_ Taser E Pat paris des liturgies reales Yous Po Le brag » isin East an West: The Origin ot for Toa. 2d reed. Collegevile Min Te Bane Rt A Shr Hs ry. American Essays int he Dig. "19 tun | His (Lebanon gg se syricie oe Rag Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB, 2 9 = ~ History of the Roman Liturgy Until the Fifteenth Century THE EARLY SHAPE OF THE LITURGY IN ROME The sty Ron ages ae ee a inthe Bernal Cty ard dhe oe We psc gan dao loving sto eco oa pt ipa ea he omen Cruse dig te fecha yu tn Marg he recorded forut Bow then of iar ton end Eucharist were celebrated in Rome before the yea 65 Hs ‘ono he bapa ie mega bl el costed of poe Deptnal cechess prayer sg wang na pol) of ster he ame he Ty nih mee tha is esate of {eal ceed and Enhart He depo Be Sunday Biches mcd gen be llveg oma reading fom he wings othe ports sl the prophets orl, trees, pee ect esl el EM ae ne prayer (cpr te lg re colon oa ae ton or the neal ea ofa f eoealy puts He ia Sentosa pres (he eg fae) and ht le one ‘od dean ot tee Ge ceca Encharss people came fm allow! Be ty od the curSnding Tr weal to note tate etary pte Taina tbat to ipo of oma fen ates desc Marga Prats anging om ation BSGu an odnaton daly 1 aplgy, -65: 656. Patino. (Pats, 50)prayers But we have no assurance ta this book epresensthe Tug in thie-entry Rome. Fm archeology we now that he Crisis of Rome met in the dos ees, the houses fered by converts for liturgicl us. (Clete are hose fund unde the churches of John and Paul, Cea, Clement and Penta and proba fe incre of SSOSEMTSNAS SEO “Waking and transformed ther into dos eco, We ae tld that Emperor Alander Severs (+235 chose fo sel othe Chistinsa publi bung “fort would be eter that «god of whatever sot bared there rather than to use the building fr the sale of drinks? Asan theeucharsticvess it scoms that nthe ist century sinks weed eth er ema bn ‘Oneof theses in the catacomb of Clits de stern vaso! ene Ram Boh some were By theealythielcentiry The Liter mentions inthe notes on Rope Zephyinus (7) Soliman anne required ie Eucharist and thatthe later donate ‘The language of he itugy of Rom oats yo Rone the orth century wa ‘0 ntroduce Lata for the nde es the middle of the third century, — ieee slings Lect ts Helene netepe se enh onan capo Gch ru Vics ya eng rotate caplae rsion already adopted it aound ee IES fees tetnem oe yoy ST a = Lt An gM alco ote Swe (Nashingon, DC. tenon until the reform of Vatican I Latin would be stubbornly re- tained as the language ofthe Roman liturgy. Exception ae the ‘Roman liturgy in Slavonic authored in the ninth century by Cyril and Methodius, the request for veraculr liturgy made by Quin and Jpstinan in 2515 and he attempt by the Synod of Pistoia in 178640 sult to alia, ‘As regards the liturgical calendar, the Roman Church concentrated con Sunday asthe day ofthe syranis.On the day ofthe sun, as Justin ‘Martyr had called tthe faithful gathered in one place for the ucherist It would seem that baptisms also tok place on Sunday 85 tne can gather from the same Writer who tes up baptism withthe ‘ond part ofthe eucharistic celebration, thats, ram the kis of peace andthe intercessons onrard, The Frought to evidence thatthe predecessors of Pope Vicor Hforbude for the Roman Church the celebration of aster on 14 Nisan. The difer- ce between them and Pope Victor was that they didnot prohibit {he Quartodecimans in Rome to keep ter traditional date fr nstr® Pentecost as conclusion to Easter didnot untace a urs fat feast until dhe fourth century. However, the cult of mary which probebly included the Eucharist and the Caistanize form ofr {rgerum canbe date at least fom “The artistic representation in th have special value fons Examples fom fe oe drawing water from the ork, ona the prophet i ‘tenn furnace, Daniel among ons Mans tis RIES = oration of he maga, te bap of us he Sain Wom the mulupliaton of faves, the reurcion of Lazar te esl tthe pal and the lind an, andthe gd ebeper Other tps are he woman (Chu) page baskets ors a fied oat From these representations we ae able © B41 2000 tf how th Chur of Kone based its agi tes of iain Eucharist on bbc themes and explained them acre) 7 presence nthe clacmbs doesnot iply tt thee aE chau La tug eR cise Sdn nies en” Ancelebrated there. Rather, it underline the relationship between Chistian death andthe sacraments * In many ways this early shape ofthe liturgy in Rome was not de. tinctve ofthe city. House churches, the basic plan for Chistian init. tion andthe Eucharist, the iturgcal calendar, liturgical fa and ar, and the use of Greek were common at this time to East ead ‘West Several of these elements were developments ofthe original, core of Christan worship. The Roman Church was roted in the early Chistian traditions and showed deep attachment to much offs Jewish heritage. Indeed the