Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.

htm

Produced by: Fisheries and

Aquaculture Department
Title: Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the
PDF version
Kainji lake basin and suggestions ...
More details

Appendix 1
AN OUTLINE OF A PILOT SCHEME FOB FRESH FISH
DISTRIBUTION
A pilot scheme for the collection of fresh fish from Lake Kainji and distribution of iced chilled fish is
envisaged initially to Ilorin.

At two or three larger landing centres a good insulated box sufficiently large to hold 300 kg of fish on
ice for a period of 24 hours would be required.

A boat with an insulated fish hold would make daily trips calling at these landings to collect the fish
that has been bought during the previous day and that has been chilled in ice delivered daily by the
collection vessel.

The fish, after landing in Kainji or another centre, would have to be stored in a refrigerated store until
further despatch to larger consuming centres such as Ilorin. Prom here the Kwara State Cooperative
could be the appropriate trading channel. The shelf life of the chilled fish is expected to exceed at
least one week.

Ice plant (2 tons/24 hours) and chill store (10tons) are both estimated at N 10 000 (US $ 16 578).
The transport boat of approximately 10 m length with insulated hold and inboard diesel engine of 30
hp, travelling speed 6 knots, is estimated at N 6 500 (US $ 10 790).

Costs of transport boat per trip of 60

miles:
Fuel 70 1 at 10 kobo/litre (16.6 cts 1
N (US $
US) 7.00 11.60)
Depreciation 15 % -500 N in 200
5.00 ( 8.30)
trips approx.
Maintenance (5 %) 1.70 ( 2.80)
Insurance (5%) 1.70 ( 2.80}
Crew (pilot + assistant) 4.00 ( 6.60)
Ice (1/2 ton at N 15 per ton) (US
7.50 ( 12.45)
$24.90)
N (US $
26.90 44.55)

1 N = Naira

If one ton of fish could be collected per trip, collection costs would amount to 2.7 kobo (US $ 0 045)
per kg which seems easily recoverable when judging the price differences for fresh fish at isolated
fishing villages and a population centre like New Bussa. The costs of cold storage are estimated at
less than 0.5 kobo per kg per day (US $ 0 008).

The ice plant should at the electricity rates in Nigeria, be able to produce ice at a cost price of N 10,

1 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

(US $16.60), which would be sold to the pilot scheme at N 15 (US $ 25) per ton. The over capacity in
ice production could be Bold to the Kwara State Cooperative or private enterprise in New Bussa at N
15 per ton (US $25).

Electricity rates for small commercial use (N.E.P.A.)

Power demand charge

First 5 kVA of demand or less no charge
Next 5 kVA N 3, per kVA (US $ 5)
All additional kVA at N 2.25 per kVA (US $ 3.36)

Energy demand charges

First 20 kWh N2 (US $3.30) each
Next 180 " N 0.055 ( " 0.091) "
" 300 " N 0.05 ( " 0.83) "
" 2 000 " N 0.04 ( " 0.66) "
All over 2 500 kWh N 0.03 ( " 0.05) "

Kwara State Cooperative

This cooperative presently sends an 8 ton insulated refrigerated truck to Awuru and Faku, twice
weekly. Pish is bought at an average of 60 kobo/kg (US $ 1) and sold in Ilorin at an average of 75
kobo/kg (US $ 2.24) (in fact cutlets are sold at 35 kobo/lb (US $ 0.60) and heads are sold separately
at 20 kobo/lb (US $ 0.33). Due to the limited amounts of fish obtained at Awuru and Faku, on
average some 200 kg per trip, the cooperative must presently be running this operation at substantial
losses.

Appendix 2
YIELDS AND PROFIT OP SMOKING/DRYING OPERATION
Mean
Mean Difference Prices (sh/lb) Differences
Class weight
weight
batch of Distribution batch
batch
fish % smoked fresh smoked values
fresh fish lbs %
lbs fish fish fish %
(lbs)
(lbs)
Under
A 40 36.54 14.96 -21.58 -59.05 O.566 1.517 +0.951 +168.5
20 lbs
20–50
B 30.77 61 27.85 -33.15 -54.34 0.635 1.508 +0.873 +137.5
lbs
80–110
C 15.38 89 40.35 -48.65 -54.66 0.657 1.574 +0.840 +139.5
lbs
Over
D 13.85 194.22 88.33 -105.89 -54.52 0.468 1.308 +0.840 +179.5
110 lbs
All 100 73.97 32.98 -40.99 -55.41 O.565 1.449 +0.884 +156.6

Table from Anthonio etal.

Consultant's note 36.54 lbs at value fresh

20.68 sh
Class A 0.566 sh/lb fish
14.96 lbs at value dry
22.49 ah
1.517 sh/lb fish

2 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

1.81sh =+
difference
9%

The profit on the smoking/drying operation after deduction of costs and labour
seems to be very small.

