Chem Paper 1 Y11

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Answer ALL questions.
1 Bromine is an element in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
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(a) Which of these is the formula for a molecule of bromine?
(1)
A 2Br
B Br2
C Br2
D Br2
(b) A small amount of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar containing air.
The jar is then sealed.
After two minutes, a brown gas is seen just above the surface of the liquid.
After two hours, the whole gas jar is full of the brown gas.

air
brown brown
gas gas
liquid
bromine
at start after two minutes after two hours
(i) Which of these is the process that causes the brown gas to fill the gas jar?
(1)
A condensation DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

B diffusion
C evaporation
D sublimation
(ii) Explain, using the particle theory, the observations seen in the gas jar.
(2)
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(c) This apparatus is used to demonstrate the movement of ammonia gas and
hydrogen chloride gas.
cotton wool soaked in cotton wool soaked

concentrated ammonia in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
solution
A B C D
The gases are given off by the solutions at each end of the tube.
When the gases meet, they form a white solid.
Which letter shows the position where the white solid forms?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

2 Iron is a metal that has many uses.
One problem with iron is that it can rust when exposed to air.

(a) Name the two substances that must be present in air for iron to rust.
(2)
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(b) These are four methods of preventing iron from rusting
• painting
• oiling
• galvanising
• coating in plastic
The table lists three items made from iron.
Complete the table by giving the best method of preventing each item from rusting.
You may use each method once, more than once or not at all.

(3)
Item Method
bicycle chain
bridge
car body
(c) Which of these metals is used to galvanise iron?

(1)
A aluminium
B lead DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

C tin
D zinc

3 (a) The box shows some methods that can be used to separate mixtures.
crystallisation dissolving filtration

fractional distillation paper chromatography simple distillation
The table lists some separations.

Complete the table by giving the best method for each separation.
You may use each method once, more than once or not at all.
(4)
Separation Method
to obtain sand from a mixture of
sand and water
to separate crude oil into its
components
to obtain pure water from sea water
to obtain ethanol from a mixture of

ethanol and water
(b) When a mixture of ethanol and water is separated, two colourless liquids, A and B,
are obtained.
Liquid A is ethanol containing a small amount of water.
Liquid B is pure water.
(i) Describe a chemical test to show that liquid A contains water.
(2)
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(ii) Describe a physical test to show that liquid B is pure water.

(2)
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4 The Periodic Table consists of elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
(a) (i) What is meant by the term atomic number?

(1)
A the number of neutrons in an atom
B the number of protons in an atom
C the number of protons plus the number of electrons in an atom
D the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom
(ii) Elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties.
This is because their atoms contain the same number of
(1)
A protons
B neutrons
C electrons in the outer shell

D protons and neutrons
(b) The elements in the periods of the Periodic Table show a change in properties
across the period from left to right.
The table gives information about some elements in Period 2.
Li Be B C N F
melting
low high high
point
structure giant giant molecular DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

acid-base
character of basic acidic
the oxide
Complete the table by writing one of these words in each blank space.
• high or low for melting point

• giant or molecular for structure
• acidic or basic for acid-base character of the oxide
(3)

5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between an excess of
magnesium and two different dilute acids, X and Y.
water
This is the method given to the student.
• place 0.5 g of magnesium ribbon into the conical flask

• use a measuring cylinder to add 50 cm3 of dilute acid X and then replace the bung
• record the total volume of gas collected every 20 seconds for two minutes
• repeat the method using 50 cm3 of dilute acid Y instead of dilute acid X
• in each experiment, keep the temperature the same and the magnesium in excess
(a) The student decides to use a burette, rather than a measuring cylinder, to add the
acid to the conical flask.
(i) Using a burette would be an improvement only if another change is made to
the method.
State the other change needed to the method.
(1)
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(ii) State the advantage of using a burette.

(1)
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(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Time in s 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total volume of gas

Acid X 0 6 11 15 18 20 21
collected in cm3
Total volume of gas
Acid Y 0 12 22 30 37 43 48
collected in cm3
Plot the results for each acid on the grid.

Draw a curve of best fit for each set of points.
Label each curve as acid X or acid Y.
(4)
60 –

50 –
40 –
Total volume of
gas collected
30 –
in cm3
20 –

10 –
0–
–
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in s
(c) Explain how the curves show which acid has the greater concentration.
(2)
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(d) Use the graph to find the total volume of gas collected at 70 s for acid X.
Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)
volume of gas = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(e) The average (mean) rate of the reaction for acid Y can be calculated using the
expression
total volume of gas collected
average rate =
time to collectt the gas
Calculate the average rate, in cm3/s, for the first 30 s for acid Y.
(2)
average rate = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3/s

6 Copper and iron are metals. They have the typical properties of metals, including a
high melting point and good electrical conductivity.
(a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the arrangement of the particles involved in
the bonding within a metal.
(3)
(ii) Explain why metals have good electrical conductivity.