Roman liturgy, which evolved afer the fourth century, was to a large extent a reworking ofthis original cow. "No wonder that as fr as the twentieth century the Constitution on the Liturgy of Vatican I art. 23 insists on retaining “sound tad ion” while keeping the way open to “legitimate progress” ‘he ea of freedom under Constantine caused frenetic develop ‘ent in every sector of the ltr ‘Which we knove today as the fend ofthe fourth century that, BY ut it did not produce the lituray ‘oman liturgy. It was only toward the the liturgy in Rome acquired the cul= fuza taits that strongly contributed to the formation of a Ramen Exe liturgy developed by Roman popes forthe Roman people THE CLASSICAL ERA OF THE ROMAN LITURGY ‘The study ofthe Roman liurgy made by fh Ofte tet can BY Bade by E Bishop atthe being saractristis. These ly aware ofits original , Today we would speak of stats oy stone Theadepiateng ote nn Roman itu hom Bl Ca i de kine We (Ceo, feats us Es con ere Soa Cena ihe Roman man La Hare, 33 Historians, like B. Neunheuser, would refer to this as the © akan a Goce ‘e's that prior tothe introduction of cultural elements from the > teste Ap Sigel acme por? ae aware ye ow het non tnan aata t Mery of ome tefne tighetaryFaete Aeon today athe Enenaoninteepcane Rome rom, Eastin the seventh cen withthe Nativity of May! est ine nner vi ey Ny See who was of yan Mass uring the papacy of Pope Sergius (703) rin tigi. Although Rome was celebrated frit auto-sufilency in fea sectors, it was not totally estranged fom developments hat were taking place in other Churches, espeilly Jerusalem. “Another way to describe th a cient Rome the word elas rom clas, referred othe supe cular division ofthe Roman population. Thetamadlai was classical gram eae “Today we speak of elassc” as the mode! music, paint according othe principles and meth By defn “lai” is ‘pnonymos with sich gals aioe — i began to evolve after the” Toth ay nl abo ch Kanab esate ata ‘ooh lies essed Thee liargy itis necessary to examine closely i Neunheuser distinguishes tos ‘oral conponemsnclude acento oa, “fine aan ° Senda ca 6. 1 The ke the plan ofthe Taide sro seeA Tsclin gestures and symbols, as well as the corpus of i texts especily the euchologialformularies. The ‘feo the other hand, ‘Asa preliminary consideration, i formal nd theological components tens and institutions ofthe ith es ‘inc Spl eb an praca sense are depleted le are marked by f Seca te te secie aee CChavasse ofthe clasical shape: is useful to note that upon these the Roman cultural values, pt ntury have exerted a remarkable ae ofthe Roman liturgy are most ene ‘As regards nen eee ts, we note that the classical 2 much at work in theppapaliMass described nie Romanussehich vas compile! in these, ough imprest mara" Dene rye the pope stood ath and. moet Bera ‘with no further cere 'gand ubiquitous masters of ceremonies, No Pobellsearerng ee and there e pie At the doxol ‘entre canon all the “concelebrantst fe Stand othe sane MeN stayed in thatepiaces ste racic sense present inthe rituals o Wher inthe ital ls ofthe papal Ma ae caning dun ea a Me i ‘We gather from the description of Ondo Ronan ht there were workin the papal Mas: The enzance rte has the appearance of an imperil cout ceremonial but there alter the native Roman quality of sobriety prevails, Thus the nucleus of the eucharistic liturgy, namaly the wrod athe sacrament, ne, tained practically untosched by the drama and pomp of he imper- ial court ceremonial ‘As egards language we note tha from the fourth tothe lat sith century the Roman Church wat in the procs of developing the Latin iturgcal language? Those were centuries fen intense creative jy that produced several dal prayer for eucart use, such as eels z and "These texts have come down ous in me- ‘val sacramentris. A god number ofthese compositions are p= served in the Roman Misa of Paul VI. The thot bss he Gr Cea Vig calle the Great Tedieagacnahdform cia Batis lassical studies. ‘Wie are able to identify the rhetorical style that adomed these cet Cos a ‘FScaalarccaneba wit besos oe gtiantag ts ‘dences and thereby producing such sentiment s joy and Wonder. 's celebrated forthe use of the css in is ora- tions and homilies. classic examples the Chistmas collet pre- served in the Veronese Sacramentary: Dew, qu fumanae subsite Aigncaten et mirabiiter condiist et mabe reformsti.» The final ‘words miablitr condi and mirabilis reformat aren the cuss ‘ior which arouses the sentiment of admiration? Another example i often sed it forthe ‘Profces. The flowing tent super: Nal up rises isi *dgemar neous nim: me sh ded subi "SC shea, iturin! Ltn Ong an Chr einen DC YEN. Auge “Png sero ets age” Ann 319-7 " Sxramentrin Von E Meher R817) 9-138 297. 