SS101

FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE
 SUMMARY

Social sciences are a group of

academic disciplines dedicated
to examining society. This
branch of science studies how
SOCIAL people interact with each
SCIENCE other, behave, develop as a
culture, and influence the
world.
Social Science is both very
old and relatively new.
SOCIAL SCIENCE

19th CENTURY
The social sciences have a long history, although they
became self-consciously scientific only in the nineteenth
century.
The history of the Social Sciences has origins in the
Common Stock of western philosophy and shares various
prelursors, but began most intentionally in the early 19th
century with the positivist philosophy of Science.
 POSITIVIST PHILOSOPHY
OF SCIENCE
Positivism is a philosophical theory that Philosophy of Science is concerned with all
holds that all genuine knowledge is either the assumptions, foundations, methods,
positive—a posteriori and exclusively implications of science, and with the use
derived from experience of natural and merit of science. This discipline
phenomena and their properties and sometimes overlaps metaphysics, ontology
relations—or true by definition, that is, and epistemology, viz., when it explores
analytic and tautological. Thus, whether scientific results comprise a study
information derived from sensory of truth. In addition to these central
experience, as interpreted through reason problems of science as a whole, many
and logic, forms the exclusive source of all philosophers of science consider problems
certain knowledge that apply to particular sciences
TIME FRAME OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE
1 ANTIQUITY
5 20th CENTURY

2 ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT

6 INTERWAR PERIOD

3 MODERN PERIOD
Early Modern
Late Modern
7 CONTEMPOPARY
4 19th CENTURY DEVELOPMENT
 REPUBLIC BY PLATO
It influence the political philosophy and just life.

PLATO
Ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of
Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. His writings
explored justice, beauty and equality, and also
ANTIQUITY

contained discussions in aesthetics, political

philosophy, theology, cosmology, epistemology and
the philosophy of language.

The Republic is a Socratic dialogue, authored by

Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order
and character of the just city-state, and the just man
 ARISTOTLE
He published several work of organizations such as Politics and
Constitution of Athenians.

Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers who

ever lived and the first genuine scientist in history.
He made pioneering contributions to all fields of
philosophy and science, he invented the field of
ANTIQUITY

formal logic, and he identified the various scientific

disciplines and explored their relationships to each
other.

Discussed about the

Discussed about constitution of Athenians
Political Philosophy. commonly called the
APEOPAGITE
 Significant contributions to the social sciences were made in Medieval
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT Islamic civilization.

AL-BIRUNI(973-1048)
Αl-Biruni was an astronomer, mathematician and
philosopher, studying physics and natural
sciences too. He was the first able to obtain a
simple formula for measuring the Earth's radius.
Moreover, he thought possible the Earth to
revolve around the Sun and developed the idea
the geological eras succeed one another

He wrote detailed comparative studies on the anthropology of

peoples, religions and cultures in the Middle East, Mediterranean and
South Asia.
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406)

Ibn Khaldun was noted for developing one of the

earliest nonreligious philosophies of history. He is
generally considered the greatest Arab historian
as well as the father of sociology and the science
of history.

He worked in areas of demography, historiography, the philosophy of

history, sociology, and economics. He is best known for his
Muqaddimah.
 JEAN BURIDAN AND NICOLE ORESME
Wrote on money.

NICOLAS ORESME
French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic
philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose
work provided some basis for the development of
EARLY MODERN

modern mathematics and science and of French

prose, particularly its scientific vocabulary.

JEAN BURIDAN
Jean Buridan, Latin Joannes Buridanus, (born
1300, probably at Béthune, France—died 1358),
Aristotelian philosopher, logician, and scientific
theorist in optics and mechanics.
 ST. ATONINUS OF FLORENCE
Comprehensive Economic process.