Appendix 3
LIST OP EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR A PROCESSING
LABORATORY TO CARRY OUT THE
SUGGESTED RESEARCH PROGRAMME
N US $
Gas heated cooking stove 100 ( 166 )
Pressure cooker, pots and pans 100 ( 166 )
Cutlery, filleting knives 50 ( 83 )
Plates 50 ( 83 )
Pish boxes, polyethylene, 50 x 400 ( 664 )
Plastic buckets, barrels 150 ( 249 )
Ice plant (Maja, 600 kg/24 hrs, flake
3 700 ( 6 142 )
ice)
Refrigerator 1 200 ( 332 )
Freezer cabinet 1 200 ( 332 )
Plastic bag sealer (Audion) 125 ( 208 )
Foil wrapping apparatus (Servo-Wrap) 120 ( 200 )
Food cutter with meat mincer, 10 1
1 250 ( 2 076 )
bowl
Food mixer (Hobart AE-120) 750 ( 1 248 )
Scale Sauter Toppan, 6 kg capacity 700 ( 1 000 )
Scale up to 100 kg, Bizerba ASE 1 125 ( 1 868 )
Hammer mill for samples 325 ( 540 )
Drying oven 40–250°C, 30 1 1 180 ( 290 )
Insulated containers, 2 × 350 1 400 ( 664 )
Thermocouple temp. recorder, 6
1 100 ( 1 826 )
points Honeywell
Kjeldahl-app. for protein
300 ( 488 )
determination, 6 stations
Soxhlet fat extraction heater,
160 ( 265 )
waterbath, 6 stations
Soxhlet fat extraction app., 10 x 160 ( 265 )
Bunsen burners for butane 50 ( 83 )
Salinometers 6 10 ( 16.6 )
Thermometers 10 25 ( 42 )
Glassware, assorted 500 ( 830 )
Water distiller, Manesty, 1.5 l/hr 200 ( 332 )
N 12 (US $ 20
430 458 )

3 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

1 These items are available in the project already

The necessity of ice plant depends on the ultimate location of a pilot scheme for the collection and
distribution of chilled fish.

Appendix 4
LIST OF BOOKS SUGGESTED FOR THE PROCESSING CENTRE
AT LAKE KAINJI
Borgstrom, G. (Ed.), 1961–5 Fish as food. New York, Academic Press, 4 vols

Burgees, G.H.O., et a1., 1965 Fish handling and processing. Edinburgh, H.M. Stationery Office, 390
p.

Gillies, M.T., 1971 Seafood processing. New Jersey, Noyes Data Corp., Noyes Building, Park
Ridge, 260 p.

Kreuzer, R., (Ed.), 1971 Fish inspection and quality control. London, Fishing News (Books) Ltd., 290
p.

Stansby, M.E. Industrial fishery technology. London, Chapman & Hall Ltd.

Appendix 5
REFERENCES
Anthonio, G.B.O., 1970 Fish marketing survey in the Kainji Lake Basin Yelwa area study. Ibadan,
Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, May 1970.

FAO, 1971 Fishery Industries Division, Fishery Products and Marketing Branch, Equipment and
methods for improved smoke-drying of fish in the tropics. FAO Tech.Pap., (104):27p.

FAO, 1971a Fishery Industries Division, Fishery Products and Marketing Branch A model fishery
products quality control laboratory. FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (107):22 p.

Ita, E.O., 1972 Approaches to the evaluation and management of the fish stock in Kainji Lake,
Nigeria. Paper presented at the CIFA conference, Fort Lamy, Chad, 29 November–6 December,
1972. Rome, FAO, CIFA/72/S.14:18 p.

Jenness, J. 1970 Fishermen of the Kainji Basin. Working paper No. 3. Kainji Lake Research Project.
Rome, FAO, FI:3F/NIR 24: 98 P.

FAO/UN 1970 Report to the Government of Nigeria on the fishery investigations on the Niger and
Benue Rivers in the Northern Region and development of riverine fishery management and training.
Based on the work of M.P. Motwani, Inland Fishery Biologist. Rep.FAO/UNDP(TA). (2771): 196 P.

FAO/UN 1963 Report to the Government of Nigeria on improvement in the bulk smoking of bonga in
Western Nigeria. Based on the work of M. Piatek, FAO/TA Fish Processing Expert. Rep.FAO/EPTA.
(1756):68 p.

FAO/UN 1969 Report to the Government of Nigeria on fishing technology relating to river and
swamp fisheries of Northern Nigeria. Based on the work of W. Reed, FAO/TA Fishery Technologist.
Rep.FAO/UNDP(TA). (2711):90 p.

FAO/UN 1970a The fish population of newly impounded Kainji Lake. Report prepared for the
Government of Nigeria by FAO of the UN acting as executing agency for UNDP. Based on the work
of J.L. Turner, Inland Fishery Biologist. Rome, FAO, Tech.Rep.1 FI:SP/NIR 24: 59 p.

4 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

Fig. 1 A TRADITIONAL SMOKING OVEN

Fig. 2. A 3-TRAY MUD SMOKING KILN AT YELWA

5 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

Fig. 3 AN HOUR-GLASS SHAPED SMOKING OVEN

Fig. 4 FISH SKEWERED ON A STICK PRICK TO SMOKING

6 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM
Nigeria - Fish handling and processing in the Kainji lake basin and sugg... http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/009/f8570e/F8570E02.htm

Fig. 5 YELWA MARKET

Fig. 6 PORO FISHING VILLAGE ON LAKE KAINJI

7 of 7 21/05/2011 04:01 PM