(2)
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(iii) Suggest why some metals have high melting points.

(2)
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(b) Copper and iron both form compounds containing ions with a 2+ charge.
Sodium hydroxide is used to distinguish between solutions containing Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions.
What would be observed when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added separately to
each solution?
(2)
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Fe2+ .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Copper can be found naturally as a pure metal.
Iron is found only in compounds and has to be extracted by chemical reactions.

(i) Suggest why copper can be found as a pure metal.
(1)
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(ii) The most common method of extracting iron is by the reduction of iron(III) oxide
in a blast furnace.
The diagram shows a blast furnace.
waste gases
raw materials: coke

iron ore
limestone
hot air
molten slag
molten iron
Write a chemical equation to show how carbon monoxide forms in the blast furnace.
(1)

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(iii) The equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and carbon monoxide is
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

Explain which element is reduced in this reaction.

(2)
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(iv) Describe how molten slag forms in the blast furnace.

(2)
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7 The diagram shows how a student attempts to prepare some hydrogen gas.

water
dilute
sulfuric acid
silver
(a) (i) State why no hydrogen is produced.

(1)
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(ii) Which of these pairs of chemicals could be used to safely prepare hydrogen?
(1)
A copper and dilute sulfuric acid
B gold and dilute hydrochloric acid
C potassium and dilute hydrochloric acid
D zinc and dilute sulfuric acid

(b) In an experiment, the student then successfully prepares some hydrogen and
measures the volume of hydrogen collected.
She does the same experiment four times.

The table shows her results.
Volume of hydrogen collected

Experiment
in cm3
1 64
2 67
3 40
4 63
(i) Explain which experiment produces an anomalous result.

(1)
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(ii) Calculate the average (mean) volume of hydrogen collected.

(2)
average volume = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(iii) Give a reason why it is important for the student to repeat the experiment.
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 When iodine reacts with an excess of chlorine at – 80 °C, a compound forms.
The percentage composition by mass of this compound is

I = 54.4 % Cl = 45.6 %
(a) Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of this compound is ICl3
(2)
(b) The molecular formula of this compound is I2Cl6

I2Cl6 is a yellow solid at room temperature and forms a liquid when heated.
A dynamic equilibrium exists in this liquid, represented by this equation.
I2Cl6(l)  ICl+2(l) + ICl4−(l)

(i) When a reaction is in dynamic equilibrium, the forward and backward reactions
occur at the same time.
State two other features of a reaction that is in dynamic equilibrium.
(2)
1 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest why liquid I2Cl6 conducts electricity, but solid I2Cl6 does not.
(2) DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 Bromine, chlorine and iodine are halogens in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
The three halogens have similar chemical properties but different reactivities.

(a) A teacher uses this apparatus to demonstrate the difference in reactivity between
these halogens.
iron wool
unreacted vapour
halogen vapour
heat
The teacher does each experiment in a fume cupboard.

The table shows the observation for each halogen.

Halogen Observation
bromine the iron wool glows brightly
chlorine the iron wool glows very brightly
iodine the iron wool glows dimly
(i) Suggest why the teacher uses a fume cupboard.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Use the information in the table to explain the order of reactivity of the three
halogens.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) A student states that the order of reactivity cannot be found from this experiment
because bromine is a liquid, chlorine is a gas and iodine is a solid at room temperature.
Evaluate the student’s statement.

(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Bromine, chlorine and iodine all react with hydrogen.

In each reaction, a hydrogen halide (HX) is formed, where X represents the halogen.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between hydrogen and bromine.
(1)
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(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to represent a molecule of hydrogen chloride, HCl.
Show only the outer shell electrons.
(2)
(iii) Name the solution formed when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water.
(1)
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10 A student uses this apparatus to find the mass of magnesium oxide that forms when
a strip of magnesium ribbon is burned in air.

