SECTION 0.1 Ses 3 SS EXAMPLE [il Sets A set is a well-defined collection of objects. We may talk about a set of books, a set of, dishes, a set of students, or a set of individuals with a certain blood type. There are two ‘ways to tell what a given set contains, One way is by listing the elements (or members) of, the set (usually between braces). We may say that a set A contains 1,2, 3, and 4 by writing A= (1,2,3, 4). To say that 4 is a member of set A, we write 4 € A. Similarly, we write 5 @ A to denote that 5 is nota member of set A. If all the members of the set can be listed, the set is said to be a finite set. A~(1,2,3,4) and B = (x,y 2} are examples of finite sets. When we do not wish to list all, the elements ofa finite set, we can use three dots to indicate the unlisted members ofthe set. For example, the set of even integers from 8 to 8952, inclusive, could be writen as {8, 10,12, 14,..., 8952}, For an infinite set, we cannot list all the elements, so we use the three dots. For example, N= {1,2,3,4,...} isan infinite set. This set Nis called the set of natural numbers. Another way to specify the elements ofa given set is by description. For example, we may write D = (x: xis a Ford automobile} to describe the set ofall Ford automobiles. Fur thermore, F = {y: yis an odd natural number} i read "Fis the set of ally such that y is an odd natural number” Describing Sets ‘ite the fllowing sets in two ways (a) The set A of natural numbers less than 6 () The set B of natural numbers greater than 10 (0) The set Ccontaining only 3 Solution (@) A= (1,2,3.4,5} ord = (x xis a natural number less than 6} (6) B= (141, 12,13,14,...)or B= (x xis a natural number greater than 10) (©) C=()orC=fex=3)} . Note that set C of Example I contains one member, 3: set A contains five members: and set B contains an infinite number of members. Itis possible fora set to contain no members. Sach a set is called the empty set or the mull set, and itis denoted by or by {}. The set of living veterans of the War of 1812 is empty because there are no living veterans of that war, Thus {x-xis living veteran of the War of 1812} = @ Special relations that may exist between two sets are defined as follows (ered Definition Exam 1. Sets X and Y are equal if they contain the 1, IEX=(0,2,3,4}and ¥ = (4, 3,2, 1) then X= ¥, same elements 2. Aiscalleda subset of B, whichis written ACBif 2. A= (1,2,c,fJandB=(1,2,3,a.b.6f),then every element of A isan element of B. The empty set ACB.Also, OCA, BCBACA and BCB, isa subset of every set Each set A isa subset of itself 3. If Cand D have no elements in common, they are 3. IfC=(1,2,a, bj and D = (3,6, 5, then Cand D called disjoint. are disjoint4 CHAPTERO Algebraic Concepts Jn the discussion of particular sets, the assumption is always made that the sets under discussion are all subsets of some larger set, called the universal set U. The choice of the universal et depends on the problem under consideration, For example, in discussing the sot ofall students and the set ofall female students, we may use the set of all humans as the universal set. ‘We may use Venn diagrams to illustrate the relationships among sets, We use a rectan gle to represent the universal st, and we use closed figures inside the rectangle to represent the sets under consideration. Figures 0.1-0.3 show such Venn diagrams. v v vu : @) Figure 01 Figure 02 Figure 03 Bisadbetof ABCA. Mand Nate disjoint and Yar nt dint. Set Operations The shaded portion of Figure 0.3 indicates where the two sets overlap. The set containing the members that are common to two sets is said to be the intersection of the two sets, Set Intersection EXAMPLE [| CHECKPOINT ‘The intersection of A and B, written AB, is defined by ANB={xx€Aandx€B} Set Intersection (a) A= (2,3,4, 5} and B= (3,5, 7,9, 11), find ANB. (b) Which of A, B, and ANB isa subset of A? setter GO (a) AMB= (3,5) because 3 and 5 are the common. clements of A and B. Figure 0.4 shows the sets Figureoa (0) ANB and Aare subsets of A " Let A = (2, 3,5,7, 11), B= (2,4, 6,8, 10}, and C = (6, 10, 14, 18, 22}. Use these sets to answer the following, 1, (a) Of which setsis 6 an element? (b) Of which sets is (6) an element? 