Grazing for Soil Health and

Getting Cover Crops Into the Mix

Contents
Grazing to Improve Soil Health, Producer Profits...................................................................................... 2
Healing Battered Fields, Pastures with Adaptive Grazing.......................................................................... 5
8 Answers to Common Questions About Grazing Cover Crops............................................................ 11
Study Shows No Damage to Soils from Cover Crop Grazing................................................................. 14
 Grazing to Improve Soil Health, Producer Profits
By Kay Ledbetter, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension

R ichard Teague might be considered a cowboy of a different kind. He’s not rounding up stray cattle,
but rather wrangling the best management practices on ranches to help the cattle and their owners.

Teague, a Texas A&M AgriLife Research ecologist at Vernon, grew up on a farm and knows firsthand
there are some unintended consequences from traditional long-standing agricultural practices that
might not readily be seen.

“I’m an ecologist and know that for an adequately functioning ecosystem, you have to have good soil
function,” Teague said. “Many things we do in industrial agriculture break down the function of soil.
The ranchers and farmers we are working with have demonstrated how to increase productivity by
improving soil health, manage for decreased inputs, improve the health of their cattle and increase
profits.”

Teague’s long-term research, which began in North Texas, is getting noticed. He recently was asked to
join the leadership of a research group that includes 26 researchers from 18 universities and private
entities.

Teague’s long-term research, which began in North Texas, is getting noticed. He recently was asked to
join the leadership of a research group that includes 26 researchers from 18 universities and private
entities.

The project is titled “Can Adaptive Multi-Paddock (AMP) grazing contribute to sequestering
carbon in soils and improve delivery of ecosystem services and socio-ecological resilience in grazing
ecosystems?”

On this project, Teague will be in charge of the grazing management project design and oversight. He
is joined on the project by fellow AgriLife Research scientist Urs Kreuter in Texas A&M University’s
department of ecosystem science and management, College Station.

Teague said this study will help bridge a big gap in the science between management effects on a ranch
scale and results from small-plot research.

The group started with a $500,000 grant from Shell Alberta in 2016 to do reconnaissance sampling to
provide proof of concept that AMP grazing management improves ecological, water catchment and
economic value, as his research showed in Texas.

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 “We were successful in getting some smaller grants to do preliminary sampling to make sure the
principles held true in cooler areas to the north, wetter areas to the east and drier areas in the west,” he
said. “With these results and data, we started putting together grants to expand this work.”

McDonald’s Corp. kicked off the effort with a $4.5 million grant and is facilitating obtaining additional
funding, Teague said. Now more entities are indicating a willingness to put money into this research
effort.

“The reason they support the research is because they want to help address the food and health
concerns of consumers,” he said. “Agriculture has a role to play in finding solutions to our health
problems. Many groups are realizing that in the future they are going to have to show their food comes
from healthy sources and ones that do not damage the environment.”

The Canadian government has also funded a similar grant in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba for
$2.6 million, of which Teague and members of the U.S. team are a part. The aim is to determine how
much soil carbon can be increased by using AMP grazing relative to continuous grazing on neighbor
farms.

Restoring soil health and economic stability for farmers are at the base of Teague’s group’s research.
Their big questions are whether it improves soil health and the livelihood of the farmer.

The International Year of Soils was celebrated in 2015 by the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization’s Global Soil Partnership. A Global Soil Security Symposium brought scientists, policy
influencers, investors and citizens together at Texas A&M University in College Station to start the
process of developing an international soil security policy.

A worldwide Global Soil Security Symposium was held in 2016 in Paris. A second meeting was held in
Paris in May 2017, and Teague was invited to present the team’s research there.

The focus of these efforts was to recognize the importance of soil science in the current global
challenges of human health, food and water security, the role of soil carbon to improve ecosystem
functions and biodiversity under a changing climate.

Teague said his team of collaborators around the country started their project by outlining some of the
damage to soil and soil losses being seen in agriculture and then determining possible solutions.

