SSD KRISHINA VATIKA

SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

BATHINDA

Chemistry Project
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED

BY: Miss Harpreet Kaur Ishika

ROLL NUMBER
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project submitted by ISHIKA, to the SSD
KRISHNA VATIKA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, BATHINDA was
carried out by her under the guidance and supervision of
Ms. HARPREET KAUR during academic Session 2021-2022

MS. HARPREET KAUR

(Chemistry teacher)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my heartily thanks to my, chemistry teacher who guided me
to do this project successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable
guidance. constant encouragement, constructive comments,
sympathetic attitude and immense motivation which has sustained
my effort at all stages of this project work. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I shall remain
indebted to her

ISHIKA
INDEX

1 AIM
2 CERTIFICATE
3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4 INTRODUCTION
5 WERNER'S THEORY
6 IMPORTANT TERMS
7 NOMENCLATURE
8 VALENCE BOND THEORY
9 CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY
10 APPLICATIONS
11 CONCLUSION
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
Coordination compounds are chemical compounds
that consist of an array of anions or neutral molecules
that are bound to a central atom via coordinate
covalent bonds.

Coordination compounds are also referred to as

coordination complexes. These molecules or ions that
are bound to the central atom are referred to as
ligands (also known as complexing agents).

Many coordination compounds contain a metallic

element as the central atom and are therefore referred
to as metal complexes. These types of coordination
complex generally consist of a transition element as
the central atom. It can be noted that the central atom
in these complexes is called the coordination centre.
Werner's Theory
Alfred Werner in 1898 proposed Werner's theory
explaining the structure of coordination compounds.

Postulates of Werner's Theory: The central metal atom

in the coordination compound exhibits two types of
valency, namely, primary and secondary linkages or
valences.
•Primary linkages are ionizable.
These are satisfied by the negative ions.
•Secondary linkages are non-ionizable.
These are satisfied by negative ions.

The ions bounded by the secondary linkages to the

metal exhibit characteristic spatial arrangements
corresponding to different coordination numbers.

Example: CoCl3.6NH3 is Werner complex

CoCl3.6NH3 is a Werner's complex.

Such spatial arrangement is termed as coordination

polyhedra. The terms inside the square brackets are
coordination complexes and the ions outside the
square brackets are counter-ions.

Limitations of Werner's Theory:

It fails to explain the magnetic, colour, optical

properties of coordination compounds.

It failed to explain why all elements don't form

coordination compounds.

It failed to explain the directional properties of bonds.

Thin theory does not explain the stability und nature of

the complex.
Important Terms
A chemical compound in which the central ion or atom
(or the coordination centre) is bound to a set number
of atoms, molecules, or ions is called Coordination
Entity The atoms and ions to which a set number of
atoms, molecules, or ions are bound are referred to as
the central atoms and the central ions.

The atoms, molecules, or ions that are bound to the

coordination centre or the central atom/ion are
referred to as ligands. The coordination number of the
central atom in the coordination compound refers to
the total number of sigma bonds through which the
ligands are bound to the coordination centre.

•The central atom/ion and ligands attached to it are

enclosed in square brackets and is collectively known
as coordination sphere
Ligands
The surrounding atoms, ion and molecule around the
central transition metal ion are known as Ligands.
Types of Ligands:
• Monodentate ligand: The ligands which only have
one atom that, can bind to the coordination centre.
Example: Ammonia.

• Bidentate ligand: Ligands which have the ability to

bind to the central atom via two separate donor
atoms.

• Polydentate Ligand: Ligands having many donor

atoms that can bind to the coordination centre.

• Ambidentate ligand: Ligands having the ability to

bind to the central atom via the atoms of two different
elements

Example: SCN can bind to a ligand via the nitrogen

atom or via the sulphur atom
Nomenclature
The standard rules that must be followed: The ligands
are always written before the central metal ion.

When the coordination centre is bound to more than

one ligand, the names of the ligands are written in
alphabetical order. After the ligands are named, the
name of the central metal atom is written.

The oxidation state of the central metal atom/ion must

be specified with the help of roman numerals that are
enclosed in a set of parentheses.

If the coordination compound is accompanied by a

counter ion, the cationic entity must be written before
the anionic entity.

*Example: K[Fe(CN)6]: Potassium hexacyanide ferrate

Isomers
Two or more compounds that have same chemical
formula but different arrangement of atoms are known
as Isomers.
Stereoisomers: Compounds which have the same
chemical and chemical bonds but have different spatial
arrangement. These are further divided into optical
isomerism and geometrical isomerism.

Structural isomerism Structural isomerism is exhibited

by the coordination compounds having the same
chemical formula but a different arrangement of
atoms. These are further divided into four types:

1. Linkage isomerism
2.Coordination isomerism
3.lonisation isomerism
4 Solvate isomerism
Valence Bond theory

According to this theory, the metal atom/ion under

influence of ligands can use it's (n-1) d, ns. np or ns, np,
Nd orbitals for hybridisation to yield a set of equivalent
orbitals of definite geometry such as octahedral,
tetrahedral, square planar. These hybridised orbitals
are allowed to overlap with ligand orbitals that can
donate electron pairs for bonding.
Crystal Field Theory
Crystal field theory describes the net change in crystal
energy resulting from the orientation of d orbitals of a
transition metal cation inside a coordinating group of
anions also called ligands.
Crystal field theory is often termed as ligand field
theory. Crystal field theory was proposed which
described the metal-ligand bond as an ionic bond
arising purely from the electrostatic interactions
between the metal ions and ligands. Crystal field
theory considers anions as point charges and neutral
molecules as dipoles.
Limitations of crystal field theory:

•The assumption that the interaction between metal-ligand is purely

electrostatic cannot be said to be very realistic.

This theory takes only d-orbitals of a central atom into account. The s
and p orbits are not considered for the study. It fails to explain the
behaviour of certain metals which cause large splitting while others
show small splitting.

The theory rules out the possibility of having p bonding. This is a

serious drawback because is found in many complexes.

The theory gives no significance to the orbits of the ligands.

Therefore, it cannot explain any properties related to ligand orbitals
and their interaction with metal orbitals.
Applications
The colour of the coordination compounds containing
transition metals causes them to be extensively used in
industries for the colouration of materials. They find
applications in the dye and pigment industries.

Some complex compounds containing cyanide as a

ligand are used in the process of electroplating. These
compounds are also very useful in photography.

• Coordination complexes are very useful in the

extraction of many metals from their ores. For
example, nickel and cobalt can be extracted from their
ores via hydro-metallurgical processes involving ions of
coordination compounds
Applications in Biology:
Haemoglobin consists of Haemo complex ion which has
tetrapyrrole Porphyrin ring structure with central Fe ion.
Vitamin B12 consists of tetrapyrrole porphyrin ring
complex with central Co ion and its coordination number
is 6.

Applications in Laboratory:
Ni is estimated using a complexing agent
Dimethylglyoxime (DMG). The hardness of water is
estimated using complexes of Ca", Mg with EDTA.

In Medicine:
Cisplatin is used in the treatment of cancer.

In Photography:
Developing of the film involves complex formation.

In Metallurgy:
In the extraction of gold silver by Mac Arthur Forest
Process involves a complex of cyanide ion
Conclusion
The chemistry of coordination compounds is an
important and challenging area of modern inorganic
chemistry. Coordination compounds are of great
importance. These compounds provide critical insights
into functioning and structures of vital components of
biological systems. Coordination compounds also find
extensive applications in metallurgical processes,
analytical and medicinal chemistry.
Bibliography

https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://www.learncbse.in https://www.vedantu.com
Chemistry Manual
Chemistry GRB Book