crucible
heat
This is the student’s method.
• weigh an empty crucible and lid

• place a coiled strip of freshly cleaned magnesium ribbon in the crucible
• weigh the crucible, lid and ribbon
• heat the crucible strongly for several minutes, lifting the lid and quickly replacing
it several times
• leave the crucible, lid and contents to cool and then reweigh
(a) (i) Describe the appearance of the freshly cleaned magnesium ribbon and the
appearance of the magnesium oxide that forms.
(2)
magnesium ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
magnesium oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why the student lifts the lid and quickly replaces it several times
during the experiment.
(2)
lifts lid ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
replaces lid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Calculate the mass of oxygen required to completely react with 0.6 g of magnesium
to form magnesium oxide.
The equation for the reaction is
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
(2)
mass of oxygen = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(c) The mass of magnesium oxide that forms is less than expected.
This could be because some of the magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form
magnesium nitride, Mg3N2
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and nitrogen to
form magnesium nitride.
(1)
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11 The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.
The cycloalkanes are another homologous series of hydrocarbons, where the carbon atoms

are arranged in a ring structure.
Cyclopropane is the simplest cycloalkane. It can be represented as
CH2
H2C CH2
The tables give the names and molecular formulae of the first three members of each series.
Name of Molecular Name of Molecular

alkane formula cycloalkane formula
methane CH4 cyclopropane C3H6
ethane C2H6 cyclobutane C4H8

propane C3H8 cyclopentane C5H10
(a) One feature of a homologous series is that each member has the same general formula.
(i) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?
(1)
A CnHn
B CnH2n–2
C CnH2n
D CnH2n+2
(ii) What is the general formula for the homologous series of cycloalkanes?
Use the information from the cycloalkane table to help you answer the question.

(1)
A CnHn
B CnH2n–2
C CnH2n
D CnH2n+2
(iii) State two other features of a homologous series of compounds.
(2)
1 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons.

(i) State what is meant by the term saturated.
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Draw the displayed formula for ethane, C2H6

(1)
(iii) The displayed formula for cyclopropane is
H H
C
H C C H
H H
Draw a displayed formula for cyclobutane, C4H8

(1)
(c) The reaction between cyclopropane and bromine is similar to the reaction between
methane and bromine.

One product of the reaction between cyclopropane and bromine is hydrogen bromide, HBr.
(i) State the condition required for this reaction to occur.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the displayed formula for the other product of this reaction.
(1)
C
C C


12 A student is given a mixture of two solid ionic compounds, A and B. Each solid contains
one cation and one anion.

Compound A is insoluble in water.
Compound B is soluble in water.
(a) Describe how the student could separate the mixture to obtain solid A and a solution of B.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The table shows the results of two tests the student does on a solution of B.
Test Observation

bubbles of gas that turn damp red
Test 1 add sodium hydroxide solution and warm
litmus blue
add silver nitrate solution white precipitate forms

Test 2
add dilute nitric acid to the white precipitate precipitate does not dissolve
(i) Use the information in the table to identify the cation and the anion present
in compound B.
(2)
cation ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anion ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Identify the gas given off in test 1.

(1)
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(c) The student adds dilute hydrochloric acid to solid A.
A gas that turns limewater milky is given off.
(i) Explain which anion is present in solid A.

(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give a test to show that solid A contains calcium ions.

(2)
test .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

result .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


13 This apparatus can be used to find the volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed to
neutralise 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

25.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq) and

a few drops of methyl orange
(a) Describe how to use the apparatus to find the volume of dilute sulfuric acid
needed to neutralise the sodium hydroxide.
Assume that the apparatus is clean and does not need rinsing.
(4)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The volume of dilute sulfuric acid needed can also be found by measuring the
highest temperature reached when the two solutions are mixed.
In a series of experiments, different volumes of dilute sulfuric acid are added

separately to 25.0 cm3 samples of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
The graph shows the highest temperatures in each experiment.
In each reaction, the starting temperatures of the two solutions are the same.
40 –
35 –
Highest
temperature
in °C 30 –
25 –
20 –
–
–
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume of acid added in cm3
Use the graph to answer these questions.

(i) State the starting temperature of each experiment.
(1)
starting temperature = ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

(ii) Find the volume of acid required to exactly neutralise the sodium hydroxide.
(1)
volume of acid = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(iii) Find the two different volumes of acid that produce an increase in
temperature of 10 °C.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... .... and ................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 Lithium is an element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
Lithium is stored in oil to prevent it from coming into contact with air and water.

(a) When a piece of lithium is removed from the oil, dried and cut, the exposed surface
(1)
A bubbles and fizzes
B changes from shiny to dull
C bursts into flame
D does not change
(b) When lithium is added to cold water in a beaker, hydrogen forms.