7‘fos capiitatbus bcc mula nquietud praccalebtextrinseus sf agers crde sincera Another shetorical style is antithesis which, cans of contrasting concepts, as ina preface for the Ascension in aos senso, amit dese A fourth example is concinigcy thetalince between parts ofan oration through the thought or pam satel synmety Pes ua, Domine, ramen pris oe : ria cst goad suit inte; quod gustu delet, morbus apprehendat: quad fang bs expetit, tua misericordin pereipiat.® ‘ " cursory examination ofthe collects in the early sacramentres reveals alanguage addressed tthe inlet aes thon ote gg Ofte tener Tis explained by thc Probably only a few would ‘ane rm ee feast: Dens, qui hae sacs ui ha te ermine ins eu ‘which is thoroughly imbued with Portays the Roman ts sravity in speech as well ass Smoot the culture of classic te for a certain rn se ofthe title Cementissine Pater gives to Presson ike acy als. I me ston sane gn OP ht acne ar ena ‘am immaculatam. dastigpthe dlink the following collect to the Christmas” Balance, which skin to equanimity, was highly prized by the Romans. This is espe tally evident in the mementoes ofthe ving and the dead andthe ‘louble commemoration of saints before and after the naration a the ast Supper The foregoing examples revel how profoundly teRoman "ge ius influenced the corpus ofthe ery Latin texts. The result was an Elevated Latin, kind of Kulturen which ot probably ccs tie to people who spoke ony the Vell, who dino ong to the class of the hones elas tn short these of these composi tions pertained to that segment ofthe Raman éite, the people of il” ture, the omnes casi. This i an sue that wll one to vex historians and pastors alike as they search fora rita! language that iselevated and noble yet contemporary and accesible to the vast jon, f not 0 “As regards the theological components we not certain sobriety and restrain toward the mystery ofthe Eucharist nthe Ordo Romanus Ie do not come across external signs of adoration and re «rence directed to the sacred species through sich gestures as ince sation, bowing, and genllection. Te ane exception iat the entrance rite when with bowed head the pope or deacon pays respect othe scrament which had been consecrated in previous Mass. Whereas me- ‘eval prayers often influenced by the euhasistespiritalty ofthe ‘eno spoke ofthe sacramental breed andinedieciyas the body snd blood of Christ the classical Roman prayers rarely mentioned cramer, dona esesta (heavenly ei), is) 2Tt does not mean of cours, that ‘he Roman Church did not believe in there presence, butt was not Par ofthe romana sobritas to depict he eucharistic mystery wth A Nec, ta 2 Fortibigzaphy and treten’ ofthe Roan Caton eA Nose 1 Proghitn erates del anone sonan Ane 3-45 0a teh cats Prager of Ror RENEW OSH Oy Gi occa Sermonaran re. Mateo ome 7 ‘4, 208 CF however no. 6 which spss ‘angievivid imagery. The Romans of the classical period would hae by ‘uncomfortable hearing the words “the body of Christ” and "the blood of Chit” as they received them at Communion time, The {atin formula for Communion inthe Apesttic Tradition i unlike the Schiieverson indirect: pans calets in Christo lsu forthe breads and Ineo Par nopoenti et Domino les Christ, et Sprit Senet e samc Ercesia for the cup * “Another theological component that characterized the classical eng the practice of tational Masses in the™ ofthe Roman liturgy was ‘resided. These Masses, celtbratedon slemmities and particularly ‘luring Lent, were oceasions to gather the clergy and faithful of Rome around thir bishop. tational Masses expressed the unity ofthe lee ‘tur And this unity was hightened by celebrations held inv as basics and titular churches around the city By the end of Lent teu cams of Rome would have been covered. Thus the unity ofthe ‘ea uch was manifested in those places where the bishop vd the pop een the Echarst Roman Lent ith i spistot penance and singling gave hese satin’ seen ‘seta nd sol dinero re Toh 7 pr : ie he ae ten does not au the sy trey 21a Faiton Apia, 7 S97 Nw ate ae MN Bot. ner 18.38 itt emrnstin h cat peT 2A. Gavene at id 67) gee mg tracted the attention of F copied or imitated. a twelfth century, when the Roman, Church woke up tothe realization that tad oe the classical shape its liturgy because of Franco-Germanic influences in the city ef forts were made to recapture it The postconelar reform of Tent tried likewise, though with no appreciable sucess. was with some kind of nostalgia that the elghtenth-century Synod of Pistoia at tempted to restore it, except that the syed was condemned by Rome res efforts appeared a the begining ofthe tenth cen- tury in the itargical movement that is nove called classical Thanks to this movement the recovery ofthe classical shape af the Roman. liturgy became part of Vatican I's agenda Its this classical shape that the Constitution on the Liturgy speaks about in at. 34 “The sts