Antoninus' writings, some in Italian, reflect a

pronounced awareness of the problems of social and
economic development. He argued in them that the
EARLY MODERN

state had a duty to intervene in mercantile affairs for

the common good, and the obligation to help the poor
and needy. His viewpoint on the vanity of women's
dress made concessions to the social status of
women of high birth or married to holders of high
office.
 17th CENTURY
Representative figures of the 17th century include David Hartley, Hugo
Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Samuel von Putendorf.
Thomas Hobbes argued that deductive reasoning from axioms created a
scientific framework, and hence his Leviathan was a scientific description
of a political commonwealth
EARLY MODERN

18th CENTURY
Social science was called moral philosophy, as contrasted from natural philosophy and
mathematics, and included the study of natural theology, natural ethics, natural
jurisprudence, and policy ("police"), which included economics and finance ("revenue").
Pure philosophy, logic, literature, and history were outside these two categories. Adam
Smith was a professor of moral philosophy, and he was taught by Francis Hutcheson.
Figures of the time included François Quesnay, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Giambattista
Vico, William Godwin, Gabriel Bonnet de Mably, and Andre Morellet. The Encyclopédie
of the time contained various works on the social sciences.
 Mathematics dominates the Social Science

BLASE PASCAL, GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ AND JOHANNES KEPLER

LATE MODERN
 SOCIAL SCIENCE FIRST APPEARED IN 1824 BOOK

An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth Most

Conducive to Human Happiness; applied to the Newly Proposed System
of Voluntary Equality of Wealth by William Thompson (1775–1833).
Auguste Comte (1797–1857)

KARL MARX

Karl Marx was one of the first writers to claim that his
19TH CENTURY

methods of research represented a scientific view of

history in this model. With the late 19th century,
attempts to apply equations to statements about
human behavior became increasingly common.
Among the first were the "Laws" of philology, which
attempted to map the change over time of sounds in a
language.
 SOCIOLOGY WAS ESTABLISH BY AUGUST COMTE [1838]
Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes
and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the
structure of groups, organizations, and societies and how people interact
within these contexts.

AUGUST COMTE
19TH CENTURY

French philosopher known as the founder of sociology

and of positivism. Comte gave the science of
sociology its name and established the new subject in
a systematic fashion.
 EMILE DURKHEIM [1858-1917]

who developed positivism in greater detail. Durkheim

set up the first European department of sociology at
the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his
Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he
established the journal L'Année Sociologique.
19TH CENTURY

Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a

case study of suicide rates among Catholic and
Protestant populations, distinguished sociological
analysis from psychology or philosophy. It also
marked a major contribution to the concept of
structural functionalism.
 SOCIAL SCIENCE

The term social science has come to refer more generally.

Emerged the mathematical and Experimental studies.
Natural Science interested in some aspect of Social Science.
Prominent Social Scientists established the PI GAMMU MU that
honor the society for the Social Science
PI GAMMU MU
is the oldest and preeminent honor society in the social sciences. It is
also the only interdisciplinary social science honor society. It serves the
20TH CENTURY

various social science disciplines which seek to understand and explain

human behavior and social relationships as well as their concomitant
problems and issues. Pi Gamma Mu's constitution defines the social
sciences to include the disciplines of history, political science, sociology,
anthropology, economics, psychology, international relations, criminal
justice, social work, social philosophy, history of education, and human
geography. Membership is also extended to interdisciplinary social
science fields that build on the core social science disciplines, such as
business administration, education, cultural and area studies, public
administration, and organizational behavior.
 The rise of industrialism had created a series of
social, economic, and political problems, particularly in
INTERWAR PERIOD

managing supply and demand in their political

economy, the management of resources for military
and developmental use, the creation of mass
education systems to train individuals in symbolic
reasoning and problems in managing the effects of
industrialization itself.
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT

There continues to be little movement toward

consensus on what methodology might have the
power and refinement to connect a proposed "grand
theory" with the various midrange theories which, with
considerable success, continue to provide usable
frameworks for massive, growing data banks