1

LORETO ACADEMY, INC

Mabini St., Carmen, Loreto, Dinagat
Islands

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
2ND SEM

GRADE 11
S. Y. 2021-2022

SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MODULES

(SLM)

NAME: ___________________________________________________

COMPILED BY:
JUDILYN M. JUMAMOY

DISCLAIMER: The lesson content has been compiled from various sources in public domain including
but not limited to the internet for the convenience of the users. The school has no propriety right on the
same.
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WEEK 1 & 2

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

RESEARCH (Walker)
 is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.
 it may take place in different settings and may use different methods; scientific
research is universally a systematic and objective search reliable knowledge.
is an act of studying something carefully and extensively in order to attain deep
knowledge.
OTHER DEFINITION
it is an inquiry process.
it is a formal process of problem solving.
it is a set of procedures and stages.
it originates with aquestion or a problem, often it is an iterative (repitition) process.

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

1. To gather necessary information

2. To make changes
3. To improve the standard of living
4. To know the truth
5. To explore our history
6. To understand arts

THE FUNCTION OF RESEARCH

1. Leads an expansion of knowledge and discoveries.

2. Projections about future events.
3. Discovery and creation of knowledge, theory building.
4. Testing, confirmation,revision, and reputation of knowledge as theory.
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BENEFITS OF RESEARCH

1. Economics research refers to matters concerning the environment and which may
lead to improved techniques to ensure sustainable food production.
2. Social research leads to an increased knowledge of people and their interactions
with one another, which could be relevant to policy makers.
3. Environmental research focuses on improved techniques to ensure sustainable food
production.
4. Cultural research leads to increased understanding of cultural values or social
approaches.
5. Health research contributes to a better understanding of the causes of medical
conditions.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. EMPIRICAL
 Research is based on observation and experimentation of theories.
2. SYSTEMATIC
 Research follows orderly and sequential procedures, based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. CONTROLLED
 Research all variables, except those that are tested /experimented on, are
keep constant.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
 Guides the investigation process.
5. ANALYTICAL
 Critical analysis of all data.
6. OBJECTIVE
 Research as unbiased and logical (reasonable).
7. ORIGINAL WORK
 Requires effort, researcher’s own investigation and produce the data
needed to complete the study.

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. CONCERN FOR CONTEXT AND MEANING

Human experience takes its meaning from social, historical,
political and cultural influences.
2. NATURALLY OCCURRING SETTINGS
Based on idea that settings affect the findings.
3. HUMANS AS INSTRUMENTS
Human being can do field work (interview, observation, and
documentation.
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4. DESCRIPTIVE DATA
Forms of words, pictures or visual.
5. EMERGENT DESIGN
Cannot be finalized at the beginning continues to adjust
methods and ways as the study progresses.

ETHICS (RESMIK, 2015)

 Refer to as norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and

unacceptable behavior.
 Consider as a method, procedure or perspective for deciding how to act and
analyzing complex problems and issues.

FUNCTIONS OF ETHICS

1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of
error.
2. Ethical standards promotes values that are essential to collaborative work (trust,
accountability, mutual respect and fairness.
3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.
4. Ethical norms, helps build public support quality and integrity of research.

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (ETHICAL BEHAVIOR)

 Honesty
 Objectivity
 Integrity  Social responsibility
 Carefulness  Non- discrimination
 Openness
 Competence
 legality
 Confidentially
 Responsible publication
 Respect for colleagues

CATEGORIES OF RESEARCH

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Based on an approach which sees the individual and the world around
him/her as interconnected.
 Exploratory research
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2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Used to quantify the problem by the way of generating mathematical data
or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.
 Associated with research in the natural science.

SIMILARITIES OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

BACHMAN (2009)
1. Empirical research is aimed at creating new knowledge.
2. Research creates knowledge by observing phenomena.
3. All the entities of interest like attitudes, motives and learning.
4. All researchers are concerned about the universality of ideas or expressing an
idea in a general statement.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. APPLIED RESEARCH
 Designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, its goal is to
improve human condition.
 It is used to find solutions to everyday problems, current illness and
develop technologies.
EXAMPLE:
 Improve agricultural crop production
 Treat or cure a specific disease
 To improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices or modes of
transportation

2. BASIC RESEARCH
 Referred to as fundamental or pure research, is driven by a scientist’s
curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
 The main motivation is to extend man’s knowledge, not to create or
invent things.
EXAMPLE:
 Possible cure for HIV
 Genetic code of the fruit fly
 How do mushrooms reproduce?

3. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
 Refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships
among two or more variables, w/o necessary determining cause and effect.

4. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Refers to researchers that provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a
particular individual situation or group.
 Known as statistical research.
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5. ETHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 Refers to the investigation of a culture.

6. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 An objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena and examining probability.

7. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
 Conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined.

8. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.

9. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 An inductive descriptive research developed from phenomenological
philosophy.
 Aim to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person.

10. ACTION RESEARCH

 The application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problems (very limited scope)

11. CONTENT ANALYSIS

 A type of research applied to written or visual material. (Textbooks,
newspapers, web pages.)

TYPES OF CASE STUDY

INTRINSIC CASE STUDY

Conducted to understand a particular case that maybe unusual or unique.

INSTRUMENTAL CASE STUDY

Represents other issues under study and the researcher believes that this case
can provide additional insights into that issue.

MUTIPLE OR COLLECTIVE CASE STUDY

Uses several cases selected to further understand and investigate a
phenomenon, population or general condition.
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LORETO ACADEMY, INC.

Mabini St., Carmen, Loreto, Dinagat Islands

1ST SUMMATIVE TEST

NAME: ____________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

I. Answer the following questions briefly. Write it on a sheet of paper.

1. What is research?
2. Give the significance of research.
3. What are the role of research in our society?
4. Write the characteristics of a qualitative research.
5. What are the benefits that you can get out of a research?

II. Copy and write your answer before the number in the blank.

____________ 1. Refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study of

relationships among two or more variables.
____________ 2. Designed to solve practical problems of the modern world.
____________ 3. Type of research applied to written or visual materials.
____________ 4. Refers to the investigation of a culture.
____________ 5. Involving analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past.
____________ 6. An objective, systematic, controlled investigation for the purpose of
predicting and controlling phenomena.
____________ 7. Referred to as fundamental or pure research.
____________ 8. An inductive descriptive research developed from phenomenological
philosophy.
____________ 9. The application of steps of the scientific method in the classroom
problems.
____________ 10. Refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a
particular individual situation or group.

III. Identify what is ask. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Give the major characteristics of research.

2. Give the types of case study.

THANK YOU
AND
GOOD LUCK!!!
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WEEK 3 - 5

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

ACCORDING TO:

CRESSWELL (1994)
 An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem.

LOSKE, SPIRDUSD AND SIVERMAN (1987)

 To understand a particular social situation, event, role, group, or interaction.

FRANENKEL AND WALLEN (1990)

 Researchers are interested in understanding how things occur.

NEUMAN (2007)
 Follows a linear research path, speaks a language of variables and hypothesis
and emphasize measuring variables and testing hypothesis.

KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

MARSHALL AND ROSSMAN (1995)

1. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
 Demands immersion in the natural setting of the research participants.

2. OBSERVATION
 The systematic noting or recording of events, behaviors and artifacts (objects) in
the social setting chosen for study.

3. IN – DEPTH INTERVIEWING
 Resembles conversation, but with pre-determined response categories.

4. FUCOS GROUP INTERVIEWING

 Involves 7-10, at times 6-8 people, who are unfamiliar with one another and their
characteristic are relevant to the research.

5. CONTENT ANALYSIS
 Systematic examination of forms of communication to document patterns
objectively (letters, emails, minutes of meetings, policy statements).

6. NARRATOLOGY
 Applied to any spoken or written story. (Great deal of sensitivity between
participant and researcher)
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7. FILMS, VIDEOS, AND PHOTOGRAPH

STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

STRENGTHS:
1. Offer the best answers to certain phenomena (social, economic, political or
psychological)
2. Research results are exhaustive (complete, true)
3. Offers several avenues to standard phenomena, behavior, human conditions
4. Can be build or develop theories through consistent themes, categories,
relationships, interrelationships.

WEAKNESSES:
1. Total immersion can be time-consuming and tedious and resource draining.
2. Comes a point when the personal self and the researcher self are inseparable, so,
subjectively, on the part of the researcher, can happen.

IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS DIFFERENT FIELD

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION

(Green and Bloome 1997) claimed that the ethnographer of education (usually a
sociologists or anthropologist) seeks to understand what counts as education for
members of a particular group, while the ethnographer in education (usually an
education ‘insider’ often a teacher)

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

Determines the effective use of technology in the workplace to ensure smooth
flow of communication, which take the forms of e-mail, fax messaging, video and voice
conference, intranet and extranet, jargons and graphics.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY

(Braun and Clarke 2013) claimed that a qualitative research paradigm in
psychology has been emerging.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN ADVERTISING

Refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors,
symbols and definition of thing (Berg 1989).
An approach to research that uses variety of methods and involves an
interpretive, naturalistic approach to whatever is the focus of study (Denzin and
Lincoln 1994)

THEORY
Refers to an organizing scheme for the data that place them in orderly patterns and
give meaning and insight into the lives of others.
Not placed before data collection; it comes out of data and is thus referred to as
grounded theory. (Glaser and Strauss)
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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN SOCIAL WORK

Personal memory of traumatic events, relation with others and the world.

CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW DATA AND NARRATIVES

1. Knowledge = direct remembering and reliving, with complete details of the

events.
2. Awareness of Mental Processes = awareness of emotions and of a cognitive
processes
3. Awareness of Identity = awareness of values and the construction of personal
characteristics of each partner and of the couple as a unit
4. Alienation = characterized by a refusal to observe, reflect or remember.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN MARKETING

Created devices such as matching people, animals, cars, pictorial symbols and
soliciting dreams.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

Participant observation, content analysis focus groups, narrative interviews and
hidden methods such as archival research (Marschan, Pekkari, and Welch 2004)

DESIGNING A RESEARCH PROJECT RELATED TO DAILY LIFE

 Real life experiences, participants natural setting

1. Goals of your study
2. The theoretical frameworks
3. The research questions (your guide)
4. Ethics and methods

Congruence of Research Questions, Data Collection

Sources of Research Topics:
1. Pressing issues on an individual, organizational or societal level or success stories
2. Wide reading/ critical film viewing (books, journals, magazines, newspapers)
3. Social networking (voice their observation, opinions, condemnation of current
happenings in network)
4. Replication (thesis, dissertations – to earn an advance degree)
5. Lectures, talks, seminars
6. Gray areas (points of interests but very little is known about them)

WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE

RESEARCH TITLE
 A product of real world observations, dilemmas, wide reading, selective viewing
(television programs, films, documentaries, videos)
 Original, clear, concise or specific
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TECHNIQUES FOR NARROWING A TOPIC

1. EXAMINE THE LITERATURE

 Replicate a previous research
 Explore unexpected findings
 Follow suggestions an author gives
 Challenge findings (prove)
 Specify the interviewing process

2. TALK OVER IDEAS WITH OTHERS

3. APPLY TO A SPECIFIC CONTEXT
 Focus the topic
 Narrow the topic
 Consider the subgroups/ categories

4. DEFINE THE AIM OR DESIRED OUTCOME OF THE STUDY

 Exploratory
 Explanatory
 Descriptive study

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1. The root causes and manifestation

2. The impact
3. The causes, prevention, treatment and care
4. Danger
5. Success factors
6. Why
7. How
8. Conditions

FACTORS THAT JUSTIFY CONDUCT OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. CREDIBILITY
 Truth value, consistency, neutrality
2. VALIDITY
 Complexity of variables and embedding of interactions
3. TRANSFERABILITY
 One set findings to another context
 Bringing more than one source of data to bear on a single point
4. DEPENDABILITY
 Change in the design created by increasing refined understanding of the
setting
5. CONFORMABILITY
 Do the data help confirm the general findings and lead to the
implications?
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LORETO ACADEMY, INC.

Mabini St., Carmen, Loreto, Dinagat Islands

2ND SUMMATIVE TEST

NAME: ____________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

I. IDENTIFICATION
Identify the given statement and write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Systematic examination of forms of communication to document patterns

objectively
2. Demands immersion in the natural setting of the research participants
3. Applied to any spoken or written story
4. Resembles conversation, but with pre- determined response categories
5. Involves 7-10, at times 6-8 people, who are unfamiliar with one another and their
characteristics are relevant to the research
6. The systematic noting or recording of events, behaviors and artifacts (objects) in
the social setting chosen for study
7. An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem
8. Refers to an organizing scheme for the data that place them in orderly patterns
and give meaning and insight into the lives of others.
9. Determines the effective use of technology in the workplace to ensure smooth
flow of communication
10. Seeks to understand what counts as education for members of a particular group

II. TRUE OR FALSE

Identify the statement whether true or false write the word True if it is true and
false if it is not. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1. Knowledge is a direct remembering and reliving, with complete details of the

events.
2. Awareness of identity is the awareness of emotions and of a cognitive processes.
3. Alienation is characterized by a refusal to observe, reflect or remember.
4. Awareness of mental is awareness of values and the construction of personal
characteristics of each partner and of the couple as a unit.
5. Qualitative research in social work is a personal memory of traumatic events,
relation with others and the world.
6. Qualitative research in marketing is a participant observation.
7. Qualitative research in marketing a created devices such as matching people,
animals, cars, pictorial symbols and soliciting dreams.
8. Qualitative research in advertising refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions,
characteristics, metaphors, symbols and definition of things.
9. Theory refers to memory of traumatic events, relation with others and the world.
10. Theory refers to an organizing scheme for the data that place them in orderly
patterns and give meaning and insight into the live s of others.
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III. ENUMERATION
Answer the following questions and write your answer in a sheet of paper.