shoud ie marke by a noble simply thy shold be sort cle end neneunberd by sls tons they should be within the people's powers ofeomprehesion and as ‘mle not eure mach explanation’ The optinforhe aa fem stake to ask, ten dung the cos or beng archeological counc father advised th coli omission o the turgy to institute changes forrasonsnot oar otf 2esoral cre for which the oun Rad ben convene tin Sinking of hose who famed the Constiton he pastor ce ‘hich promotes active and intelligent ares by the sce qualites ofthe Raman tug Tsar odie {Gat forthe sake of “devout active paticpaton” theses oft Mas arto be simplified, useless dupleaton lintel an sf and necessary elements restored tothe vigor they ad ion ofthe Fathers." " THE ROMAN LITURGY DURING THE FRANCO CERMANIC PERIOD rl aclors eth histary of he Roman trey the Fone als and us eh on ee |f not for these factors the. and pre- ‘Probably have remained a local liturgy fora local ‘ved eignal elle ual > Shs omit de Sac ig Mo tenn 9 wAfter the conversion of King Clovis in 496, pilgrims, and bahops from th north began visit Rome, Impresed yao alien RUSIAT te Co ae eee though sporadic and on purely private initiative, began. The phen eee Nasirgint tis tne The Resco ne en Soh ce eerie Kpmiondnisemeal sexton ie mm The pce aed fae ecg ae a eit epost al teortdays Wont, ith power epee deel eset ofbe ty The uaton nearaged eet th Honan ug bons eapecaly by meses ae luy Thee oaks wore adpted ait ese ra tu gs ofthe dient ches eseer e e ‘att oot dapat he Sahih century atheyaecled oder ee ORRIN celine ns Gaul, iy tetra ura ae ees ard hope nal tee a cloaca select aan ond canorol ihe papas caiona lia Ost te Roman cantina to his clergy. Chrodegang of Met «great admirer of the Roman liturgy visited Rome in 753 and introduced in his diocese is ora chan and Omer Masi ener lie aa weiyte teaancreodis Eee ageet ana Psion i Tess formulary one (430) oll ona eds Cuanized One nts he st fo the eal bin or tat the Galante scat peat a theologies cocci be i at eas a 2 naa, he change rom thong ue seo to amon ture psa fo foc fenton he eather athe enogel aspect of apis in ine wih he peopl reas appomch the socaments Fale des of ese (achat fom th enter of Chisel senso bethe reason fer he adlton af the passe ernie urd ua the Gained form ‘ateragne the protector af esti Sent econ the = somal mranxton and unten nite yisatber itha more dedhve program, In 3 he etd ope adn f0r4 pure inmsntun) Roman sacrament eth he inno of SSN {RemicedGelasan scent teed ie Copies were to be made from its erauthentic. Two year ate pope ent hin a Gregorian, ane ppl pe UCN Perhaps the pope did not reste Sane 6 " Cron Mass nt re as oso he Suny Eppa oni ot Ese and Petecnt not to mention ngs thal ere ita ‘religious world of the Franco-Germanic people sxc a8 reper capture Ragu Francona 3 MGH (39 6: Clee sc hatte nv = *, Vogel, Mediecl Liturgy. An Intodcton to the Soe, 33 2 See Mell nee ee Make ED, nt ee 1Masses votive Masses, and blessings * On Benet of Ane (31) fll the responsiblity till in the lacunae with local elements at hie Aisposal. These he collected asa supplement to the Roman stcramen- tary with the explanatory preface Hucusque. Unwitinglyclementeat the mixed Gelasian sacramentaries and the usages of the Franco Germanic churches once again entered into the Roman book, Thos the program of romanization tuned out to be a gallcanization of the Roman liturgy: The ret i part ofthe history of the liturgical booke Asimilar Phenomenon occurred inthe case ofthe Roman ondines the firstof which left Rome forthe north sometime between 7oo seal 750 These ondnes were eventually elaborated to form the ponticals Inthe broad sense ofthe word. A notable example is the Remano. composed between gs ar gin the, Benedictine Abbey of Mainz.%* oe ag ‘This pontifical, hich claims a the succeeding Roman Itugial state ofthe Particular interes forthe history of Pantificals, ia remarkable description of the came conten, the When the to-alledttugial “apologies be Thang es SOmPAtION Of press when ey ebes he Tepe ere form of selclpreaton and recog onthe Bar of the presiders. They were ubnqul= 2. Desh, “Elton ds cece EPCS te Poa faa i rane maid ae SNM a6, sogig ofthe ordines published by E Martie The apologies form pat ofthe religious moralism that gripped several litueal formulas ‘Shthe Franco-Germanie Churches. But the Franco-Germanic people will forever be admired foe thee -hymnody; and miniature arts The church ‘edifices in Reims, Hildesheim, Essen, and Flury to mention afew ‘amples, combine the traditional Roman genis for cobriety and functionality with the Franco-Germanic ene for harmony ae ramism The hymn Ven CratorSprts and the Base sequen Vitmae pascal nudes are some of the stupendous competons at sil :esound in todays Hiturieal celebrations, The minite, painted in vivid colors