2. Which of the following are true? @ 264 @) 268 ( 26c (@ s€4 © 5@B 3. Which pair of A, B, and Cis disjoint?SECTION 01 Sets 5 4. Which of 2, A, B, and Care subsets of (a) the set P of all prime numbers? (b) the set M ofall multiples of 2? 5. Which of A, B, and Cis equal to D = (x: x = 4+ 2 for natural numbers 1 = n= 5)? ‘The union of two sets isthe set that contains all members of the two sets, Set Union [MJ The union of A and B, written A U B, is defined by AUB= (x:x€ Aorx€ B(orboth)}* ‘We can illustrate the intersection and union of two sets by the use of Venn diagrams, Figures 0.5 and 0.6 show Venn diagrams with universal set U represented by the rectangles and with sets A and B represented by the circles. The shaded region in Figure 0.5 represents ANB, the intersection of A and B, and the shaded region in Figure 0.6—which consists of all parts of both circles—represents A UB u u Figures Figure os EXAMPLE [BJ] Set Union EX=(a.5.6,fland Y= fe fia 6} find XU ¥. Solution XUY= (a boast . EXAMPLE [Ml] Set Intersection and Union Let A = (x: xis a natural number less than 6) and B = (1, 3,5,7,9, 11), (a) Find ANB, (b) Find AUB. Solution (@) ANB= (0,35) (b) AUB=(1,2,3,4.5,7,9, 0} . ‘All clements of the universal set that are not contained in a set A form a set called the complement of A, Set Complement [MM The complement of A, written 4’ is defined by Als (ex € Vande ¢ A} ‘We can use a Venn diagram to illustrate the complement ofa set. The shaded region of Figure 0.7 represents A’, and the unshaded region of Figure 0.5 represents (AB)' ‘tn uaheratcs, the word or means “one othe ether or bath?6 CHAPTERO Algebraic Concepts Figure 07 EXAMPLE [BI CHECKPOINT Operations with Sets i @) a’ ) 8 ( (ansy @ aus {e€ Nix <10),A=(1, 3, 6},and B= (1, 6,8, 9} find the following Solution (a) U=(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) 504" = (2,4,5,7,8,9) (b) B= (2,3,4,5,7} () ANB = (1, 6}s0(AMBY' = (2,3.4,5,7,8.9} (a) AUB = (2,4,5,7,8,9}U 23,45.) = 2,3.4.5,7,89) . Given the sets U = (1, 2, 3.4, 5,6, 7,8, 9, 10}, A = (1, 3,5. 7, 9}, B= (23,5, 7), and C= (4,5, 6,7, 8,9, 10} find the following, 6. AUB 7 BNC 8a EXAMPLE [Bl Stocks ‘Many local newspapers list “stocks of local interest” Suppose that on a certain day, a pro. spective investor categorized 23 stocks according to whether + their closing price on the previous day was less than $50/shace (set ©) + their price-toearings ratio was les than 20 (set P) + their dividend per share was atleast $1.50 (set D), Of these 23 stocks, 16 belonged to set P 10 belonged to both Cand P 12 belonged to set C 7 belonged to both D and P 8 belonged to set D 2 belonged to all three sets. 3 belonged to both Cand D Draw a Venn diagram that represents this information. Use the diagram to answer the following, (a) How many stocks had closing prices of less than $50 per share or price-to-earnings ratios of less than 20? (b) How many stocks had none of the characteristics of set C, B or D? (6) How many stocks had only dividends per share of at least $1.50? Solution ‘The Venn diagram for three sets has eight separate regions (see Figure 0.8(a) on the next page). To assign numbers from our data, we must begin with some information that refersFigureos CHECKPOINT SOLUTIONS SECTION 01 Ses 7 to a single region, namely that two