
Which structure
c) represents a nitrogen atom? A (1)
d) represents an atom of a Period 4 element? E (1)
e) represents an atom of an alkali metal? D (1)


25 This question is about elements of the following groups:
alkali metals alkaline earth metals
halogens noble gases
For each of the following elements, state which of the
listed groups it belongs to. Each group may be used once,
more than once or not at all.
a) An element which is a soft silvery metal that reacts
violently with water. alkali metal (1)
b) An element which is a gas at room temperature. It
reacts violently with other elements, without heating.
halogen (1)
c) An element which is an unreactive gas.
noble gas (1)


25 (continued)
d) An element which conducts electricity, and reacts

slowly with water. Its atoms form ions carrying +2
charges. alkaline earth metal (1)
e) An element which is a reactive liquid that does not
conduct electricity. Its atoms form ions carrying –1
charge . halogen (1)


26 The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table.
Using only the symbols of the elements shown above,

write down the symbol for an element which
a) is a greenish yellow toxic gas; Cl (1)
b) is stored under oil; Na (1)
c) has five electrons in the outermost shell of its atom;
P (1)


26 (continued)
Using only the symbols of the elements shown above,

write down the symbol for an element which
d) is the most reactive alkaline earth metal; Ca (1)
e) is the most reactive halogen; Cl (1)
f) is the only liquid shown at room temperature; Br (1)
g) has 2 electrons in its atom. He (1)


27 For each of the following, give the name of an element
from Period 2 (lithium to neon), which matches the
description.
Elements may be used once, more than once or not at
all.
a) An element which is gaseous at room termperature
and pressure. nitrogen / oxygen / fluorine / neon (1)
b) An element which forms an oxide that is a reactant in
photosynthesis. carbon (1)
c) An element that is a product of photosynthesis.
oxygen (1)
d) An element that makes up approximately 78% by
volume of the air.
nitrogen (1)

27 (continued)
e) An element which has atoms with a full outermost

shell of electrons. neon (1)
f) An element which exists as both diamond and
graphite. carbon (1)
g) An element that reacts vigorously with cold water.
lithium / fluorine (1)
h) A soft metallic element which is stored in oil.
lithium (1)
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 4, 0620/42, Jun. 2016, 1(a))


28 Choose from the list of metals below to answer the
following questions.
aluminium calcium copper magnesium sodium
Each metal can be used once, more than once or not at
all.
a) Which metal is a transition metal? copper (1)
b) Which metal has an atom with three outermost shell
electrons? aluminium (1)
c) Which metal(s) is / are alkaline earth metal(s)?
calcium, magnesium (1)
d) Which TWO metals are in the fourth period of the
Periodic Table?
calcium, copper (1)


29 For each of the following, name an element which
matches the description.
a) This gaseous element is used to fill balloons in
preference to hydrogen. helium (1)
b) This metalloid is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
silicon (1)
c) An element which can form an ion of the type X3–.
nitrogen / phosphorus (1)
d) Atom of this element has the same electronic
arrangement as the magnesium ion, Mg2+. neon (1)
e) The element is in Period 5 and Group VII. iodine (1)
f) This alkali metal is in Period 4. potassium (1)


30 This question is about Group II elements.
a) Which element has the highest melting point? Be (1)

b) Which element is found in limestone, chalk and
marble? Ca (1)
c) Which element is essential for healthy teeth and
bones? Ca (1)
d) Which element is in Period 5 of the Periodic Table? Sr (1)
e) Which element is the most reactive? Ba (1)


31 Rubidium is an alkali metal. It lies below potassium in
Group I. Here is some data for Group I elements:
a) Describe the trends in melting point, boiling point and

reactivity going down the group.
Trend in melting point – decrease going down the group (1)
Trend in boiling point – decrease going down the group (1)
Trend in reactivity – increase going down the group (1)


31 (continued)
b) Hence predict the missing data for rubidium.
Melting point of rubidium: 50 – 38 °C (the actual value
is 39 °C) (1)
Boiling point of rubidium: 720 – 680 °C (the actual
value is 686 °C) (1)
c) In a rubidium atom,
i) how many occupied electron shells are there? 5 (1)
ii) how many outermost shell electrons are there? 1 (1)


31 (continued)
d) State THREE physical properties of sodium, other than
melting point and boiling point.
Any three of the following:
• Shiny (when freshly cut) (1)
• Good conductor of heat (1)
• Good conductor of electricity (1)
• Ductile (1)
• Malleable (1)
• Soft (1)
• Solid at room temperature (1)
e) Francium (Fr) is a highly reactive element in Group I.
Describe how a francium ion is formed from a francium
atom. A francium atom loses one electron to
form a francium ion. (1)