and wih imagination o fata, decorate the Iectonaries and sacramental tradition that has vied in our iturial Books What ook place atti ero was thine tina camatic and spiritual genius of the FrancosGermani people wth theimported classical Roman tury: By atu of events he eth centr this gelicanized shape oF Roman tury entered the cy ame yep the an rm Te ry larg commission of Vatican I proposed to eliminate much ‘hese elements originating in the character ofthe Fanco~Germanic people and which the Roman Church ater adopted" Welw, however, that several ofthese the bungcalreform of Vatican It bcsuse of teirinrinsic slo and pas ‘ora weflness One must ait hatin many ways they enviched the classical Roman liturgy by infusing it with dramaypoetry, and symbolism Asa final consideration, the Pranco-Germaric prod has relevance lsc qualities ofthe reformed Roman tug: serves a8 = (Or Antiques Eeclsie Ritibs Lr (Hildesbein, 1967) cap. 1V. Ordo *, 8X. 79 Net “Lt plod eben ea “7 Mathie etnce mtg see Werke liturgsecher Goldschmiedekunst in karoingscher Zeit 75-3 _ ‘ode 4 dell eta carolingia in relazione alla litargia Se” 33 ~ crip arg ene Centos de Sar Ltr, Bendis Van ustorial model of ncuturation, which inthe thinking of the presen, legislation takes the revised Roman liturgy a its point of departure THE ROMAN LITURGY FROM THE TENTH TO THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 4 Re Another development in the Roman liturgy began to take shape in the tenth century when itreturmed tothe city in its Galicanized form Several factors both political and religious, contributed toi After the death of Lous the Pious in 840, the Franco-Germanic ‘Empire went ino crisis and collapsed in 887. The French part ofthe empire distance staf fom the German which Ott 93%-975) ruled vee ns. In g62 he went to Rome pire and to inaugurate {he Renoatio impr. There he discovered thatthe city was racked by of giving away Thefllowing yea Otto went bck fo Rome accompany eck What interests us here the 8 brought along the Glicanial oman gal boot than neste oc Furthermore as part ofthe Ononian cnpesrs’ fom 2os7 Clement, Daasusll Leo 1%, Vicor and Stephen 8 These Deleon dente 2s fl aso the inoperable fs of ran eating Dug the papacy of Gregory V one op Rome “nother sopra taerbelintgeal books i ose 2 Te Romo iy nd na pps ton. Vso he igh iGo Conshercntheinagy or sat toca, pi) sere mnt ety hn of Rane ted fo be regulary famished cope othe ponte ‘hose Franco-Gemane tury became tie iy of Lateran a s Quake develop iat Hg) ao } etalon nie pemteaecayie | | Speer itr! worship tht grew lngerandmesclennth | ayers Thong sat eveything Can perl Was gy te i oo sccneded i pai er aaa ‘the coe Cw Boch Mary i el ee | pletion of Mabe, nr” elation ne et ij ‘Fogel of the chuacl and the eal poco aa ar atbeelio(¢ 9p who batine eee TE eae a8 rH “Aoter oie development inthe eth etry wath igo rc eng vento rare i ea tthe Er va eu oft pgri, delat Tew oomvot dena eaigl ete enc and the dma pena ware rg es romain in the ey rere th tate a eof the high ile Age tes ws ta onary peopl oonget ase the meaning ofthe itrgy and hd ob hed Vit es: The Englsh Reus Concrete dr asinine he Igor an hose nah Parton somes sponses had began to wane. Burkhard af Worms (+1035) complained ‘hat people in church ignored the greeting and exhortation ofthe athe conned to chat aang hms 03078 PPE ‘Gregory VIT had to require people to bring an offering a est ‘cen Masson The telficentary Onofre ean ase decd theo tha te sce race of daly Commuon during Lent, including Sundays, was not being observed By et el ey eM nig tain Pat age pepe teh rm tn ney a ee HOS tae tn etd cn rs Bee see a ohclergy and faith Thus prescribes Communion of the faith at Teast the times ayear!* The actession of eROANIMo the popal throne in 1072 had poe found consequences forthe liturgy of Rome. A he was also a reformer who ome my: simonyaa he buittheimageand author ope EOF HOY POPES Were tobe hept in every lea! hash tisopshad RARE MTOR of allotance tothe pope belre thei ordination th the canon ofthe Mass was tobe observed everywhere." Part of his strategy sides the imposition ofa quasi-monasc discipline wae ted the two. before the Germans took over its government. The return to there. a sanctoram ptrun, the ord romamus, and the mos atiquus, which he claimed to have studied, became the order ofthe day" Some ele tens ofthe tational usages concemed the onder of palma, f the Alle sate = a, and the lebration 6 Visit In the piri ofthe Gregorian efor, ie ol ig the Roman iturgsts ofthe ‘method of elimination in an effort to restore the romana eee a Tangs ot pertaining to the scope ofa pontifical ke didactic l= contrary tothe Roman cultural sensitivity, ike the selves who before rere 98-1216) frequently Na een th ri coun coc SM acre cree Vic he Mal fag Tm Heo a ern eye