stocks belonged to all three sets (see Figure 0.8(b)). Because the region common to all three sets is also common to any pais, we can next use the information about stocks that belonged to two of the sets (see Figure 0.8(¢)). Finally, we can complete the Venn diagram (see Figure 0.8(d)) (a). Wenced to add the nembers in the separate regions that ie within © UP. That is, 18 stocks closed under $50 per share or had price-to-earnings ratios of less than 20. (b) There are 5 stocks outside the three sets GD, and P (6). Those stocks that had only dividends of at least $1.50 per share are inside D but out side both C and P There are no such stocks 7 > ° . ~ ° S @ o . ~ o (*) (2 © @ 1. (a) Sets Band Chave 6 as an clement. (b) None of A. B, or Chas (6) as an clement; (6) isitselfa set, and the elements of A, Band Care not ses. 2. (a) True (b) True (©) Falses2 € 6 (A) False: € A (©) True Aand Care disjoint (@) DCPandAcP ) SCMBCM.CCM c=D AUB anc a {1,2,3,5.7,9) {5,7} (2,4,6,8, 10}8 CHAPTERO Algebraic Concepts | EXERCISES | [02s Use E or ¢ to indicate whether the given objectis an ele- ment of the given set in the following problems. 112 (1,234...) 2.5. {exisanatural number greater than 5} 3. 6 {xx isa natural number less than 6} a3 w In Problems 5-8, write the following sets a second way. 5. (x-xisa natural number less than 8) 6, {x:xis anatural number greater than 6, less than 10) 7. B.4,5,6.7) 8. (7,8,9,10,...) In Problems 9 and 10, which of ZA, and B are subsets of BY 9. A=(1,2,3,4)and B= (1,2,3,4,5,6) 10. A= {a,b,c d}andB={c.d.a, BY 1. sAC BitA= {a,b,c dhand B= (a, bd? 12, IsAC Bi A = {6,8, 10, 12} and B = (6, 8, 10, 14, 18}? ‘Use C notation to indicate which set isa subset of the other in Problems 13-16. 13, C= (a,b 1,2,3) and D = (a, 1} 4, B= (xy 0b) F= (x bay 62) 15, A= (68,74), B= {8.7.6.4} 16, D= (He 13,0 F= (6061.3) In Problems 17-20, indicate whether the following pairs of sets are equal. 17, A= {a,b t, V3),B = (a, 7, V3.6} 18, A={xg.a0,D={naby) 19, D = (x: xisa natural number less than 4}, F= (1,234) 20, F= (x xis natural namber greater than 6}, G= 17.8.9...) 21, From the following list of sets, indicate which pairs of sets are disjoint A= (423.4) (x: isa natural number greater than 4) (4,5, 6.) 22, ILA and B are disjoint sets, what does AB equal? In Problems 23-26, find AMB, the intersection of sets A and B 23. A= (2,3,4,5,6) and a,b cd, e}and B 25, A=@andB= (x y,a.b) (x xis a natural number less than 4) and B= (3,4,5,6) 4, 6,8, 10, 12) (ade. f.g,h) In Problems 27-30, find AUB, the union of sets A and B. 27. A= (1,2,4,5) and B= (2, 3,4,5} {a.¢ 0, u)and B= (abe d} 29. A= Gand B= (1,2,3,4) 30, A™~ (x:xisa natural number greater than 5) and B ~ (x: xisa natural number less than 5} In Problems 31-42, assume that A= (1,3,5,87,2) B= (4,3,8, 10) C= (2,4, 6,8, 10) and that Uis the universal set of natural numbers less than 11, Find the following. 31. Al 32. BY 33. ANB’ 34. AN BE 35. (AUB)’ 36. (ANB) 37. A’UBT 38. (A'UB)" 39. (ANB')UC 40, AN (BUC) aL (ANB'NC 42. AN (BUC) ‘The difference of two sets, A ~ B, is defined as the set containing all elements of A except those in B. Thats, A— B= ANB’ Find A — B for each pair of sets in Problems 43-46 if U = (1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8,9}. 43. A= (1,3,7,9) and B = (3,5,8,9) 44 A= (1,2,3,6,9) and B = (1, 4,5,6,7) 45. A= (2,1, 5pand B= (1,2.3,4,5,6) 46. 