32 The elements in Group II of the Periodic Table show
many similarities and trends in their properties.
a) Explain why magnesium and calcium are in the same
group of the Periodic Table.
Electronic arrangements of a magnesium atom and a
calcium atom are 2,8,2 and 2,8,8,2 respectively. (1)
Give the electronic arrangements of their atoms in
your explanation.
The atoms of magnesium and calcium have the
same number of outermost shell electrons. Hence
magnesium and calcium are in the same group. (1)


32 (continued)
b) Magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium all react
with cold water.
i) Describe what you would observe when some
calcium is added to cold water.
Any two of the following:
• Bubbles (1)
• Calcium gets smaller / disappears. (1)
• The water turns cloudy / milky. (1)
• Calcium sinks. (1)
ii) Write a word equation for the reaction involved.
calcium + water calcium hydroxide + hydrogen (1)


32 (continued)
b) Magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium all react
with cold water.
iii) Predict a value for the pH of the resulting solution.
7 < pH ≤ 14 (1)
iv) A small piece of barium is added to cold water.
Describe how the observation differs from the
reaction between a small piece of calcium and cold
water.
Any one of the following:
• Faster bubbling /
disappearance of barium (1)
• No / less precipitate forms. (1)


33 A teacher dropped a small piece of potassium into water
in a glass trough.
a) State TWO observations you expect.
Any two of the following:
• Melts to form a silvery ball. (1)
• Fizzes furiously on the water surface. (1)
• The hydrogen gas catches fire and burns with
a lilac flame. (1)
b) The teacher used a safety screen. Give ONE other
safety precaution the teacher should take.
Safety glasses / protective gloves (1)


33 (continued)
c) A few drops of universal indicator solution were put in
the glass trough after the reaction. The universal
indicator solution turned blue. Why did the universal
indicator solution turn blue?
The potassium hydroxide produced dissolves in
water, making an alkaline solution. (1)
d) Both potassium and rubidium react with water to give
similar products.
Suggest how the products of the reactions are similar.
Both produce hydrogen. (1)
Both produce an alkaline solution / an alkali / a
hydroxide. (1)


34 There are trends in properties of Group I elements when
going down the group. Using Li, Na and K as examples,
state TWO of these trends.
The melting points of Group I elements decrease going
down the group. (1)
The order of melting points of Li, Na and K is Li > Na > K. (1)
The reactivity of Group I elements increases going down the
group. (1)
The order of reactivity of Li, Na and K is Li < Na < K. (1)
Communication mark (1)


35 The table below shows some information of some Group
VII elements.
State at room
Atomic Colour of Melting
Element temperature
number vapour point (℃)
(25 ℃)
greenish
Chlorine 17 gas -101
yellow
Bromine 35 liquid reddish brown -7 (2)
Iodine 53 solid black 113 (1)
a) Complete the table.


35 (continued)
b) A pupil predicted the boiling point of chlorine to be
–10 °C.
Using the information in the table, suggest TWO
reasons why the pupil gave this value.
Chlorine exists as a gas at room temperature. Hence
its boiling point is less than 25 °C. (1)
The boiling point of chlorine is above the melting point
of chlorine (i.e. above –101 °C). (1)


35 (continued)
c) Chlorine is a poisonous gas.
State ONE use of chlorine which relates to its
poisonous nature.
Any one of the following:
• Sterilising water supply / swimming pool water (1)
• As toilet bleaches (1)
• As disinfectant (1)
d) Astatine (At) is also a Group VII element.
i) What is the chemical formula of an astatide ion?
At– (1)
ii) Predict the appearance of astatine at room
temperature.
Black solid / dark grey solid (1)

36 A common reaction of the halogens is the formation of
the anion, X–.
State, in terms of electronic arrangement, why this occurs.
The gaining of one electron gives a full outermost
electron shell. (1)


37 Hydrogen reacts with the elements in Group VII of the
Periodic Table.
Hydrogen and fluorine explode when they are mixed
together.