(i) State the test for hydrogen.
(1)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to the solution in the beaker.
Explain why the phenolphthalein turns pink.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) The table shows some information about lithium oxide and lithium carbonate.
Complete the table by giving the two missing formulae.
(2)
Name of Formula of Formula of cation Formula of anion

compound compound in compound in compound
lithium oxide Li+ O2−
lithium carbonate Li2CO3 Li+
(d) Caesium is another element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

(i) The table below lists some statements about the reaction of caesium with
cold water compared to the reaction of lithium with cold water.
Place ticks ( ü ) in the boxes to show the two correct statements.
(2)
the reaction with caesium is more vigorous
the reaction with caesium produces a different gas
the reaction with caesium produces an acidic solution
the reaction with caesium produces a different compound
the reaction of caesium is endothermic
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of caesium with water.
(2)
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15 Hydrobromic acid can be neutralised by adding sodium hydroxide solution.

HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O
A solution of hydrobromic acid has a concentration of 0.200 mol/dm3.
(a) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HBr in 20.0 cm3 of the hydrobromic acid solution.
(2)
amount of HBr = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(b) Calculate the volume of 0.100 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution needed to
exactly neutralise the hydrobromic acid.

Give the unit.
(2)
volume of sodium hydroxide = ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) In another neutralisation reaction, a student uses 30.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol/dm3
aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide contained in this solution.
(2)
mass of sodium hydroxide = .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
TOTAL FOR PAPER = 120 MARKS

1 The table gives information about some substances.
Complete the table by choosing substances from the box that match the information.
You may use each substance once, more than once, or not at all.
(6)
air bromine carbon dioxide copper
helium iodine methane nitrogen
Information Substance
a good conductor of electricity
a noble gas
a mixture
a liquid at room temperature
used in fire extinguishers
used as a fuel

3
2 A sugar cube is placed in a beaker containing water.
The beaker is left until the sugar cube disappears and a sugar solution forms.

The concentration of the solution is the same at the bottom and top of the beaker.
water
sugar cube
(a) Use the particle theory to explain what happens to the sugar cube to make the
concentration of the solution the same at the bottom and top of the beaker.
(3)

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) This apparatus is used to obtain pure water from the sugar solution.
water out
R
sugar solution
S
water in
P
pure water
(i) What is the name of the process shown in the diagram?

(1)
A crystallisation
B distillation
C filtration
D sublimation
(ii) Give the name of each piece of apparatus.

(4)
P . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Q . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 A student uses chromatography to investigate the colourings found in four different
fruit drinks, A, B, C and D.

The diagram shows the chromatography paper at the beginning and at the end of
the investigation.
water front
starting line starting line
water front

A B C D A B C D
beginning end
(a) State why the student should draw the starting line in pencil.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) (i) Which drink contains only one colouring?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(ii) Explain which drink contains the most soluble colouring.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain which drinks contain the same colouring.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 (a) Table 1 lists three subatomic particles.
Complete table 1 by giving the relative mass and relative charge of each subatomic particle.

(3)
Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge
proton
neutron
electron
Table 1
(b) Table 2 shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in particles P, Q, R, S and T.
Number of Number of Number of

Particle
protons neutrons electrons

P 11 12 10
Q 8 8 10
R 10 10 10
S 9 10 9
T 12 12 12
Table 2
Use table 2 to answer these questions.
Each particle, P, Q, R, S and T, may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) State which particle has the highest mass number.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State which particle contains two electrons in its outer shell.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State which particle is a negative ion.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) State which particle is an atom of an element in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Which of these statements is correct for isotopes of the same element?
(1)
A they have a different atomic number
B they have a different number of electrons
C they have the same number of neutrons
D they have the same number of protons

5 The diagram shows a section of the Periodic Table.

1 2 Group 3 4 5 6 7 0
1 4
Period H He
1 Hydrogen Helium
1 2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3 Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
(a) (i) The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing
(1)
A atomic number
B mass number

C neutron number
D relative atomic mass
(ii) Identify the element that is in Period 3 and Group 5 of the Periodic Table.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Name two elements in Period 2 that form acidic oxides.

(2)
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(iv) Describe the environmental problem that occurs when acidic oxides dissolve
in water in the atmosphere.
(2)
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(b) Magnesium and sulfur react to form an ionic compound.
The equation for this reaction is
Mg + S → MgS
(i) Write a word equation for this reaction.
(1)
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(ii) Describe the changes in electronic configurations when magnesium reacts

with sulfur to form the ionic compound MgS.
Show the charges on the ions.
(3)
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(iii) Calculate the mass of MgS that forms when 0.30 g of magnesium reacts completely
with sulfur.
(3)
mass of MgS = ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

6 Carbon dioxide gas forms when dilute nitric acid is added to marble chips.
The word equation for the reaction is

calcium carbonate + nitric acid → calcium nitrate + carbon dioxide + water
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

(2)
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(b) A student needs to prepare and collect some carbon dioxide gas, using the reaction
between marble chips and dilute nitric acid.
The diagram shows how he sets up his apparatus.

thistle funnel gas jar
marble chips dilute nitric acid
(i) State two reasons why the student’s set-up is not suitable for collecting
carbon dioxide.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The student then sets up his apparatus correctly, but uses excess dilute sulfuric acid
instead of dilute nitric acid.
The reaction produces calcium sulfate.

