UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
1907

ENG2019
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MODULE 1
Introduction & Simple Stresses

JKCN • CJPR • JJBS

 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

Shown below is an object subjected to external loadings / forces and analyzing a cross
sectional area, hence, exposing the internal forces.

Axial Force (Px)

Any force acting along the centroidal axis of a body

Normal Force (Px)

Any force acting normal or perpendicular to a plane or cross-sectional area

Shear Force (Py, Pz)

This are components of the total resistance to sliding the portion to one side of the
exploratory section past the other.

Torque (Mx)
This component measures the resistance to twisting the member.

Bending Moments (My, Mz)

These components measure the resistance to bending the member about certain
axes.

NOTE: Any solid non-rigid body when acted upon by an external force will experience a
change from its natural shape or form. Hence, the body is said to have deformed.
These deformations may occur in different kinds depending on the interfering
external force. The basic forms of deformation are changes in length, twisting, and
bending.

OBJECTIVE: The ability of the structures (structural members) to safely resist the
maximum internal effects produced by any loading combination should be
ensured.
 SIMPLE STRESS

Stress is force intensity per unit area. The strength of a material is quantified through
its stress capacity – how large of a force a certain area can withstand. In other words,
the larger the force a unit area can resist, the higher the material’s strength.

Normal Stress (𝝈)

Normal stress is caused by a force that acts perpendicular to the area resisting the
force. It may also be termed axial stress if the force acts along the longitudinal axis of
the member. By character, members may experience tensile stress or compressive
stress.

Advanced methods of analysis show that on cross sections close to the ends, the
maximum stress is considerably higher than the average stress. As we move away
from the ends, the stress becomes more uniform, reaching the uniform value P/A. (See
figure below)

Actual forces, stresses, moments, etc. are derived from the effects of externally applied
loads acting on the body being analyzed. On the other hand, allowable forces,
stresses, moments, etc. are computed from the structural properties of the member in
question. These allowable quantities speak of the prescribed capacity of the member.

Ultimately, a body should be capable of resisting the applied load and the effects of
which should be within the safe and acceptable or tolerable range. To put it simply, the
allowable should be greater than the actual.
Bearing Stress (𝝈𝒃 )
Also a type of normal stress, bearing stress occurs as contact pressure between
separate bodies. It is compressive in nature.

Example: A square block supports a 50 mm diameter cylinder on top. Determine the

bearing stress between the two objects if the force P = 10 kN.

→ In snug-fit bolt/rivet connections:

Example: Two plates ate connected by a single bolt. Determine the bearing stress
between the plate & the bolt.

Bolt Diameter = 20 mm
Hole Diameter = 23 mm
Thickness of each plate = 8 mm
Shearing Stress (𝝉)
Shear stress is caused by a force
that acts along or parallel to the
area resisting the force.

Simple shearing stress, also

called tangential stress, occurs
whenever a load causes one
body to slide past its adjacent
section.

FACTOR OF SAFETY

In most designs, the working stress should be limited to values not exceeding the
proportional limit so that the stresses remain in the elastic range. However, because the
proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, it is customary to base the actual
stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 , on the allowable stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 , divided by a suitable number N, called the
factor of safety. Thus:
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1: For the truss shown, calculate the stresses in members BD, CD, and CE. The cross-
sectional area of each member is 1200 mm2. Indicate if the member experiences tension (T) or
compression (C).

Problem 2: Determine the stresses in members CE, BD, and DE. Each member has an area of 1150
mm2. Indicate the nature of stress as C or T.

Problem 3: Two cables AB and AC support a weight W. Determine the maximum allowable W (kN) if the
working stresses are 50 MPa and 30 MPa for cables AB and AC respectively. The diameter of each
cable is 10 mm.
Problem 4: Two blocks of wood, 55 mm deep and 30 mm thick are glued together as shown. Determine
the normal and shear stresses at the glued joint.

Problem 5: A 2000 kg bar is supported by a hinge at B and rests on a smooth surface at A. Determine
the required diameter of the pin at the hinge if the allowable shearing stress is 60 MPa. Assume
double shear for the pin connection.

Problem 6: The lap joint shown is fastened by four 20-mm diameter rivets. Determine the maximum value
of F (in kN) given the following working stresses. Assume that the load P is equally distributed among
the rivets.

Working Stresses: Shearing Stress = 35 MPa

Bearing Stress = 40 MPa
Tensile Stress = 50 MPa
Problem 7: The end chord of a timber truss is framed into the bottom chord as shown. Neglecting friction,
compute for the safest dimensions a & b (mm) if the allowable bearing stress is 7 MPa and the
allowable shearing stress in 3 MPa.

Problem 8: The bell crank shown is in equilibrium. Determine the required diameter of the connecting rod
AB if its axial stress is limited to 100 MPa. Determine the shearing stress in the pin at D if its diameter
is 20 mm.

Problem 9: A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive
stress in the puncher is limited to 50 ksi. Compute the minimum thickness of the plate in which a hole
of 2.5 inches in diameter can’t be punched.

Problem 10: A square block supports a 50 mm diameter cylinder on top. Determine the maximum load the
column can carry if the bearing stress is limited to 6 MPa. Apply a factor of safety of 1.2.

Problem 11: A concrete square footing 1.5 m x 1.5 has a total depth of 300 mm. It supports a square
column 100 mm x 100 mm. If the punching shear strength of concrete is 2.2 MPa, and the axial
strength of concrete is 24 MPa, what is the maximum axial load the column can carry? Apply a factor
of safety of 1.5.
 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSELS
A vessel is said to be thin-walled when the ratio of the thickness to the radius of the vessel is small such
that the internal stress in the material is constant throughout the thickness of the vessel.

For cylindrical vessels: For spherical veseels:

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 12: A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is
subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2.
A. Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
B. To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120
MN/m2?
C. If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that
would occur.

Problem 13: A spherical vessel is 3 feet in diameter and is 5/18 inch thick. Determine the stress of the
material (ksi) and the bursting force if the internal pressure is equal to 8 ksi.

Problem 14: The tank shown is fabricated from 10 mm steel plates. Determine the maximum longitudinal
and circumferential stress caused by an internal pressure of 1.2 MPa.

Problem 15: A rectangular 8 mm thick steel sheet is to be rolled and used as a wall for a cylindrical
pressure vessel as shown. What is the least number of 12 mm diameter bolts required to connect the
longitudinal joint AB, knowing that the shear strength of each bolt is 15 MPa? The vessel would be
subjected to an internal pressure of 50 kPa. Disregard the overlap length in the joint AB.
 “Promise yourself
that no matter how hard it gets,
you’ll never give up on your dreams.”