They began their search for solutions by identifying producers across the U.S. and Canada who have
won conservation awards by improving soil and ecosystem health. They analyzed these individual
operations to capture what was done on the land, how it was done and what desirable results were
achieved.
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 “It’s important to incorporate leading farmers such as these because you have to show what you are
saying actually cash flows on a working operation and has potential to get people into a much better
economic position,” Teague said.

In Canada, the team is assessing what different grazing management has done to soil health. At the
root of all the proof of concept operations is AMP grazing, which has been found to be an effective
restoration practice on grazing lands for enhancing water conservation and protecting water quality,
Teague said.

“We have already taken detailed measurements of current additions of carbon on ranches in Canada
that have been managed using AMP grazing for 20 years at the same time as measuring across
the fence on neighboring ranches that have been managed using the usual continuous grazing
management.”

Teague said in grazing and cropping systems, the damage to the structure of the soil universally
impedes the penetration and the soil’s water-holding capacity.

Only healthy soil can provide those two functions adequately.

“Not only does AMP grazing provide several hydrological benefits such as increased soil infiltration,
increased water conservation and decreased surface runoff and erosion, but also environmental
benefits such as water quality improvement,” he said.

Teague said soil organisms are responsible for more than 90 percent of how the soil-plant system and
ecosystem function. The amount of carbon in the soil, identified by organic matter, greatly influences
the abundance of microbial life, and soil-water holding capacity is increased in direct proportion to the
amount of organic matter in the soil.

Fungi are particularly important as they provide soil nutrients and water that plants cannot access
without their help, Teague explained.

“Most current grazing management results in decreased soil microbial composition and function,” he
said. “But improved management has been shown to reverse the causal mechanisms of degradation by
promoting the physiological factors that favor a healthy ecosystem and restoring the dominance of the
most productive plant species.”

When conducting research of this nature, Teague said it is important to remember “changes come
slowly and you have to manage it for enough years that you have a measurable difference.”

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 Healing Battered Fields,
Pastures with Adaptive Grazing
By John Dobberstein, Senior Editor

A s Allen Williams sees it, the world’s “oldest watering system” is the symbiotic relationship between
plants and the soil, which mediates 90% of plant function.

“But we’ve disrupted that watering system through a lot of our modern agricultural practices,” says the
founding partner and president of Livestock Management Consultants.

Williams says integrating livestock, cover crops and more flexible grazing programs can reverse this
trend. On a farm in southern Illinois where Williams has worked with the owner to integrate cover
crops, livestock rotations, biological products and other practices, they found earthworm middens
surrounding the brace roots in nearly every field for 1,500 acres of corn — even in the heat of August.

“In 3 years, this farmer has reduced inorganic fertilizer inputs more than 55%, and it’s still going
down,” he says.

Soil is Money
Having worked with farmers across North and South America, Williams says many fields and pastures
have soils that are bacteria dominant and lack the earthworms, fungi, soil predators, nematodes and
insects, such as dung beetles, that are crucial in nutrient cycling and organic matter creation.

There is a financial payoff for farmers or ranchers when they decide to take better care of their soils,
Williams says.

In healthier soils, there is an abundance of mycorrhizal fungi that attach themselves to the roots of
plants, and they’re 6-10 times better than the roots at picking up micronutrients from the soil and
transferring them to the plant, he says. In turn, the plant roots produce food exudates to feed the fungi.

When left unabated, mycorrhizal fungi form a dense mat around the root zone and transfer nutrients
from one plant to another. “In highly functioning fields, these mycorrhizal mats can actually cover
thousands of acres,” he says.

Soil organic matter has a monetary value, Williams says, noting published research that concludes
every percent of soil organic matter has $750 worth of nutrients in the soil. Building organic matter up
to 5% could increase that figure to $3,700 in nutrients.

Soil health has a direct link to keeping more water on fields and pastures, but it doesn’t seem many
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 farmers or ranchers are making the connection. Williams has found water infiltration rates of less than
½-inch per hour, even in fields in Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, Illinois and Indiana thought to have
deep, dark soils.