Explain why the reaction stops, even though there are still marble chips and
unreacted sulfuric acid in the flask.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) Some carbon dioxide is bubbled into distilled water containing universal indicator.
A solution of pH 6 is produced.
This shows that the solution is
(1)
A weakly alkaline
B strongly alkaline
C weakly acidic
D strongly acidic
(d) Carbon dioxide contains simple molecules.
The atoms in the molecules are joined by covalent bonds.

(i) State what is meant by the term covalent bond.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why carbon dioxide has a low boiling point.

(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Complete the diagram, using dots and crosses, to show the arrangement of
the electrons in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
Show only the outer shell electrons.
(2)
O C O

7 Iron is produced in a blast furnace.
iron ore, coke and limestone
waste gases waste gases
hot air hot air
slag
molten iron
(a) Give the common name of the iron ore that contains Fe2O3
(1)
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(b) Name the gas that makes up the highest percentage of the waste gases.
(1)
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(c) Carbon monoxide is the main reducing agent in the blast furnace.
Explain how the carbon monoxide is formed in the blast furnace.
(2)
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(d) Write the chemical equation for the reduction of Fe2O3 by carbon monoxide.
(2)
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8 Crude oil is a mixture of organic compounds.
A teacher uses this apparatus to separate a sample of crude oil into some fractions.

She uses a clamp and stand to support the test tube being heated.
mineral wool
soaked in crude oil
cold water
heat and ice

(a) (i) State what other piece of apparatus the teacher would need.
(1)
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(ii) Explain why the test tube is placed in a beaker containing cold water and ice.
(2)
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(b) The table shows the range of boiling points for the fractions collected by the teacher.
Range of boiling point

Fraction
in °C
A 30–60
B 60–100
C 100–140
D 140–180
(i) Identify the fraction that is the least viscous at room temperature.
(1)
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(ii) Identify the fraction that contains compounds with the smallest molecules.
(1)
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(c) Fraction D contains decane that has this displayed formula.
H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H
(i) Determine the molecular formula of decane.

(1)
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(ii) Give the general formula of the homologous series that includes decane.
(1)
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(d) C14H30 is a long chain molecule. It can undergo cracking to give octane, C8H18, and
two molecules of the same alkene.
(i) Write an equation for this cracking process.
(2)
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(ii) State two conditions used in industry for catalytic cracking.

(2)
1 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 The order of reactivity of metals can be found using different methods.
(a) One method is to add the metals to cold water and to dilute hydrochloric acid.
The table shows the observations made when samples of four metals are added
separately to cold water and to dilute hydrochloric acid.
Observation when added Observation when added

Metal
to cold water to dilute hydrochloric acid
magnesium bubbles produced very slowly bubbles produced very quickly
platinum no change
sodium bubbles produced very quickly not done
zinc no change bubbles produced slowly
(i) State the observation that is made when platinum is added to cold water.
(1)
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(ii) Place the four metals in order of reactivity.

(1)
most reactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
least reactive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
(iii) Describe a test to show that the bubbles contain hydrogen gas.
(1)
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(iv) Write a word equation for the reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(1)
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(v) Suggest why the reaction between sodium and dilute hydrochloric acid is not done.
(1)
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(b) Displacement reactions are another method used to find the order of reactivity of metals.
In an experiment, a piece of zinc metal is placed in a beaker containing

copper(II) sulfate solution.
zinc metal
copper(II) sulfate
solution
(i) The reaction that occurs shows zinc is more reactive than copper.
State two observations that would be made as the reaction occurs.
(2)

1 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) In a second experiment, a piece of copper metal is placed in a beaker containing
nickel sulfate solution.
No reaction occurs.
Explain why it is not possible to determine the complete order of reactivity
for copper, nickel and zinc from these two experiments.
(2)
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(c) The ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate is
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Explain why this is described as a redox reaction.

(3)
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10 The Haber process is used to manufacture ammonia, NH3, from the reaction between
nitrogen and gas X.

nitrogen sulfuric
acid
reaction vessel
ammonia ammonium compound Z
containing solid Y
gas X
nitric acid
(a) (i) Explain why nitrogen is described as an element but ammonia is described
as a compound.
(2)
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. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Name gas X and the raw material it is obtained from.