37 (continued)
The word equation for the reaction is:
hydrogen + fluorine hydrogen fluoride
a) Iodine is another element in Group VII.
Predict the name of the compound that is made when
iodine reacts with hydrogen.
Hydrogen iodide (1)


37 (continued)
The table shows what happens when fluorine, chlorine and
iodine react with hydrogen.
i) Describe the trend in reactivity of the Group VII

elements with hydrogen.
The reactivity decreases going down the group. (1)


37 (continued)
ii) Bromine reacts steadily with hydrogen when it is heated.
Does this fit the trend of reactivity of the other halogens?
Explain your reasoning.
Yes
Bromine is less reactive than chlorine / bromine reacts
more slowly than chlorine. (1)
Bromine is more reactive than iodine / bromine reacts
faster than iodine. (1)
(OCR GCSE 21st Century Science (Higher Tier), Chem. A, A172/02,

Jun. 2013, 1(c)–(d))


38 The atomic structures of neon and argon are shown below.
a) State the name of the central parts of the atoms, labelled X.

Nucleus (1)
b) How many protons are there in an atom of argon?
18 (1)


38 (continued)
c) The symbol for a particular isotope of neon is !'
&'Ne.
Write a similar symbol for the isotope of argon which
has 20 neutrons.
$(
&(Ar (1)
d) Suggest ONE use of neon.
Making advertising signs (1)


38 (continued)
e) The simplified diagram below shows a tungsten light
bulb. The bulb is filled with argon gas.
Explain why argon gas is suitable for filling up tungsten

light bulbs.
Argon is unreactive and does not react with the tungsten
filament even at high temperatures. (1)


38 (continued)
f) Besides filling up tungsten light bulbs, suggest ONE other
use of argon.
To add to the space above the wine in wine barrels to
stop oxygen in the air reacting with the wine. (1)
g) Give the chemical formulae of TWO oppositely charged
ions which have the same electronic arrangement as an
argon atom.
Positively charged ion: K+ / Ca2+ (1)
Negatively charged ion: P3– / S2– / Cl– (1)


39 (continued)
The table below gives the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons in ions. Complete the table. You will need to use
the Periodic Table.
Number of Number of Number of
Ion
protons neutrons electrons
#$ 3+
!"Al 13 15 10 (1)
"& 2- 16 18 (1)
!%S 18
&( 2+ (1)
#(Ca 20 20 18
!#) - (1)
'"I 53 74 54
!&( 3+
'$Ce 58 82 55 (1)


40 The table below gives the composition of six particles
which are either atoms or ions.
a) Which particles are atoms? Explain your choice.

A, D and E (1)
They contain the same number of protons
and electrons. (1)


40 (continued)
b) Which particles is a negative ion and why has this
particle got a negative charge?
C (1)
It contains more electrons than protons. (1)
c) Which particles are positive ions?
B and F (1)
d) Explain why particle A and particle D are isotopes.
They have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons. (1)
(Cambridge IGCSE, Paper 3, 0620/31, Jun. 2014, 1)


41 a) What is the link between the group a metal is in and the
charge on its ions?
Use aluminium as an example.
The charge on the ion formed from the atom of a
metal = group number of the metal (1)
For example, aluminium is a Group III metal and it
forms Al3+ ion. (1)
b) Try to find a simple mathematical equation for the
relationship between the group a non-metal is in and
the charge on its ions.
Use fluorine as an example.
The charge on the ion formed from the atom of a
non-metal = 8 – group number of the non-metal (1)
For example, fluorine is a Group VII non-metal and
it forms F– ion. (1)

41 (continued)
c) Hydrogen can form both H+ ions and H– ions. Explain
this.
A hydrogen atom can gain 1 electron to form a H–
ion, obtaining the electronic arrangement of a
helium atom. (1)
A hydrogen atom can also lose the only electron to
form a H+ ion with no electrons. (1)

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Mastering

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6.1 The Periodic Table

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A simplified Periodic Table showing the first 36 elements

6.1 The Periodic Table (p. 34)

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6.1 The Periodic Table (p. 35)

The states of the first 36 elements in the Periodic Table

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

The electron diagrams of atoms of the first 20 elements in

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

Period number of an element

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

Group number of an element

w For example, the electronic arrangement of a chlorine

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

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6.2 How is electronic arrangement related

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6.3 Patterns across a period of the Periodic

Samples of the elements in Period 3

6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 39)

Samples of some alkali metals

Group I elements are alkali metals Investigating

6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 40)

The melting points of Group I elements decrease going

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 40)

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 41)

Potassium burns in oxygen,

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 41)

Lithium in contact with air, with Lithium is stored in paraffin oil

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 42)

alkaline solution produced when lithium

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 42)

Sodium chloride is produced

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 43)

Lithium fizzes steadily on the

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 43)

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 43)

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6.4 Group I elements – alkali metals (p. 43)

a) Suggest a possible value for the melting point of potassium.