Earlier this year, as Williams was working with farmers in the Mississippi Delta with better soils, he
couldn’t find a single farm that had a water filtration rate greater than 1 inch per hour, and he found
hardpans as shallow as 6 inches deep.

“If you build your water infiltration rates through building soil microbial population, through
increasing and always having roots in the ground, and having cover on top of the ground, then not
only do you get to keep the rainfall that falls on your farm or ranch, but you get to get your neighbors’
too,” he says.

Grazing Changes
Williams is a proponent of integrating livestock and cover crops in various ways to increase soil
biological health and help growers keep more moisture and nutrients on their farm.

He typically spends his time early on measuring soil-water infiltration rates and gathering other
baseline data so improvements can be tracked.

The grazing systems he advises look like this:

• Bale Grazing. This is a practice implemented through the winter months that involves setting
out bales prior to winter in a checkerboard fashion, about 30 feet apart. Cattle traffic is controlled
through a single strand of electrified poly wire.
Residue is left behind in the fields as the animals dismantle and feed on the bales. While many
colleagues think that’s a waste of hay, Williams disagrees. “I’m doing a lot more than just feeding cows.
I’m feeding my soil and I’m building soil,” he says.

Williams has tried this system in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, the Dakotas
and Canada, and found bale grazing can add 0.5%- 0.75% more organic matter in a field in a single
winter.

“It also makes it very, very easy to feed your cattle. We’re doing it through the winter instead of
cranking up a tractor and hauling hay out to cattle,” he says. “We’re just simply moving a poly wire and
letting the cattle eat the hay and harvest it themselves.”

• Winter Stockpile Grazing. Williams says this involves stockpiling everything from perennial
forages to warm-season and cool-season plants for winter grazing.

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 While most farmers might think there isn’t much value with those stockpiled plants, Williams says past
samples from those stockpiles showed 65% total digestible nutrients and relative forage quality of 179,
indicating high-quality feed.

“And we’re not having to do anything except control their access to it through a single strand of poly
wire,” he says. “That makes it a very simple way to be able to move the cattle through in a higher
density matter through the winter months, as well as to apply that manure and urine in a very even
distribution during that time period. Then it’s sitting there ready and prepped to fertilize that soil
when the temperatures start warming up, the snow melts, the ground warms up and everything starts
growing again.”

• Adaptive High-Stock Density Grazing. This is a system allowing for flexibility in grazing
methodology based on weather and field conditions, rather than locking fields into a rigid system
that never changes.
Williams says early support for this system grew due to research by Teague, who says short-term
grazing on multiple paddocks can carry many more animals, have more forage than their neighbors
and have excellent wildlife habitat.

They also achieve high levels of animal performance per acre while equaling the vegetation
composition, soil cover, soil carbon, soil health and infiltration rates measured on ranches under light
continuous grazing.

In contrast, Teague has said, ranches managed under higher stocking rates with continuous
grazing had a higher degree of soil compaction, more bare ground, lower soil carbon, poorer grass
composition, more weeds and lower forage production than those under multi-paddock management
at high stocking rates, or the continuous grazing at low stocking rates.

On one farm in western Texas that Teague studied, cows were allowed to continuously graze for a long
time on whatever part of the farm they chose, Williams says.

By tracking the GPS-collared cows, he found only 39% of the area of the ranch was even used by the
cows throughout that year, as they congregated where the lush forage was typically growing. It took the
farmer 21 acres per cow/calf unit to maintain them, William notes.

After that, the ranch was subdivided with temporary fencing, the rancher strategically placed water
across the ranch and started grazing with higher stock densities, with a shorter grazing duration and
longer rest periods. This helped the rancher reduce fencing costs and also cut the cow-calf unit from 21
acres to 9.

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 Leave Something Behind
One hallmark of adaptive grazing is the power of observation, and that comes into play in knowing
how long to let animals feed and paying attention to weather cycles.

When grazing with soil health in mind, Williams says it’s crucial to think about not only what plant
material is left above the ground, but what root mass remains below ground that will benefit soil
microbial populations, plant recovery and forage biomass production.