(2)
gas X ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
raw material .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The reaction vessel contains solid Y.

Identify solid Y.
(1)
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(iv) State the purpose of solid Y.

(1)
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(b) (i) Name the type of reaction that occurs between ammonia and sulfuric acid.
(1)
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(ii) Give the name and formula of the ammonium compound Z.

(2)
name .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
formula ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Describe a test to show that a solid sample of compound Z contains ammonium ions.
(3)
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(c) Ammonia is an important material in the chemical industry and is often

transported as a liquid in sealed containers.
Suggest why it is transported in the containers as a liquid rather than as a gas.
(2)
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(d) Ammonia is used to produce nitric acid.
The first stage of the process is shown in this equation.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) U 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ǻH = –950 kJ
(i) State what is meant by the symbol ǻH.

(1)
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(ii) State why using a lower temperature would produce a greater yield of
nitrogen monoxide, NO.
[assume the reaction reaches a position of equilibrium]
(1)
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(iii) State why using a lower pressure would produce a greater yield of

nitrogen monoxide, NO.
[assume the reaction reaches a position of equilibrium]
(1)
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(e) Nitric acid and ammonia are used to produce ammonium nitrate.
Explain why ammonium nitrate is used in agriculture.
(2)
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11 A student investigates the reaction between lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium chromate
solution.

(a) Lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium chromate solution react to form a yellow
precipitate of lead(II) chromate and potassium nitrate solution.
(i) Complete the equation by adding the state symbols.
(1)
Pb(NO3)2 (......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + K2CrO4 (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. ) → PbCrO4 (............................... ) + 2KNO3 (...................... . . . . . . . . . )
(ii) Use information from the equation to determine the charge on the chromate ion.
(1)
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(b) The student uses this method for her investigation.

Ɣ place 5.0 cm3 potassium chromate solution in a test tube standing in a test
tube rack

Ɣ add 1.0 cm3 lead(II) nitrate solution to the test tube
Ɣ allow the precipitate to settle and measure its height
Ɣ repeat the method using separate 5.0 cm3 samples of potassium chromate
and adding different volumes of lead(II) nitrate solution
These are the student’s results.
Volume of
Height of precipitate
lead(II) nitrate solution
in cm
in cm3
1.0 0.3
2.0 0.6
4.0 1.2
6.0 1.8
8.0 2.4
9.0 2.7
11.0 3.0
12.0 3.0
14.0 2.1
16.0 3.0
18.0 3.0
(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid.
(2)
(ii) Circle the anomalous result on the grid.

(1)
(iii) Ignoring the anomalous result, draw a straight line of best fit through the first
six points, and another straight line of best fit through the last five points.
Make sure that the two lines cross.
(2)
4–
3–
Height of
precipitate
in cm 2–
1–
0–
–
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Volume of lead(II) nitrate solution in cm3
(iv) Use your graph to find the volume of lead(II) nitrate solution that reacts exactly
with the 5.0 cm3 of potassium chromate solution.
(1)
volume of lead(II) nitrate solution = ..................... . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(v) Suggest two possible reasons for the anomalous result.
(2)
1 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) (i) Describe how to obtain a pure, dry sample of solid lead(II) chromate from the
test tube at the end of the investigation.
(3)

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(ii) Give a test to show that the potassium nitrate solution in the test tube
contains potassium ions.
(2)

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(d) The student does a similar experiment to produce a precipitate of lead iodide, PbI2,
using the following reaction.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3
He finds that 5.0 cm3 of 0.90 mol/dm3 KI solution reacts with 8.0 cm3 of Pb(NO3)2 solution.
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the Pb(NO3)2 solution.
(3)
concentration of Pb(NO3)2 solution = ......................................... mol/dm3


1 This question is about the three states of matter, solid, liquid and gas.
(a) Solids, liquids and gases can be changed from one state to another.
The box gives the names of some changes of state.
condensing evaporation melting sublimation
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) The change from solid to liquid is called ..............................................................................................

(1)
(ii) The change from liquid to gas is called ..............................................................................................
(1)
(iii) The change from solid to gas is called ..............................................................................................

(1)
(b) Describe the arrangement and the movement of particles in a solid.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 This question is about some elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
(a) The table gives some statements about the reaction of potassium with water.