2,2,3, 4,5) and B= (7,8,9} A=( A= APPLICATIONS 47. Dow Jones Industrial Average The following table shows information about yearly lows, highs, and per- centage changes for the years 2000 to 2009, Let L be the set of years where the low was greater than 8000. Let be the set of years where the high was greater than 11,000, Let C'be the years when the percentage change (kom low to high) exceeded 35% (a) List the elements of f, H, and C. (b) Isany of L, H, or Ca subset of one of the athers (besides itself? (©). Write a verbal description of (@) Find H'UC' and deseribe it in words (©) Find L’ 1 C and describe it in wordsDow Jones Industrial Average Year Low High 9% Change 2009 6547.05 10,092.19 541 2008 755229 13,056.72 n9 2007 12,050.41 14,164.53 Ws 2006 10,667.39 1251057 73 2005 10,012.36 10940.50 93 2004 9749.99 1085454 n3 2003 7524.06 10,453.92 389 2002 © 7286.27 10,635.65 46.0 2001 8235.94 11,332.92 376 2000 9796.03 11,722.98 197 Source:Dov Jones & Company 2010 48, Job growth The number of jobs in 2000, the number projected in 2025, and the projected annual growth rate {or jobs in some cities are shown in the following table Consider the following sets. A= setof cities with a leat 2,000,000 jobs in 2000 or in 2025 B= set of cities with at least 1,500,000 jobs in 2000 C= set of cities with projected annual growth rate of at least 2.5% (@) List A, Band C (using the letters to represent the cities). (©) Isany of A, B or Ca subset ofthe other? (©) Find AC and describe the set in words (€) Givea verbal description off Projected Jobs Annual Jobsin 2000 in 2025 Rates of Cities (thousands) (thousands) Increase (%%) 0 (Orlando) 1098 2207 2.83 M(Myrtle Beach) 133 256 2.64 (atlanta) 215 4393 238 P (Phoenix) 1953 3675 256 B (Boulder) 233 420 238 Source: NPA Data Service. National health care Suppose that the following table summarizes the opinions of various groups on the issue of national health care. Use this table for Problems 49 and 50, Whites Nonwhites Opinion Rep. Dem. Rep, Dem. ‘Total Favor 00 © 25030200580 Oppose 25015010 10 420 Total 350 400 «40 «2101000 49, SECTION 01 Ses 9 entify the number of individuals in each of the follow- ing sets, (a) Republicans and those who favor national health, (b) Republicans or those who favor national health (©) White Republicans or those who oppose national health care Wentfy the number of individuals in each ofthe fol- lowing sets (a) Whites and those who oppose national health care (b) Whites or those who oppose national health care (6) Nonwhite Democrats and those who favor national health care Languages A survey of 100 aides at the United Nations revealed that 65 could speak English, 60 could speak French, and 40 could speak both English and French. (a) Draw a Venn diagram representing the 100 aides, ‘Use Eto represent English-speaking aides and F to represent French-speaking aides (b) How many aides are in EF? (©) How many aides are in EUF? (@) How many aides are in EOP? Advertising Suppose that a survey of 100 advertisers in US. News, These Times, and World found the following advertised in all three 30 advertised in These Times and US. News 26 advertised in World and US. News 27 advertised in World and These Times 60 advertised in These Times 52 advertised in US. News 50 advertised in World Draw a Venn diagram representing this information and use it to answer the following. (a) How many advertised in none of these publications? (b) How many advertised only in These Timest (6) How many advertised in US. News or These Timest College enrollments Records at a small college show the following about the enrollments of 100 first-year students in mathematics, fine arts, and economics. 38 take math, 42 take fine arts 20 take economict 4 take economics and fine arts 15 take math and economics 9 take math and fine arts 12 take math and economics but not fine arts Draw a Venn diagram representing this information and label all the areas, Use this diagram to answer the following, (a) How many take none of these three courses? (b) How many take math or economics? (©) How many take exactly one of these three courses?