“You can go up to 50% plant leaf removal with a single grazing and only have 2-4% root growth
stoppage. But if you make another 10% jump, you remove an additional 10% of leaf material and you’re
up to 50% root growth stoppage,” he says. “And if you get up in the 70-80% leaf removal area, then you
get up to 100% root growth stoppage.”

Weather patterns also seem to be getting more fickle. Williams says many ranchers in his area of
northeast Mississippi are getting into trouble in August and September and feeding supplemental hay
because they haven’t accounted for changes in weather patterns in the last 10 years.

Williams says in his state, winter months tend to be very wet and the dry season takes over in early
summer, with very little rain falling. When plants start losing roots below the ground, they shorten up,
get stressed and don’t re-grow rapidly. Shrinking the root zone also affects microbial populations, he
says.

“Every decision we make has a cascading effect,” Williams explains. “If we graze the crop down too
tight, we stop root growth and have not only slowed down the time of plant recovery, but done a whole
host of other things that are very negative to our operations.”

Stay Flexible
Another tenant of adaptive high-stock density grazing is using a multitude of different stocking
densities throughout the year. Williams says it’s a mistake to ordain there will only be, for example,
200,000 pounds an acre in animals grazing year-round, and it’s better to adapt to the conditions and
the rancher’s objectives.

To get to higher stock densities of 250,000, 500,000 or even 1 million pounds an acre, the livestock
need to be moved more frequently. Some grazing experts he noted, such as Saskatchewan, Canada’s
Neil Dennis, are moving them 12 or more times a day, and while most farmers can’t do that year-
round, they could do it for a week to a field they’re targeting for rapid improvements.

“And then you can relax again and do just once-a-day moves. So there’s all different types of flexibility
that you can build into the system,” he says.
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 The Payoff
To illustrate how quickly adaptive grazing can change a field or pasture, Williams discussed a farm
his business partner purchased 5 years ago in the Black Belt Prairie of Mississippi, because it was
strategically located to another farm they were grazing. The land had been “absolutely used up” with
bare, exposed soil dominated by weed or brush species.

Even though it was in the region with the second best soil in the state, that farm had soil organic
matter levels of only 1.3%-1.6% across the farm, with water infiltration rates of less than half-inch per
hour. The brix score on the forage species existing was less than 2, and major forage species numbered
no more than 3-4.

After bale grazing the first winter due to a lack of available forage, adaptive grazing was implemented
the following spring and summer, using higher stock densities, shorter grazing durations and longer
rest periods.

“We didn’t put old, dry cows or yearling heifers on there. These were gestating, lactating cows that we
depended on to make some money,” Williams says.

They calved in April and May and fed on ironweed, giant ragweed, sumac, pigweed and other plants
that, much to Williams’ surprise, turned out to have favorable brix scores due to the plants being deep
rooted.

With no tillage or chemical treatments in between, forage species were added to the program through
tapping the latent seed bank, and they began to out-compete the weeds.

After 4 years, soil organic matter on that farm has improved to about 5.2%, forage species increased
to 43, including natives, plant brix averaged 15-22%, water infiltration was at 8-10 inches per hour,
and stocking rates decreased from one animal unit per 6 acres to 1 per 1.5 acres.

“Those 43 species were all the result of the latent seed bank, using the cattle to tap into the latent
seed bank,” Williams says. “And on top of that, we’ve seen a significant increase in earthworm,
soil-level insects, pollinators and wildlife. We’ve also been measuring an increase in soil microbial
populations.”

Williams feels this system also has its advantages in terms of “trading labor for labor.

“If I wasn’t doing this, I’d have my butt seated on a tractor cutting, raking, baling hay and then
feeding hay back in the wintertime. You’re not adding any time. And this allows you to be more
highly observant and pay attention to the cattle, the plants and the soil.”

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 Building Carbon
Increasing soil carbon is a key strategy toward building healthier no-till soils. To that end, Williams
has been working with “Team Soil Carbon” — a consortium of soil scientists and experts — to examine
how beef systems can help restore ecosystems and capture and store more carbon in the soil.