Place ticks () in three boxes to show which three statements are correct.
(3)
Statement
potassium reacts more vigorously than sodium when added to water
potassium sinks to the bottom of the water
bubbles of oxygen gas are produced
a lilac flame is seen
potassium moves around
a solution of potassium oxide is formed

(b) After the reaction of potassium with water is complete, a few drops of universal
indicator are added to the solution formed. The universal indicator turns purple.
(i) Suggest a value for the pH of the solution.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for this pH value.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Sodium burns in oxygen to produce sodium oxide.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

(1)
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Na + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... O2 → ................................ Na2O

3 A student uses paper chromatography to investigate the dyes in five different inks,
V, W, X, Y and Z.
This is what she uses.

• a beaker
• a piece of chromatography paper with a pencil line drawn near the bottom of the paper
• a solvent
• inks V, W, X, Y and Z
(a) Describe how the student should set up and carry out her experiment.
You may draw a diagram to help with your answer.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Explain why the line on the paper is drawn in pencil rather than in ink.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The chromatogram shows the results for inks V, W, X, Y and Z.
solvent front

V W X Y Z start line
(i) Explain which ink contains a dye that is insoluble in the solvent.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Explain which two inks contain the dye that is likely to be the most soluble in
the solvent.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Explain which two inks may contain only one dye.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) One dye in ink Y moves 4.3 cm when the solvent front moves 6.5 cm.
Calculate the Rf value for this dye.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
(3)
Rf value = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


4 This question is about hydrocarbons.
(a) State the meaning of the term hydrocarbon.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) One homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkanes.

Pentane (C5H12) is an alkane.
(i) When pentane burns completely in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced.
Give a chemical equation for this combustion reaction.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Incomplete combustion can occur when the oxygen supply is limited.
Give the names of two products of the incomplete combustion of pentane.
(2)
1 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .. ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) One of the products of incomplete combustion is a poisonous gas.

State why this gas is poisonous to humans.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv)
C5H12 has three isomers.
The displayed formula for one of these isomers is
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H H H H
Draw the displayed formulae of the other two isomers.

(2)
(c) Another homologous series of hydrocarbons is the alkenes.

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.
(i) Give the general formula for the alkenes.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the meaning of the term unsaturated.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Describe a test to show that a hydrocarbon is unsaturated.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the rate of reaction between
marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.

cotton wool
dilute hydrochloric acid
marble chips
balance
(a) During the reaction, the reading on the balance decreases because mass is lost
from the flask.
(i) Explain how using the cotton wool increases the accuracy of this investigation.
(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Why is mass lost from the flask?

(1)
A acid particles are moving
B gas is given off
C heat energy is produced
D marble chips are dissolving

(b) This is the equation for the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid.
Complete the equation by adding the state symbols.
(2)
CaCO3 (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl (. . . . . . . . . . . ......... ) → CaCl2 (.................... ) + H2O (.................... ) + CO2 (........ . . . . . . . . . . . . )
(c) The student uses large marble chips in the investigation.

This is a graph of his results.
Mass loss
Time
The student repeats the experiment using the same total mass of smaller marble chips.
On the graph, draw the curve that would be obtained.
[assume the marble chips are in excess]
(2)

(d) The rate of this reaction can be altered by increasing the temperature or by
increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid.

(i) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the concentration
of the hydrochloric acid would affect the rate of this reaction.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain, using the particle collision theory, how increasing the temperature

would affect the rate of this reaction.

(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


6 Poly(chloroethene) is a polymer.
It is made from its monomer, chloroethene.

(a) Chloroethene has the percentage composition by mass
C = 38.4% H = 4.8% Cl = 56.8%

Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of chloroethene is C2H3Cl
(3)

(b) The molecular formula of chloroethene is also C2H3Cl
Chloroethene can be prepared by a two‑stage process.
In stage 1, ethene reacts with chlorine in the presence of an iron(III) chloride
catalyst to form dichloroethane.
The reaction is exothermic.
C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2

(i) Give the formula of iron(III) chloride.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State the purpose of using a catalyst.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) State the meaning of the term exothermic.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) What type of reaction occurs in stage 1 between ethene and chlorine?
(1)
A addition
B displacement
C neutralisation
D substitution
(v) In stage 2, dichloroethane decomposes into chloroethene and hydrogen chloride.

Give a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Draw the displayed formula of

• chloroethene
• the repeat unit of poly(chloroethene)

(3)
chloroethene repeat unit of poly(chloroethene)
(ii) Draw a dot‑and‑cross diagram to represent a molecule of chloroethene.

Show only the outer electrons of each atom.
(2)

7 A student makes some magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide and
dilute nitric acid.

MgO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Give the formula of each ion in magnesium nitrate.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. and ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A student has a beaker containing dilute nitric acid.