el 8b Vogel Meda yen into exile in various pars of laly and France. The rests pat of Tpeistory ofthe Roman liturgical books “although the work ofthe Roman litugsts of the twelfth century weasnot perfect in the sense that several Franco-Germanic ements “Ehived, itis a proof that the Roman Church doesnot easly forget er lay aside its elasical genius and its radon Is openness to things new does not prejudice its attachment othe regula sectonam| yuu Te itsegcal efor of Vatican confirms this “The reigns of Pape Trace I and of Pope ena (a16-1227) witnessed further development inthe shape ofthe oman liturgy. Is useful to set ther reigns inthe eontet ofan age ofintense spiritual and cultural activities represented by Domini (¢ {ani and Francis of Asis (1238), the ges scholastic by Thomas Aguinas (+ 186), the University of Pars and he ret cathedrals in Reims, Westminster, an Florence On his part Innocent Iliad a tual rove. Heinsisted a typeof liturgy that would respond to the pata stuation of the Roman curia which at that time functioned as an ine i For their travels curia members nw portable ig teak witha simp fat. For hi pare il a known as PORT, and aba were om posed Clearly the intention of Ianocent I was ether coafation tor unification of iturgieal sages. By tum of cramstanoss how ‘ver, this type of liturgy was adopted by the Friars Minor who, be Sides being closely inked to the Roman curs often fund themselves als in an iinerant situation, Ths the tay ofthe Reman curia spread beyond the smal group of ecesisin or ‘whoo Innocent ll had originally intended it ath ‘he famous 1295 Pontifical of Durand and the 485 Esto prin By A. Piceolomini and J. Burchard of Strasbourg is part of he iso ‘he Roman liturgical boo Ineo pt ae cara acts coed eli tee spiritual and cultural ae foaricenth and fifteenth centuries, These years were marked BY 1 suid, construction of numerous chapels and oratories he SPP=A SM. Andie, Le Pani roman mayen vol 38-336 YRS "Sean Di Tr Onis of te Moder Rov Lary Mandan weance fin uel preachers nd former like Savonrola (496), the birth ofthe Renasance the work ofthe great master lke Giotto (F337), Dante lighier (F330 and Flippo Bruel (t146)-The vention of he printing pres by Johann Gute in 2445 contbuted immensely to cle and religion including he ry. Te Eto pricy ofthe Roman Ponifal was printed in Rome in 485, This period closes with the discovery of Ames n 14g Yel hese centres shared much n human misery ed Sages. Tet of ile, cased by pola strife ll over Europe eas vont The Blac Plague of 1380 and the Hunde Yes (139-1453) induced in the people a sense of pessimist the fall of Constantinople in 453 rockad the confidence in the exserce of Chistian world Because ofthis authors have called theese ‘utes the “autumn ofthe Mile Ages" nthe are of ry things were ot beter Indeed there was something insu about tis prod. The external sypecranes seemed healthy but within was a dangerous malaise fot aeroonced She tl collapse of the Charsifeaf worhp. ls inponene "ote howeves hat mich fh alae wih which he seed oe aiid wot pec of hin but had ts gin ne pes The fllowing are some examples. {ssenbly to sot private devokons dung Macs earncc ‘ppurinc ake inthe inh cntuy wih ie evry misals The premise fr thee missals that he eae cid SRUGnEBY himself and pricy regardles of em aceg>s Te lysines, vnc cnr CRpyent nna 8 corded eae hich forced the Sy eengs 2 Meise Nig fe ae, ‘Co an Cy wos 8 ond. 8 10 Likewise during this period the faiths devotion the Mass consisted in a." Consequent comply wit Bs fred bythe fit and alas indulge at inesin he abuse Mina Brit, oc quadrfctaor the several repetition ofthe pars ofthe rg crx a oiofa ae wvitnessed the birth of thetdentiomedemaamong the religious. It was pinta ofa mystical type iauened by Mater Ett «sop. purely personal or uneccesial inthe syle of Thomas Kemps Garand strongly affective in expression With the exeption of Gatrude of Helfta (1900, few ne how to nourish te pal thd myst ie et there. “The fourteenth and fitenth centuries wee an interplay Deween ght an shadow: Their eternal via the mabe oles Sv caged legs, moped tino Ms frm of spilt that dspensed withthe gy a its soue, SiS ofa eal ue case in Tp fd tells tht wen solid helo clei ane tugs foundation are absent in our Htrgal otis aun has ome and winter is not faraway 5 Mari, "Excurss 1” Anan 2 78-9 biography eta, cist in Oc Nee sf ELS. Rome 184 hase, A. La itr deel de Rome da au VS ee on , iG The Shap ofthe ity ane, Wetmiets, 949 epit News oh uchesne L Christin Woah Bs rg and London, 3558 tte aspes3.The Fos and Ondo of Wester iy fom Figherth Contry Orda 29 amg, The any Liturgy oh Tne of Grr te thd, so. use, Th Short itary ofthe Wester trey Tas SL New York, 1979 tie Tene ML McC Note Dae, Paiute. andaE Th Encharistc Pees f th Raman Rite Nee York, 1986, Metzger