Last fall, they examined three operations — the farm Williams had just converted to adaptive grazing
and two neighboring farms that had high- or low-level conventional grazing management for three or
more decades. All had the same soil types.

At random locations on each farm, they dug 3-foot-deep soil pits and took soil samples at every 6-inch
gradient for root growth and structure, soil biological activity, texture and aggregation, as well as total
soil carbon.

They found Williams’ farm with adaptive grazing had, in the top 6 inches, 4.67% total soil carbon in
horizon 1, compared to 1.64% for the high-level conventional farm — where animals were moved
every 2 weeks — and 1.36% for the low-level farm where animals were allowed to roam at large on the
ranch year round. The trend continued in the lower depths.

Soil organic matter for Williams’ farm was 4.26% in horizon 1, higher than the 3.28% for the high-level
farm and 2.7% for the low-level farm. In addition, the researchers found Williams’ “carbon assessment
per acre,” or carbon sequestration, was 188.13 tons per acre vs. 105 tons for the high-level farm and 81
tons for the low-level farm.

“That’s significantly higher carbon sequestration rates compared to the slow rotation and the
continuous grazing,” Williams says. “That’s pretty staggering, when you see what that’s all about.”

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 8 Answers to Common
Questions About Grazing Cover Crops
By Jerry Lindquist, Michigan State University Extension Grazing Educator

A nnual cover crop mixtures can make very nutritious and economical grazing crops for spring,
summer, fall and early winter grazing in Michigan. Fall grazing is especially beneficial as it fills
the gap as pasture grasses become dormant. Mixes of four or more plant species all planted together at
the same time and same depth at a seeding rate total of 28-40 pounds per acre can be economical and
nutritious for fall grazing livestock and are especially good for finishing grass-fed beef cattle.

These same mixes also tend to be soil improvers, suppressing weed growth and mining nutrients from
deep down in the subsoil and bringing them to the soil surface. With their aggressive growth, they
also tend to increase soil organic matter both from the grazing animal’s manure and from the decaying
plant’s leaves, stems and roots. Below are answers by Michigan State University Extension staff to
common questions on the grazing of fall cover crops:

Where do fall cover crops for grazing work best in Michigan?

Following a wheat harvest, oat harvest or an idled field, you usually need 70-120 days of growth before
temperatures drop into the low 20s. Thus, plantings made from late July to mid August turn out the best.

What to plant for grazing?

To provide a healthy, nutritious blend, consider a balanced mixture of brassicas, small grains, legumes
and cool-season grasses.

Is weed control necessary before planting?

If rotating from a sod crop like hay or pasture, usually it is. But if seeding within 10 days of combining
wheat or oats, usually it is not. The volunteer wheat or oat seed that was lost on the ground from the
previous crop harvest can actually become part of the new seeding mix.

Can I plant an annual cover crop on the same field each year?

The risk of insect and disease pressure will increase if the same plants are seeded on the same sites
annually.

Is it wrong to plant over 40 pounds of seed per acre?

It depends. With multispecies mixes of four or more varieties for grazing that can be no-tilled into

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 wheat and oat stubble, we have found 40 pounds of seed per acre to be enough (remember there will
be volunteer small grain growth as well). Higher planting rates cause crowding, competition, disease
and lower plant growth, making the stand less efficient. If planting simple two or three way mixes into
fields will not provide volunteer small grains, higher seeding rates up to or over 70 pounds per acre
may be advisable.

Is fertilizer needed?

Following soil test recommendations is always advised. Usually manure or 50-60 pounds of nitrogen
(N) per acre is a minimum requirement. The non-legume plants really respond to N.

Is livestock death loss a risk?

Yes. Bloat, nitrate toxicity and others are a possibility. Turning livestock in on full stomachs and
providing access to a round bale of hay is good insurance to prevent these. Having oats and other
grasses in the mix also reduces the risk of bloat. When these precautions are followed the risks are low.

Do grazing livestock damage the soil?

