Robles, Arne N.

PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno

1. Write your own Philosophy as a would-be teacher.

a. As a future teacher and based on the discussion about the types of philosophies, I think I
will be an Essentialist with more of a Progressivist. I want to promote intellectual growth
of learners to become competent but integrating it with a two-way communication
between the teacher and the learners. I want to lead the student’s way in lifelong
learning. Based on my own experience, I easily learn when I’m experiencing it firsthand.
So, I also want my students to learn from direct experiences. I’m sticking to John
Dewey’s “An Ounce of experience is better than a ton of theory”.

2. Make a summary if the lessons discussed for the day.

Foundations of curriculum development

1. Philosophical foundations

--answers what schools are for, what subjects are important, how students should learn and
what materials and methods to be used.

-educators, teachers, educational planners and policy makers must have a philosophy or strong
belief about education adn schooling and

the kind of curriculum in the teacher's classrooms of learning environment.

The various activities in school are influenced in one way or another by a philosophy.

-John Dewey influenced the use of "learning by doing".

*4 types of philosphies in education presented by Ornstein and Hunkins in 2004

A. Perennialism

when you teach, and when there's learning; the learning should be lasting.

Socratic method: when you are asked a question then keep on asking questions while you are
standing.

the focus of the teachers is mastery.

-aim: to educate the rational person: cultivate intellect

Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno
-Role: teachers assist students to think with reason (critical thinking HOTS)

-Focus: Classical subjects, lilteraly analysis, curriculum is enduring.

-Trends: Use of great boks (bible,koran, classics) and liberal arts

B. Essentialism

similar to realism and idealism. share common understanding'

-Aim: to promote intellectual growth of learners to become competent

-Role: Teachers are sole authorities in the subject area

-Focus: essential skills of the 3R's: essential subject

-Trends: back to basics, excellence in education, cultural literacy

C. Progressivism

this is more on John Dewey. the communication is two way.

-Aim: Promote democratic social living

-Role: Teacher leads for growth and development of lifelong learners

-Focus: Interdisciplinary subjects. Learner-centered. outcomes-based

-Trends: Equal opportunities for all, contextualized curriculum, humanistic education.

D. Reconstructionism

allows you to think of the society in a larger scale.

-Aim: to improve and reconstruct society, Education for change

-Role: Teacher acts as agent of change and reforms

-Focus: Present and future educational landscape

-Trends: School and curricular reform, global education, collaboration and converges, standards
and competencies

2. Historical Foundations

-implies that curriculum is ever changing putting in knowledge and content rom any fields of
discipline.

where is curricullum development coming from? the historical foundations will show to us the
chronological development along a time line.

reading materials would tell us that the curriculum development started when Franklin Bobbit
(1876-1956) wrote the book "The Curriculum".
Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno

1. Franklin Bobbit(1876-1956)

-Curriculum prepares learners in adult life

2. Werret Chartes(1875-1952)

- belives the curriculum is science and emphasizes students needs.

3. William Kilpatrick (1875-1952)

-curricula are purposeful activities whice are child-centered

-the purpose of the curriculum is child development and growth.

4. Harold Rugg (1886-1960)

-curriculum should develop the whole child. it is child centerd.

-with the statement of objectives and related learning activities; curriculm should
produce outcomes.

5. Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)

-curriculum is organized around social functions of themes, organized knowledge and

learner's interest.

6. Ralph Tyler (1902-1994)

-curriculum is science and an extension of school's philosophy. it is based on student's

needs and interest.

7. Hilda Taba (1902-1967)

-she contributed to the theoritical and pedagogical foundations of concepts

development and critical thinking in social

sstudies curriculum.

8. Peter Oliva (1992-2012)

-he described how curriculum change is a cooperative endeavor.

3. Psychological Foundations

-provides a basis for the teaching and learning process and will help curriculum makers in
nurturing a more advanced,

more commprehensive and complete human learning.

Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno
*3 groups of psychological foundations

1. Behaviorism Psychology - it focusing on the observable event in the teaching and learning
process.

1.Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

-he is the father of the classical conditioning theory, the S-R theory

-the key to learning is early years of life to train them what you want them to become.

-S-R theory is a foundation of learning practice called indoctrination.

-operant conditioning -there learner who learn better if they are rewarded or punished.

2. Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

-he championed the connectionism theory

-he proposed the 3 laws of learning

1. Law of readiness

2.. Law of exercise

3. Law of effect

-specific stimulus has specific response

3. Robert Gagne (1916-2002)

-he proposed the Hierarchy Learning Theory. learning follows a hierarchy

-he introduced tasking in the formulation of objectives.

2. Cognitive Psychology - is more of congnition/mind. how does our mind think?

1. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

-Theories of Jean Piaget - cognitive development

2. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)

-Cultural transmission and development: Children could, as a result of their interaction

with society, actually perform

certain cognitive actions prior to arriving at developmental stage.

Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno
-learning precedes development. the child is an active agent in his or her educational
process.

-sociocultural development theory.

3. Howard Gardner

-Gardner's multiple intelligences

-human have several different ways of processing information and these ways
are relatively

independent of one another.

-there are 8 intelligences

1. linguistic - person’s ability to express his ideas using his mouth or gesture of
hands. ex. speakers

2. logico-mathematical - excels in mathematics ex. engineers, accountants

3. musical - singers/composers. those who can play instruments

4. spatial - ability to foresee. ex. arts, billiard players

5. bodily/kinesthetic - boxers, ballerina, ex. manny pacquiao

6. interpersonal - friends of all. friendly in nature. extrovert

7. intrapersonal - introvert. likes to be alone. I can survive on my own.

8. naturalistic - sense of nature, green thumb

4. Daniel Goleman

- emotion contains the power to affect action.

-he called this Emotional Quotient. EQ

with IQ you can become a principal, with EQ you can become a superintendent

3. Humanistic Psychology -

1. Gestalt

-Gestalt theory - learning is explained in terms of "wholeness" of the problem.

Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno
- human beings do not respond to isolated stimuli but to an organization or pattern of
stimuli.

2. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

-he advances the self-actualization theory and classic theory of human needs.

-a child whose basic needs are not met will not be interested in acquiring knowledge of
the world.

-he put importance to human emotions based on love and trust.

3. Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

-Nondirective and Therapeutic Learning

-He established counseling procedures and methods for facilitating learning.

4. Sociological Foundations

1.Schools and Society

-Society as a source of change

-Schools as agents of change

-Knowledge as an agent of change

2. John Dewey (1859-1952)

-considered 2 fundamental elements - schools and civil society - to be major topics needing
attention and reconstruction

to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality.

3. Alvin Toffer

-wrote the book Future Shock

-believed that knowledge should prepare students for the future

-suggested that in the future, parents might give the resources to teach prescribed curriculum
from home as a result of technology,

not in spite of it (home schooling)

Robles, Arne N.
PTCP – BOCOBO
Prof. Ed 11
Dr. Felix J. Ladeno

In summary, the foundation upon which curriculum is based are educational philosophies, historical
developments, psychological explanations

societal influences. All of these foundations are interrelated to each.