M. Hise ds uric Ls grants aps, Pai, 1904 Nacen “La preghiersewcarsia del canone romano." Animas 5/ Sch H.Intrductoin iturin ecdette. Rome, 1960, ‘Voge CMa Litrg: Itai to the Sores. Teans. and re W, ‘Storey and N.Rasmaseen, Washington, 1986. Wis GG. History of arty Ran Lit eed gy tthe Dat of Pope Gregory the Neunbesses B. Str dla iu trav leche cltual. Rome, pf Keith F Peelers, SJ. 10 . History of the Roman Liturgy from the Sixteenth until the Twentieth Centuries There was significant liturgical activity atthe Begining and end of this historical period, thats from 1569 unt 1614 and agin from | 190) until 1962. Otherwise, the seventeenth, eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries witnessed litle change in iturgcal practice THE ROMAN LITURGY AT THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION The sistent century was time of tremendous reform. Marin Lather (1546) criticized the Church’s use oFindulgences, the exa5> seated cut of the'saints, and a liturgical practie that had become 1520, he wrote the second his famous thew trestises “The Babylonian Capt OFAN CChureh.” which contains hisinterpretation ofthe seamen thesis already stated inthe ie As the Jews were) Fm Jersale into captivity under the oppresio ofthe Babylonian :mpir, so in Europe, Christians were sent away from the Sriptars unde the oppresion ofa papacy that a pression of papacy cepecialy the Eucharist! The trate exposed tree aspects ofthe hure’s slavery: ‘Eianaub sapaatgny aoe ‘he Mass, Moreover Luther abolished private Massand Paste cht nT Tics * truco,” “The Babylonian Capito he (Phat, a8) 8Mazza, The Euchre Prayers ofthe Roman Rte Mager M Hite dee arg Ls Newnes B Storia atraceso New York, 1986 aps. Paris, 1994 Noort A. La preghieraeucarsica dl canone romano. Sil H. hr in tego cident Voge. C Metal at A " Aninnesis 5/2, lem. Rome, 1960 ninco to the Sours. Trans. ane. We Story and N, Rasmussen. Washington 986, Wil. 6. History of Gre London 65 ly Roma iturgy ote Dah f Pape Gregory the che cultural Rome, gp) Rome, 977, Keith F Pecklers, $. 10 History of the Roman Liturgy from the Sixteenth until the Twentieth Centuries ‘There was significant hturgical etivity atthe beginning and end of ‘his historical period, that rom 1563 unt 1614 and again rom. 1903 until 3962. Otherwise the seventeenth, eighteenth an nine- teenth centuries witnessed litle change in itugial practice. THE ROMAN LITURGY AT THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION The siatenth century was atime of tremendous reform. Matin Later (1546) rized the Chur use of indulgences, tbe ferte cul of the sins and atu prac that had become pompous and Ino, he wre the socom ot is famous tree teate: i Church" which contains His ths andy stdin ete As thee weet ave om Jerssem into captivity under he oppression ofthe Babylonian Enpr, on Europe, uaa were sent ay fom the Si "under the oppression of papacy that ‘epsilly the Eucharist The teats exponed thre specs ofthe (Chuch’s slavery: the scans nd the ve ee led pre sand ee *-totradton” “The Babylonian Calvi of te Church in Te rai ad, 88) 6 158confession calle fora veracity and emphasized the pn ocd of te baptized Though werorully conser the Refonntion tobe “Protestant under te Lari of ute on Cavin 84), Unc ony (spi) and oer the Catholic Church experienced sts nme =atonthough he Counc of Het and the founding of eforigg rds thefts. We ald sen ht the forenth a centres wera time of heightened clerical ands ag ‘cclesial sense. The Mass had become a devotional practice, 7 jon was viewed a superior to ethic partic. pata ns fll sere ad itu’ ltnahip eae Cian was st Relious nial ws on hese on {te reat of poate Mes whee the ps cept Semin vas vedas eprint of eae who di of eae unica By the being ofthe oureenthcentry the poche M te ‘Particular intention was already welt in Denar Sececsgenngae? slime Testy tially the Recon. a imbsealy the Reacance sna growing intrest nthe thee of rata”. god) magi sal cine gi and “demonic” mage? seats increted, Tos who aended Mass Or ee wha itled to obtain the “fruits of and agama 2bPted te poor doctrine and scan- : vn cep Dental feo an de sce CoP cy Christaneef Cates, a doe ame, 57) 54-8 al crt tO roy ces tT a 3 story ant rept FT teem 20 4 9 Sma En Me ome i Cie pment (Ovbin ; nd Drop PPT Th Sit Of antag yy 40 or the frst time, religious orders founded in he sixteenth centry were exempted from the obligation to pray thechoal Ofc in onder to be more apostlicaly available* This meant architectural changes in the newly-onstructed churches ofthat orders snc chor stale forthe corporate praying ofthe Ofce were unnecessary. Ths also ‘meant radical changes inthe liturgical space. Church architecture in the late medieval period focused on the altar a shrine. The building ‘was divided into clearly delineated areas. The nave