Any time fields are grazed while wet, soil compaction can be a result, especially on heavier ground.
Late fall and early winter grazing is often done in wet soil conditions, and some compaction will result.
Thus, the best site locations are on lighter, well-drained soils. But research studies have shown that if
management pulls the grazing animals out during times of excess moisture, the benefits of fall grazing
will out-weigh the compaction issue. Soil fertility and crop yields often improve after cover crop
grazing.

Plant Species
Here is some insight on the plant species to consider for cool-season mixes seeded before Aug. 15 for
grazing after Nov. 1 in Michigan.

Oats: Seed 6-12 pounds in mixes. Great for fall grazing, will stay green into December and will die out
in January. May start producing seed within 65 days of planting, which may be a concern if producing
grass-fed beef.

Wheat, Rye or Triticale: Seed 6-12 pounds per acre in mixes. Less fall growth than oats but will
survive the winter and provide substantial spring growth. Be aware of crop insurance spring-time
termination guidelines for cover crops to be eligible for insurance on the following year’s cash crop.

Annual Ryegrass: Seed 6-10 pounds per acre in mixes. Short-lived (1-2 years depending upon
variety), highly nutritious grass that establishes fast in the fall and will survive most winters providing

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 more growth in spring. Can become a serious weed in fields rotated to grains the next year if proper
herbicide timing is not followed.

Turnip: Seed 2-3 pounds per acre in mixes. Need 60-90 days to mature. Leaves, stem and bulb are
highly nutritious. Hold their feed quality well after a killing frost and are cold tolerant to 20 F but
eventually will winterkill. Some will just produce an edible leaf and stem but no tuber. Some will re-
grow after grazing.

Rape: Seed 2-4 pounds per acre in mixes. Need 45-100 days to mature. Most can be re-grazed.
Produces a highly-nutritious, edible leaf and stem but no tuber. Some are cold tolerant to -5 F.

Radish: Seed 1-2 pounds per acre in mixes. Need 70-85 days to mature. Vigorous fall growth of highly
nutritious leaf and tuber that livestock like and do well on. Holds nutrient value well after killing frost.
Taproot hairs can penetrate compacted soil hardpans and mine nutrients from the subsoil.

Red Clover: Seed 2-4 pounds per acre in mixes. Will provide some fall growth but will be more
productive the next spring for spring grazing. Can last for 2-3 years, so if rotation crops are planned
the next summer, termination options have to be factored in. When given the chance to mature, will
produce residual soil N that can benefit future N-loving crops.

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 Study Shows No Damage
to Soils from Cover Crop Grazing
Source: USDA

A USDA scientist in North Carolina has found a way to encourage more growers to use cover crops
in the Southeastern U.S. — allow cattle to graze on them.

Cover crops reduce soil erosion, boost organic matter, keep more moisture in soil and sequester carbon
in the soil so less of it is released as a greenhouse gas.

Conventional wisdom holds that if cattle were allowed to graze on cover crops they would eat up and
remove the nitrogen (N) and carbon otherwise left on the soil in the cover crop plant residue. Allowing
cattle to tread on the soil also could compact it, preventing air and water from passing through the soil
to reach plant roots.

Alan Franzluebbers, an ecologist with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Plant Science Research
Unit in Raleigh, conducted a 7-year study to see if grazing on cover crops affects the health of soils
typical in the Piedmont region.

Franzluebbers and his colleagues grew winter or summer grains and used cover crops for both in the
off-season. They also compared no-till versus tilling, and grazing versus no grazing. Cow/calf pairs
were allowed to graze at a rate of one pair per 4 acres.

The researchers took periodic samples of the surface foot of soil. The study was the first in the region to
analyze the practices for such an extensive period.

The results showed that the relatively low-level of grazing did not significantly affect the amount of
organic matter in soil and did not compact the soil. They also showed that cover crops provided high
quality forage and that the organic matter lost by allowing cattle to graze on cover crops was likely
made up in the organic material supplied as manure. As in previous studies, they also found that no-
till soils generally contained more carbon and N than conventional till soils.

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