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Reye and Reye-Like Syndromes: DR / Reyad Alfaky
Reye and Reye-Like Syndromes: DR / Reyad Alfaky
Reye and Reye-Like Syndromes: DR / Reyad Alfaky
Dr / Reyad Alfaky
DEFINITION
• is characterized by acute noninflammatory
encephalopathy and fatty degenerative liver
failure.
DEFINITION
• is a postinfectious triad consisting of
A. Encephalopathy
B. fatty liver degeneration
C. transaminase elevation
• the most common secondary mitochondrial hepatopathy
INTRODUCTION
• Affects all organs
– Stage 0-6
Hx of Reye’s Syndrome
• 1963; R.D.K. Reye described syndrome in Australia.
– Few months later G.M. Johnson described it in the US.
– Similar cases described as early as 1929.
• Occurrences
– Peaked during 1980
• 500 Cases
• >100 deaths in children
– Now <0.03-1 case per 100,000
• Peds <18y/o
• May be higher in regional viral epidemics
• <0.1% in peds with viral illness treated with ASA.
Epidemiology
• This disorder is rare.
• Age: Peak incidence is at about 6 yr of age, with most
cases in the 4-12 yr age range
• Seasonal relation with influenza and varicella outbreaks
• Case fatality rate: 25% to 50%
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
A. Acute Encephalopathy
B. Cerebral changes
C. Renal changes
Etiology
• What causes it?
– NO ONE KNOWS?!?!?
• So where does ASA come in?
– Increases risk by 35 fold!
– 90-95% of cases in US had taken ASA during a preceding viral infection.
• Other possible causes
– Toxins
– Inborn Error of Metabolisim
– Follows Viral Illness
• Usually Chicken Pox or Influenza
Etiology
• Reye syndrome is precipitated in
– genetically susceptible individuals
– by the interaction of
• viral infection (influenza, varicella)
• salicylate use
Other agents
1. Acetaminophen,
2. outdated tetracycline
3. valproic acid
4. Warfarin
5. zidovudine . didanosine,
6. some neoplastic drugs have been associated with Reye syndrome or Reye-like syndrome.
4. failure to thrive
5. neurologic abnormalities
6. neurologic dysfunction
3. Patients younger than 3 years (in particular, those younger than 1 year)
7. Liver dysfunction or elevated ammonia level, particularly if elevated for longer than 1
week with or without waxing and waning
Signs/Symptoms
• Biphasic course:
– Prodromal febrile illness with resolution of symptoms
• These typically develop in a child who was otherwise healthy prior to the viral
illness.
Clinical features
0d 3d 2d
• Stage 4 - Deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, fixed and dilated pupils, loss of
oculovestibular reflexes, and dysconjugate gaze with caloric stimulation
• Stage 6 - Patients who cannot be classified because they have been treated with
curare or another medication that alters the level of consciousness
Clinical Staging of Reye’s Syndrome
Grade Symptoms at Time of Admission
I Usually quiet, lethargicand sleepy, vomiting, laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction
II. Hepatic dysfunction with a liver biopsy showing fatty metamorphosis without inflammation or
necrosis or a greater than 3-fold increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), or ammonia levels
IV. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 8 cells/µL or fewer (usually
lymphocytes); note that lumbar puncture should not be performed in patients who are
hemodynamically unstable and/or those in whom increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is a concern
3. Cardiac arrhythmias
4. Myocardial infarction
5. Cardiovascular collapse
8. Sepsis
9. Death
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
A. Metabolic disease
I. Organic acidurias
II. Disorders of oxidative phosphorylation
III. Urea cycle defects (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase).
IV. Defects in fatty acid oxidation metabolism
V. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies
VI. Systemic carnitine deficiency
VII. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency
VIII. 3-OH, 3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency
IX. Fructosemia
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
B. Central nervous system infections or intoxications
I. Meningitis
II. Encephalitis
III. toxic encephalopathy
IV. Hepatic encephalopathy of any cause
B. Hepatopathy documented
• Enzymes:
– Elevated levels of ALT, AST, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase,and creatinine
phosphokinase,
– but with normal alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity
– The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme; serum glutamate dehydrogenase is greatly increased.
– prolongation of prothrombin time
LABORATORY TESTS
• Carbohydrates:
– Hypoglycemia (at presentation of about 80% of cases).(in patients <4 yr)
• Lipids:
– Raised non-esterified fatty acids.
– Reduced cholesterol, high density, low density,and very low density lipoproteins
LABORATORY TESTS
• Aminoacids:
– Raised alanine, glutamine, and lysine
• Cerebrospinal fluid
– is normal or contains < 8 white blood cells per milliliter
– Manage Hypoglycemia
– Transport
Treatment
• No specific treatment exists
– Monitor patient
– Treat metabolic abnormalities
– Prevent/control cerebral edema
– Stage specific care
– Cure?
• No cure: Recovery is dependant on severity of brain swelling
• Faster progression worse prognosis
TREATMENT
A. Supportive
B. cerebral edema : Mannitol, glycerol, or hyperventilation
C. Prevention
I. Influenza vaccine
A. Vitamin K
B. fresh plasma
C. platelet transfusion
IV. Hyperthermia
– should be avoided
TREATMENT
V. Intensive care
III. Pentobarbital (2.5 mg/ kg) to maintain a serum level of 20-30 |dg/ mL, decreasing cerebral blood
flow and the cerebral metabolic demands, and causing cerebral vasoconstriction.
IV. Pancuronium bromide 0.1 mg/ kg to decrease cerebral blood volume through muscular relaxation
and increased peripheral blood pooling,
V. Fluid restriction. ,
VI. Cooling the body to 3 1°C by ice packs that may reduce cerebral O2 requirement
TREATMENT Intracranial pressure (ICP)
• If these measures fail to maintain normal ICP and
CPP:
I. Dexamethasone 0.2 mg/ kg/ 6 hr.
» Due to misdiagnosis
Mortality/Morbidity
• Death
1. Usually caused by ICP
– Other Causes:
1. Myocardial Dysfunction
2. Cardiovascular collapse
3. Respiratory failure
4. Renal failure
5. GI bleeding
6. Status epilepticus
7. Sepsis
Increased risk of mortality
1. Age younger than 5 years, with a relative risk of 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5-2.1)
2. Rapid progression from stage 1 to stage 3 and/or presentation with stage 4 or 5 (See Physical
Examination) - The death rate by stage at the time of admission is 18% for patients in stage 0 and
90% for those in stage 5; meaningful survival beyond stage 3 is unlikely; full recovery is possible for
patients in stages 0-2
3. Central venous pressure (CVP) less than 6 mm H 20
4. Ammonia level greater than 45 µg/dL (26 µmol/L), with a relative risk of 3.4 (95% CI, 1.9-6.2) [4]
5. Glucose value less than 60 mg/dL
6. Hypoproteinemia unresponsive to fresh frozen vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
7. Muscle involvement