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Calculation of Electrical Energy With Solar
Calculation of Electrical Energy With Solar
Calculation of Electrical Energy With Solar
Abstract- In the future, the greater of the consumption reduced by half if q = 600. Therefore, the need for setting
energy, the use of diverse energy sources can not be avoided. the direction of the solar cell panel that is always
Therefore, assessment of the various sources of energy perpendicular to the direction of the sun. Setting the
technologies continue to be developed. Photovoltaic direction of the solar cell panel is less effective if done
technologies that convert solar energy directly into electrical
manually by humans.
energy using semiconductor devices is called solar cells. Solar
energy apart easily obtained from natural, environmentally
friendly too which does not produce CO2 emissions to become a II. PHOTOVOLTAIC
mainstay in the world of technology. The problem is how to use 2.1. Components of Solar PV System
solar panels to get optimal production of electrical energy as
solar panels are generally placed at a certain position without
Solar PV system includes different components
change. depended on your system type, site location and
The design of this solar cells, built at roof over an area applications. The major components for solar PV system are
of 50 m2 has a power output of 6 kWp with the installation of solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary
solar panels with a slope of 6 degrees which can produce energy sources and loads (appliances).
electrical energy about 10,006.7 kWh per year. It is connected
to the grid (grid connected) without battery. For the 2.1.1. Solar PV Module.
manufacture of solar investment of Rp. 445.453.328, - where It is an assembly of photovoltaic (PV) cells, also
the investment already include the cost of maintenance and life known as solar cells. To achieve a required voltage and
cycle costs over 25 years.
current, a group of PV modules (also called PV panels) are
Keywords : renewable energy, solar power plant design, wired into large array that called PV array. A PV module is
electrical energy the essential component of any PV system that converts
sunlight directly into direct current (DC) electricity. PV
I. INTRODUCTION modules can be wired together in series and/or parallel to
deliver voltage and current in a particular system requires.
Indonesia has very good conditions for the
development of photovoltaic solar power systems due 2.1.2. Solar Charge Controller.
mainly to the high mean daily radiation and the high number It is charge controller that is used in the solar
of sunny days in most parts of the country. For this reason, application and also called solar battery charger. Its function
the government and companies working in the sector are is to regulate the voltage and current from the solar arrays to
developing policies and investing in photovoltaic solar the battery in order to prevent overcharging and also over
power systems. One of the best features of rooftop solar PV discharging. There are many technologies have been
systems is that they can be permitted and installed faster included into the design of solar charge controller. For
than other types of renewable power plants. They are clean, example, MPPT charge controller included maximum power
quiet, and visually unobtrusive. point tracking algorithm to optimize the production of PV
The problem is how to use solar panels to obtain cell or module. Solar charge controller ± regulates the
optimal power output. The solar panels are generally placed voltage and current coming from the PV panels going to
at a certain position with no change (Pruit, 2001), for battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the
example, solar panels faced upwards. By positioning the battery life.
panel facing upward and if the panel considered that the
object has a flat surface, the panel will receive maximum 2.1.3. Inverter.
solar radiation when the sun is perpendicular to the second Inverter converts DC output of PV panels or wind
panel area. By the time the sun is not perpendicular to the turbine into a clean AC current for AC appliances or fed
plane makes an angle q panel or the panel will receive less back into grid line. Inverter is a critical component used in
radiation by a factor of cos q. By decreasing the radiation any PV system where Alternative Current (AC) power
received by the panel will obviously reduce the electrical output is needed. It converts Direct Current (DC) power
energy released by the panel. In fact, this energy can be output from the solar arrays or wind turbine into clean AC
3.3. Determining Solar PV Power Plant System. Pwatt peak = 130 W x 64 = 8.320 Watt peak
Solar PV Power Plant which will be built on the roof And the value of Pwatt peak are 8.320 Watts, require
of the building STT-PLN planned to supply electrical extensive array area:
energy STT-PLN building within a span of 07.00 a.m until ܲ ܹܽ݇ܽ݁ ݐݐ
Area Solar PV Power Plant = (4)
04.00 p.m. ܲܵݔܫʉܸܲ
ͺǤ͵ʹͲ ݐݐܽݓ
= ͳͲͲͲ ܹ Τ݉ ʹ ͲݔǤͳ
= 48.94 m2
From the panel of 64 panels that make up the circuit
panel 4 series (string) which is connected in parallel with
the first series consists of 16 panels are connected in series.