for the ty and the choir where the Office was chanted was divided by a wooden partition, called a “roodscren” (fod meaning cos) sce a arge {Goss often hung on oF above the partition. As the nave and the choir were two separate architectural spaces they weraso tated sepa- Jately according to church law: the coi (as called chaned) bee ‘age o mon and cyan eine de beyond the choir was the alta” Moreover se chapels ret acll- tate the increase in private Masses, especially in churches of religious ‘orders where there were many pists ving inthe same place Sixtenth-centry church baldings however wer seen worship space. The removal of the chance allowed for cer sigh- lines, and barriers between the assembly and the ala had vanished ‘The frst monumental church of his new architectural tle was he Jesuit ult between 1566 and 2575 toon to be imitated elsewhere There was no roadscren blskig the assembly's vision. The altar stood centrally in the apse for all to see. With the Jesuits’ emphasis onpreicing a fhe spoken ord rather than sung chant maw became the poi soe abo sas placed onthe north wal nthe center ofthe church Cones about acoustis and vst We eattentonbeese thecnphass on the rarer he Wan enphas t emed “too Protestant” to some eit, This concem abost acoustics sbest demonstrated ina debate over what typeof sling should be in= Stalled in the Gest, Te Jesuits wanted aceling of pen Wooden trusses because it would acoustically assist the presching and cate hei. Cardinal Alessandro Fares, benefactor ofthe church, re fered a stone vault ceiling. Cardinal Famese ¥0%- argbtshed PAD ser ss, “Jeu he try the HO Yen Unie a Noe Dae, 99 ° Wes Rr Ce Woe he ek 8)‘THE LITURGICAL REFORMS OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT ‘The Council of Trent ate from 1545 until 1563. In light of Vatican 1. the Tridente coun is often viewed as conservative andl even re actionary Indeed, its agenda included an afiemation of Catholic doe trneon such opis a the sever sacraments instituted by CHrist as struments of Go’ distribution of grace, and the propitiatory na- testant reformers tune of eucharistic sacrifice a response to Prot whe ‘eld that the Mass was “Testament” of God's forgiveness: But the oun also sought o correct some ofthe liturgical abuses witnessed 1nd commented upon by those same reformers and even encouraged, pastoral sensitivity regarding liturgical concerns such as the vera Ine In attempting to challenge what was seen asa rampant subjecti- ity ofthe tangy ‘much so that ‘he Iturgy remained virtually Saale Spier 7,15 h coun ordered tha the pone ‘al abuses be eliminated: c peeetee fate places, magical treatment ofthe consecated host was to top “Astespectul and inappropriate itrpeal music was to cease bishops ofthe mse ‘ion when both the missal and brevia maa ferred to the pope tobe reformed” Pius 1V del 5 ety fifth ses Aiscussed and then te acommage td he tsk of reforming the misal and beviry 10 Proceedings no langer exist. tn i568 the tpn Rr dep ng sue svi roman ek deceasacosent Cont Tidetnetatum, a Pot. Mx su dito was promslgated followed te years sr by the Missle Romanantex decease: Cnl Tt sti eet V. Pot, Max us eft, esd nul, spore the Cuneo Trent, Clement Vit commissioned rane de Quitone Spanish cardinal, to produce a revision of th brevary Quitonez pobshed is breviary i 1535 withthe pte approval of Pal I the brevary was intended for privatereialion end the paler was divided into weekly segments without repetitions: The length of Scare readings was incressed and readin uence Sas ey tnd and votive offices were omitted long with elements more p- froprat choral recitation such asanlipons pons apes red inercesions Many hymns were sls ote. The Quiionez be ‘ry soo became poplar because twassimpe short and ay the so much so that twa eprint eleven times inthe fist yee and ‘er one hundred times init hyo yeas of ws The teary produced bythe eine cminon ataeu tothe raion Roman office albeit shortened and simp Choral elements were restored although hgiogaphial legen and the votive ofces supprested by Quionex wee eto. The ob- gat fo ray the ofces ofthe Blessed Vigna the Dex lng ‘ith the Graal ae Penitentil palms was removed: Thess cee was simplified commission’ goal regating the efonn ofboth the breviny ane mal nas ot th componiton ol nein eunb tadion, to the ancent iturgy oft Tse» cri of he rg alenar allowing res ass and seaons, and the removal F texts aed othe breviay and missal ver the centuries, Prior 0 he coun stints days were so abundant that they even took the Pace ef Sundays, Only thse sin days celebrated in Rome prof sent entry wee acxped a lepine cee Asa resul 157 days opened up onthe geal end cctaves A umber of votive Mars and segues: eT ‘emoved from the mica: Orde wa "Taft The Liturgy ofthe Hours in Bast and West: The OF ene sn wget 293