Describe a method that she could use to prepare a pure, dry sample of
magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide.
(6)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Magnesium nitrate crystals contain water of crystallisation with the formula
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O
(i) Show by calculation that the relative formula mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O is 256.
(1)
(ii) Show that the maximum mass of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O that could be made from
0.050 mol of nitric acid is about 6 g.
(3)
(iii) The actual mass of crystals that the student obtains is 4.8 g.
Calculate the percentage yield of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O in this experiment.
(2)
percentage yield = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %

8 A student investigates the neutralisation reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
This is her method.

• pour 20 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution
• add 5 cm3 of dilute nitric acid to the cup
• stir the mixture and record the highest temperature reached
• add further 5 cm3 portions of dilute nitric acid, recording the highest
temperature reached each time, until a total of 40 cm3 of acid has been added
(a) (i) Give a word equation for this neutralisation reaction.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why a polystyrene cup is used rather than a beaker.

(2)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give a safety precaution that the student should take when using
sodium hydroxide solution.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The table shows the student’s results.
Total volume of acid in cm3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Temperature of
20.5 22.5 24.4 26.4 28.5 28.3 27.5 26.7 26.0
reaction mixture in oC

(i) Plot the results on the grid.

Draw a straight line of best fit through the first five points and another
straight line of best fit through the last four points.

Make sure that the two lines cross.
(3)
30
Temperature of
reaction mixture 25
in °C
20
0 10 20 30 40
Total volume of acid in cm3
(ii) The point where the lines cross shows

• the volume of acid needed to exactly neutralise the alkali
• the maximum temperature reached
Use your graph to determine these values.

(2)
volume of acid = ............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3
maximum temperature = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . °C

9 (a) Diamond is a naturally‑occurring form of carbon.
It has a giant molecular structure.

Explain, with reference to its structure and bonding, why diamond has a high melting point.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) C60 fullerene is another form of carbon.

The diagram shows a molecule of C60 fullerene.

(i) Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than diamond.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii)
C60 fullerene is used by doctors when injecting medicines into their patients.
C60 fullerene allows medicines, which might damage some parts of the body,
to reach the part of the body where they are needed.
Suggest why C60 fullerene is suitable for this purpose.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Graphite is another naturally‑occurring form of carbon.

Graphite can be used in pencils because it is soft and can leave marks on paper.
Graphite can also be used as a conductor of electricity.
Explain why graphite is soft and conducts electricity.

Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(5)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10 A student investigates the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution.

Zn + CuSO4 → Cu + ZnSO4
This is his method.
• add exactly 25.0 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution to a polystyrene cup
• record the temperature of the solution
• add about 5 g of zinc powder (an excess) and stir the mixture
• record the highest temperature reached
(a) (i) Suggest why it is not important to add an exact mass of zinc powder.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) State the colour change of the solution.
(2)
from .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................... to .......................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The table shows the student’s results
volume of copper(II) sulfate solution in cm3 25.0
initial temperature of copper(II) sulfate solution in °C 19.0
final temperature of solution in °C 31.5
(i) Show that the heat energy change (Q) is about 1300 J.
[for the solution, c = 4.18 J/g/°C]
cm3 of solution = 1.00 g]

[mass of 1.00

(3)

(ii) The mass of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) used to make 25.0 cm3 of
solution is 2.00 g.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of CuSO4 in 2.00 g.

[Mr of CuSO4 = 159.5]
(1)
amount of CuSO4 = ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
(iii) Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole, for the
reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate.
Include a sign in your answer.

(3)
ΔH = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol


Chem Paper 1 Y11

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at start after two minutes after two hours

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cotton wool soaked in cotton wool soaked

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(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

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(c) Which of these metals is used to galvanise iron?

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(Total for Question 2 = 6 marks)

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crystallisation dissolving filtration

The table lists some separations.

to obtain ethanol from a mixture of

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(ii) Describe a physical test to show that liquid B is pure water.

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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structure giant giant molecular DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

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• high or low for melting point

(Total for Question 4 = 5 marks)

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This is the method given to the student.

• place 0.5 g of magnesium ribbon into the conical flask

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(ii) State the advantage of using a burette.

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Total volume of gas

Plot the results for each acid on the grid.

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volume of gas = .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

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average rate = ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3/s

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

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(ii) Explain why metals have good electrical conductivity.

(iii) Suggest why some metals have high melting points.

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raw materials: coke

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Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2

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Explain which element is reduced in this reaction.

(iv) Describe how molten slag forms in the blast furnace.

(Total for Question 6 = 15 marks)

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