Solar panels are used as a reference is the solar panel
to the specifications Vm = 34.56 V, Im = 3.77 A and Pm =
130 W per panel (specifications can be seen in Table 1).
With these specifications, the large V m, Im, and Pm in the
Fig 1. Wiring diagram Solar PV Power Plant System
array can be calculated as follows: V m array is 34.56 x 16 =
444
552.96 V, Im array is 3.77 A x 4 = 15.08 A and P m array is If the above formula is converted to the data obtained
522.96 V x 15.08 = 8338.63 Watt. in the above then:
Parray = (8 x 1.076m) + (8-1) x 0.02 m
3.5. Calculation of Capacity Inverter. = 8.748 m
In the selection of inverters, pursued his capacity Larray = (2 x 0.806m) + (2 ± 1) x 0.02m
approaching capacity serviced power / load. This is so the = 1.632 m
efficiency of the inverter becomes maximum. Solar array
which will be built on the roof of the building STT-PLN has 3.6.3 Installation of Distance Between Array Solar Panel.
Pm at 8.320 Watt solar panels. In this system uses a To avoid shadow effects that can be caused by the
centralized three-phase inverter configuration (central panel, then the installation of the array should be spaced.
inverter). The distance between the array can be calculated by :
ߚ
7$%/(,,7(&+1,&$/'$7$,19(57(560&7/ d=Wx
ߚቃ
ߙ
(7)
Technical Data SMC 8000TL
Input Values Output Values = 1.632x
ቃ = 1.72 m
ͲǤ͵
Pdc max 8250 W Vac nom 230 V
Vdc max 700 V fac nom 50/60 Hz Solar panels installed on the roof of the building STT-
Vdc Mpp 333-500 V Pac nom 8000 W PLN facing north because of the geographical location of
Idc max 25 A Iac max 35 A the building STT-PLN is in the southern hemisphere with a
Source : SMA,2011 slope of panels 60 (Foster et al, 2010) that the power output
can be maximized throughout the year. The number of
By considering the losses in the system where the arrays that will be built on the roof of the building STT-PLN
loss occurred solar panels, inverters and solar panel by 4 array with the number of panels per array 16 and the
installations that include losses due to radiation levels of minimum distance of 1.72 m each array.
2.5%, the losses due to the panel temperature of 16.3%, the
losses due to the quality of the panel 1.6%, unfortunate-loss IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
due to mismatch of 2%, the losses due to wiring 1.2%, the 4.1. Analysis of Cost Solar PV Power Plant.
losses at 3.5%, the inverter output power that can be The cost of solar energy is different from the
generated system are: energy costs for conventional plants. This is because the
Losses = Output Power panel x 27.1% cost of solar energy is influenced by the high initial
= 8320 Watt x 27.1% = 2254.72 Watt investment costs with the costs of maintenance and low
operating.
So the output power of the system is:
POut = Total Power panels installed - (Losses) = 8320 Watt ± 4.2. Cost of Investment.
2254.72 Watt = 6065.28 Watt peak Initial investment costs for solar to be built on the
roof of the building STT-PLN includes costs such as costs
3.6. Solar Panel Installation for solar components, the cost of solar panels and shelves
3.6.1. Support Rack. buffer solar installation costs. The totally cost for this Solar
Solar Panel which will be built on the roof of the PV Power Plant components consist of fees for the purchase
building STT-PLN planned consists of 4 arrays. Where the of solar panels and inverters : Rp.410.845.000,-
installation of one array consists of 16 panels which will be
divided into two parts rack buffer, with one rack buffer will 4.3. Cost of Maintenance and Operations.
consist of 8 panels as shown below. Buffer rack is made of Maintenance and operational costs per year for
steel UNP size of 80.40, size angle iron of 50.50.5, and iron generally accounted for 1-2% of the total cost of investment
plate size of 150 x 150 with a thickness of 10 mm. (Lazou and Papatsoris, 2000; Abdel-Ghani, 2008). As for
the cost of maintenance and operations (M) per year for
3.6.2. Preparation of Panel. solar to be constructed as follows:
Preparation of solar panels on the rack support is M = 1% x investment cost (8)
very important to avoid shading by constructing solar panels = 0.01 x Rp. 410.845.000,-
horizontally (landscape). A large number of rows in the = Rp.` 4.108.450,- / year
preparation of 2-5 rows of solar panels due consideration of
the factors of wind and shadow. So the length and width of a 4.4. Calculation of Life Cycle Costs
buffer shelf with 2 rows of solar panels are as follows: Life Cycle Cost which will be built on top of the
Parray = (N x Ppanel) + (N-1) x C (5) building STT-PLN, determined by the present value of the
Larray = (R x Lpanel) + (R-1) x C (6) current of the total cost of solar systems consisting of initial
investment costs (C) and long-term costs for maintenance
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and operasional (MPW). So that the life cycle costs in this requirements regarding aspects such as minimum output
study can be calculated with the following formula: or cost limits.
LCC = C + MPW (9)
V. CONCLUSION
1. The optimal design of solar power plant can be done on
the roof at STT-3/1¶VEXLOGLQJ
2.The solar cells used in photovoltaic plants convert
sunlight directly into electrical energy. Planning large
facilities is a very complex process, however. This causes
a problem, however, because increasing the distance
between modules means fewer installed modules and thus
less overall output. Planning engineers therefore have to
make technical and economic compromises for a large
number of parameters, while still meeting customer
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