MATCHING THE TOPIC TO

Statistics and Probability 507

THE CURRICULUM
Strand: Probability and Statistics
Sub-strand: Chance
9.2 Venn diagrams and two-way tables Description: Calculate relative
frequencies from given or collected
When the results of an experiment involve overlapping categories it can be very helpful to organise the data to estimate probabilities
information into a Venn diagram or two-way table. Probabilities can easily be calculated from these types
of events involving ‘and’ or ‘or’
of diagrams.
(ACMSP226)

Let’s start: Mac or PC LET’S START ACTIVITY

Twenty people were surveyed to find out whether or not they owned a Mac or PC computer at home. The • 8 + 15 is more than 20, so some
survey revealed that 8 people owned a Mac and 15 people owned a PC. All people surveyed owned at people must own both.
least one type of computer.
• Area A – own a Mac but
• Do you think some people owned both a Mac and PC? Discuss.
6
• Use these diagrams to help organise the number of people who own Macs and PCs. no PC so .
20
Venn diagram Two-way table Area B – own a Mac and
Mac PC Mac no Mac total a PC so 2 .
PC 20
no PC Area C – own a PC but no
total 13
Mac so .
20
• Use your diagrams to describe the proportion (fraction) of people owning Macs and/or PCs for all the Area D is the external area.
different areas in the diagrams. This represents the people who
have no Mac and no PC, in this
0
case .
20
Match these fractions up with
the numbers you entered into
the two-way table.

Survey data such as computer ownership can be helpfully displayed in Venn diagrams and two-way tables.

TEACHER NOTE: How to teach and reinforce Key Ideas

A good way to understand the diagrams is to have practice adding data to both types of diagram.
Students will begin to develop an appreciation of what type of data suits each diagram.

ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
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 ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY (Numeracy, literacy, critical and creative thinking)
1 Write a probability question about hobbies. Start with ‘20 people were surveyed about …’.
2 Decide whether it is better to use a Venn diagram or a two-way table to display the probabilities.
3 Write a sentence to describe each area in your diagram and its chance of happening.

508 Chapter 9 Probability and statistics

Key ideas
■■ A Venn diagram and a two-way table help to organise outcomes into different categories.
This example shows the type of computers owned by 100 people.
Venn diagram Two-way table
Mac PC Mac no Mac total
PC 12 50 62
31 12 50
no PC 31 7 38
7 total 43 57 100

These diagrams show, for example:

• 12 people own both a Mac and a PC
• 62 people own a PC
• 57 people do not own a Mac
43
• Pr(Mac) =
100
31
• Pr(only Mac) =
100
93
• Pr(Mac or PC) =
100
12 3
• Pr(Mac and PC) = =
100 25

Example 3 using a Venn diagram

A survey of 30 people found that 21 like AFL and 12 like soccer. Also 7 people like both AFL and
soccer and 4 like neither AFL nor soccer.
a Construct a Venn diagram for the survey results.
b How many people:
i like AFL or soccer ii do not like soccer iii like only AFL?
c If one of the 30 people was randomly selected, find:
i Pr(like AFL and soccer)
ii Pr(like neither AFL nor soccer)
iii Pr(like only soccer)

S o Lu ti on E x P L A n At io n
a Place the appropriate number in each category
AFL Soccer
ensuring that:
14 7 5 • the total that like AFL is 21
4 • the total that like soccer is 12

508 ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Cambridge University Press
 Statistics and Probability 509

b i 26 The total number of people that like AFL, soccer or

both is 14 + 7 + 5 = 26.
ii 30 – 12 = 18 12 like soccer so 18 do not.
iii 14 21 like AFL but 7 of these also like soccer.
c i Pr(like AFL and soccer) 7 out of 30 people like AFL and soccer.
7
=
30

ii Pr(like neither AFL nor soccer) The 4 people who like neither AFL nor soccer sit
4 outside both categories.
=
30
2
=
15

iii Pr(like soccer only) 5 people like soccer but not AFL.
5
=
30
1
=
6

Example 4 using a two-way table

At a car yard, 24 cars are tested for fuel economy. Eighteen of the cars run on petrol, 8 cars run on gas
and 3 cars can run on both petrol and gas.
a Illustrate the situation using a two-way table.
b How many of the cars:
i do not run on gas? ii run on neither petrol nor gas?
c Find the probability that a randomly selected car:
i runs on gas ii runs on only gas iii runs on gas or petrol

So L u t io n E x P L A n At i o n
a Set up a table as shown and enter the numbers
Gas not gas total
(in black) from the given information.
Petrol 3 15 18 Fill in the remaining numbers (in red) ensuring that
not petrol 5 1 6 each column and row adds to the correct total.

total 8 16 24

b i 16 The total at the base of the ‘Not gas’ column is 16.

ii 1 The number at the intersection of the ‘Not gas’
column and the ‘Not petrol’ row is 1.

ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
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Digital resources
• Worked solutions

510 Chapter 9 Probability and statistics

8
c i Pr(gas) = 8 cars in total run on gas out of the 24 cars.
24
1
=
3
5
ii Pr(only gas) = Of the 8 cars that run on gas, 5 of them do not also
24
run on petrol.

15 + 5 + 3
iii Pr(gas or petrol) = Of the 24 cars, some run on petrol only (15), some
24
run on gas only (5) and some run on gas and
23
= petrol (3).
24

Exercise 9B

understanding
F 1 This Venn diagram shows the number of people who enjoy
Riding Running
Exercise 9B Answers riding and running.
1 a 26 a How many people in total are represented by this Venn 10 4 5
diagram?
b How many people enjoy: 7
b i 10 ii 14 i only riding ii riding (in total)
iii 5 iv 9 iii only running iv running (in total)
v4 vi 7 v both riding and running vi neither riding nor running
vii riding or running?
vii 19
c How many people do not enjoy:
c i 12 ii 17 i riding ii running?

FS 2 Match the diagrams A, B, C or D with the given description.

2 a B bD cA dC a S b S only c S and T d S or T

A S T B S T

C S T D S T

3 a A Not A Total FS 3 Fill in the missing numbers in these two-way tables.

B 7 8 15 a A not A total b A not A total
Not B 3 1 4 B 7 8 B 2 7
Total 10 9 19 not B 1 not B 4
total 10 total 20

b A Not A Total
B 2 5 7
Not B 9 4 13
Total 11 9 20

WORK PROGRAM
• Foundation: 1–10, 13
• Standard: 2–11, 13, 14
• Advanced: 4–8, 10, 12, 14–17

510 ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
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 Statistics and Probability 511

Fluency
Example 3 4 In a class of 30 students, 22 carried a phone and 9 carried an iPod. Three carried both a phone
and an iPod and 2 students carried neither.
FSA
a Represent the information using a Venn diagram. 4 a
Phone iPod
b How many people:
i carried a phone or an iPod (includes carrying both)
19 3 6
ii do not carry an iPod
iii carry only an iPod
2
c If one of the 30 people were selected at random, find the following probabilities.
i Pr(carry a phone and an iPod) b i 28 ii 21 iii 6
ii Pr(carry neither a phone nor an iPod) 1 1 19
c i ii iii
iii Pr(carry only a phone) 10 15 30
2 3
FSA 5 For each simple Venn diagram, find the following probabilities. You will need to calculate the 5 a i b i
total number in the sample first. 5 7
i Pr(A) ii Pr(A only) iii Pr(not B) 1 12
ii ii
iv Pr(A and B) v Pr(A or B) vi Pr(neither A nor B) 3 35
a A B b A B 7 13
iii iii
5 1 7 12 3 19 15 35
1 3
2 1 iv iv
15 35
6 From 50 desserts served at a restaurant one
13 34
Example 4 v v
evening, 25 were served with ice cream, 21 15 35
FSA 2 1
were served with cream and 5 were served with vi vi
both cream and ice cream. 15 35
a Illustrate the situation using a two-way 6 a Cream Not cream Total
table. Ice cream 5 20 25
b How many of the desserts: Not ice cream 16 9 25
i did not have cream
Total 21 29 50
ii had neither cream nor ice cream?
c Find the probability that a chosen dessert: b i 29 ii 9
i had cream 21 8 41
c i ii iii
ii had only cream 50 25 50
iii had cream or ice cream. 5 3 3
7 a i ii iii
FSA 7 Find the following probabilities using each of the given tables. First fill in the missing numbers. 8 8 8
i Pr(A) ii Pr(not A) iii Pr(A and B) 3 1 1
iv v vi
iv Pr(A or B) v Pr(B only) vi Pr(neither A nor B) 4 8 4

a A not A total b A not A total

17 9 11
b i ii iii
26 26 26
B 3 1 B 4 15
21 2 5
not B 2 4 not B 6 iv v vi
26 13 26
total total 26

ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
Cambridge University Press 511
 512 Chapter 9 Probability and statistics

Problem-solving
8 a A Not A Total FSA 8 For each two-way table, fill in the missing numbers then transfer the information to a Venn
B 2 6 8 diagram.
Not B 3 1 4
a A not A total b A not A total
Total 5 7 12
B 2 8 B 4
A B
not B not B 9 13
3 2 6
total 7 12 total 12

b A Not A Total A B A B
B 3 4 7 2 9
Not B 9 4 13
Total 12 8 20

A B FS 9 In a group of 10 people, 6 rented their house, 4 rented a car and 3 did not rent either a car or their
house.
9 3 4 a Draw a Venn diagram.
b How many people rented both a car and their house?
4 c Find the probability that one of them rented only a car.

9 a FSA 10 One hundred citizens were surveyed regarding their use of water for their garden. 23 said
Car House
that they use rain water, 48 said that they used tap water and 41 said that they did not
water at all.
1 3 3 a Represent this information in a two-way table.
b How many people used both rain and tap water?
3
c What is the probability that one of the people uses only tap water?
1 d What is the probability that one of the people uses tap water or rain water?
b 3 c
10 S 11 All members of a ski club enjoy
10 a either skiing and/or snowboarding.
Rain water No rain water Total Seven enjoy only snowboarding,
Tap water 12 36 48 16 enjoy skiing and 4 enjoy both
snowboarding and skiing. How
No tap water 11 41 52
many people are in the ski club?
Total 23 77 100
A 12 Of a group of 30 cats, 24 eat
9 59
b 12 c d tinned or dry food, 10 like dry
25 100 food and 5 like both tinned and
11 23 dry food. Find the probability that
a selected cat likes only tinned
7 food.
12
15

512 ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
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 Statistics and Probability 513

13 A B

Reasoning
FS 13 Complete the two-way table and transfer to a Venn diagram using the pronumerals w, x, y and z. z x y

A not A total w
A B
B x y
14 a T-x-y+z b T-x
not B z w c T-y d x-z
total e y-z f y-z
g T-x+z
SA 14 The total number of people in a survey is T. The number of males in the survey is x and the
number of doctors is y. The number of doctors that are males is z. Write algebraic expressions 15 A Not A Total
for the following using any of the variables x, y, z and T. B 0 12 12
a The number who are neither male nor a doctor.
Not B 11 -4 7
b The number who are not males.
c The number who are not doctors. Total 11 8 19
d The number who are male but not a doctor.
e The number who are a doctor but not male . Filling in table so totals add up requires a
f The number who are female and a doctor. negative number– impossible!
g The number who are female or a doctor. 16 4
17 a i A B
A 15 Explain what is wrong with this two-way table. A not A total
Try to complete it to find out. B 12
not B 7
10 2 8

A 16 How many numbers need to be given in a two-way total 11 19

0
table so that all numbers in the table can be calculated?
ii A B

9 6 5
Enrichment: Finding a rule for A and B
0
A 17 Two overlapping events, A and B, include 20 elements with 0 A B
elements in the ‘neither A nor B’ region. iii A B
?
a Draw a Venn diagram for the following situations.
0
i the number in A is 12 and the number in B is 10. 14 4 2
ii the number in A is 15 and the number in B is 11.
iii the number in A is 18 and the number in B is 6. 0
b If the total number in A or B is now 100 (not 20), complete a Venn diagram for the
b i A B
following situations.
i the number in A is 50 and the number in B is 60.
ii the number in A is 38 and the number in B is 81. 40 10 50
iii the number in A is 83 and the number in B is 94.
c Now describe a method that finds the number in the common area for A and B. Your method 0
should work for all the above examples.
ii A B

19 19 62

0
iii A B
TEACHER NOTE: Extension ideas for advanced students
Investigate the concept of conditional probability online. You want to define conditional probability,
6 77 17
write it in symbols and find a formula or process for calculating conditional probability. Prepare a
PowerPoint display to show your findings. 0

c overlap = (A + B) – Total

ISBN: 9781107606807 © David Greenwood, Sara Woolley, Jennifer Vaughan, Jenny Goodman 2012
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