1 – 6 (Sources of Research Topics)

7 – 10 (Techniques of Narrowing a Topic)
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WEEK 6 – 8

STATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Research questions should be congruent with the data collection and data analysis:
1. Understanding and Perception
2. Practices/ accounts of practice
3. Influencing factors
4. Construction
5. Language Practice

FLICK (2002) FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Formulation of the overall question
2. Formulation of specific research question
3. Formulation of sensitizing concepts
4. Selection of research groups (which to study)
5. Selection of appropriate designs and methods
6. Evaluation and reformulation of the specific questions
7. Collecting of data
8. Evaluation and reformulation of specific questions
9. Analyzing the data
10. Generalization and evaluation of the analysis
11. Formulation of the findings

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 Sets boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the
scope of the inquiry.

LIMITATION = associated with qualitative study related to validity and reliability

DELIMITATION = boundaries of the research study
SCOPE = to look for the purpose of evaluation

ASPECTS OF SIGNIFICANCE

1. SIGNIFICANCE FOR THEORY

 The researcher can outline the research study’s contribution to
fundamental knowledge
 Researcher use concepts developed by previous researchers and
formulate questions similar to those used in previous research.

2. SIGNIFICANCE FOR POLICY AND PRACTICE

 Can be established by presenting data that show how often the problems
occur and how costly it can be.
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PURPOSES OF STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

MARSHALL AND ROSSMAN (1995)

1. To describe the substantive focus of the research
2. To frame it as: a larger theoretical policy
A practical problem and develop its significance
3. To pose initial research questions
4. To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section
5. To discuss the limitations of the study

SELECTING RELEVANT LITERATURE

LITERATURE REVIEW
 Provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic
 Includes all the information and data which are relevant to the topic

THREE TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. The types consisting of an initial collection to help you consider the kinds,
methods and sources of evidence for a new study.
2. The type of a selective review that targets other studies and appear to cover the
same topic and helps you define new study in your own
3. A comprehensive review conducted out of a desire to summarize what is known
on a given topic.

WHY DO A LITERATURE REVIEW?

To indicate the research that has been conducted to ensure that you’re not
“reinventing the wheel”.

 To demonstrate that you’re aware of important and recent studies in your study
area.

To explain the theoretical background to your proposed research project.

To ensure that you haven’t missed literature detailing a way for you to conduct your
study.

To demonstrate your ability to critically analyze the literature in your study area.

KINDS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. TRADITIONAL
 Referred to as narrative literature review
 It provides a quick overview of current studies
 It helps explain why your study is important in the context of the
literature
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2. INTEGRATIVE
 Review synthesizes findings from different approaches (Whittemore and
Knafl, 2005)

3. SYNTACTIC
 Synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given research
question

4. SOPING
 Involves a broad research question that explores the current evidence
base (Armstrong, Hall, Doyle and Waters 2011)
 It can help inform areas that are appropriate for a systematic review

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Materials must be as recent as possible

2. Materials must be as objective and biased as possible
3. Materials must be relevant to the study
4. Materials must not be too few nor too many

TYPES OF SOURCES

1. PRIMARY SOURCES
Researchers report the results of their studies (journals)
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
Authors describe the work of others (textbook)

SOURCES OF LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE

1. BOOKS = a collection that provides information about a certain topic

2. MAGAZINES = a popular work published periodically (weekly, monthly, etc.)
focusing on a specific subject of interest.
3. NEWSPAPER = a periodical publication containing news, events, interview and
opinion article.
4. COMPUTER = a collection of electronic materials that provides information
about a certain topic.
5. JOURNAL = a scholarly work published periodically containing highly classified
research.
6. FILM = a motion picture or movie, can be fictional, documentary or even You
Tube videos.

WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE:

1. By Author or Writer (according to Felipe-2015)

2. By Topic (it has been found out that)
3. By Chronology (according to the year, the literature were written, usually from
earliest to the latest)
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SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE

SYNTHESIS
 A discussion that draws on one or more sources
 Refers to the bringing together of materials from different sources and the
creation of an integrated whole.

TYPES OF SYNTHESIS

1. EXPLANATORY
 Helps the readers to understand a topic
 Aim to present the facts in a reasonably objective manner

2. ARGUMENT SYNTHESIS
 To present your own point of view with the support of relevant facts
drawn from services and presented in a logical manner.

CATEGORIES OF SOURCES

(ACCORDING TO FRAENKEL, 2015)

1. DOCUMENTS
 Written or printed materials that have been produced in some form or
another (books, artworks, cartoons, annual reports, diaries, notebooks)
2. NUMERICAL
 A separate type of source in and of themselves or as a subcategory of
documents. (attendance figure, census reports, school budgets, tests
scores)
3. ORAL STATEMENTS
 Materials that leave a record for the future generations (stories, myths,
tales, legends, songs)
4. RELICS
 Formal types of historical sources
 Any object where physical or visual characteristics can provide some
information about the past. (artwork, clothing, furniture, buildings)

TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING A SYNTHESIS

1. SUMMARY
Simplest way of writing a synthesis
You write one after the other most relevant information and
sources you gathered

2. EXAMPLE OR ILLUSTRATION
A reference to a particularly illuminating example or illustration that you
have included in your review.
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3. REASONS (TWO OR MORE)

State your thesis, then give reasons why it is true
Reasons need to be supported by evidence from your data and sources

4. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Examine two subjects or data in terms of one another

THREE COMPONENTS IN STRUCTURING A LITERATURE RIVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION
 A single paragraph that introduces the general topic and provide
scholarly or societal (policy, practice) context for the review.
 It also identifies the overall statement of knowledge about the topic
(evidence, methodology, problem or opportunity)

2. BODY
 You need to address previous research on the topic, grouped according to
theme, theoretical, perspective, method used or chronological
development.
 Connect the literature to the proposed research objectives within this
parts and describe previous work you have accomplished related to your
proposed study.

3. CONCLUSION
 A single paragraph that provides a summary statement of the overall
statement of knowledge about the topic.
 Reconnect ideas to your introduction. It should establish the potential
significance or importance of your proposed study relative to the current
state of knowledge.

ETHICS

 Refers to norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and

unacceptable behavior
 Refers to rules in making a distinction between right or wrong such as the golden
rule.

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW

1. ETHICAL RELATIVISM
o Refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a person feels
his/her value is better than any other person’s value.

2. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
o Refers to values that are translated into rules or standard of conduct.
o Guides for minimizing risks to participants - risks as making participants
uncomfortable or the researcher’s probing into personal areas of
participants.
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3. ETHICAL DELIMMA
o Entails a situation where there is a felt conflict between values or
principles and a choice of action needs to be decided.

RESEARCH INTEGRITY
 A researcher uses words that can be trusted as representative’s truthful positions
and statements.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD LITERATURE

1. FOCUSED
o Presents only ideas and reports on studies that are closely related to the
topic.

2. CONCISE
o The ideas should be presented economically.

3. LOGICAL
o The flow within and among paragraphs should be smooth, logical
progression from one idea to the next.

4. DEVELOPED
o The ideas are fully and completely written.

5. INTEGRATIVE
o It shows how ideas are related and how all reviewed materials contribute
to your topic.

6. CURRENT
o It exhibits up-to-date information related to your study
 20

LORETO ACADEMY, INC.

Mabini St., Carmen, Loreto, Dinagat Islands

3RD SUMMATIVE TEST

NAME: ____________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

Direction: Select the letter of your choice. Write the answer on a sheet of
paper, do not write anything on the modules.

1. It sets boundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows down the
scope of the inquiry.
a. Scope c. Delimitation
b. Scope and Limitation d. Limitation
2. It is associated with qualitative study related to validity and reliability.
a. Scope c. Delimitation
b. Scope and Limitation d. Limitation
3. The boundaries of the research study.
a. Scope c. Delimitation
b. Scope and Limitation d. Limitation
4. It looks for the purpose of evaluation.
a. Scope c. Delimitation
b. Scope and Limitation d. Limitation
5. Provides an overview of what has been written about a specific topic.
a. Literature c. Literature Review
b. Review of Literature d. Literature Background

II. IDENTIFICATION

Direction: Identify the following statement and write your answer on a sheet
of paper.

1. Researcher uses concepts developed by previous researchers and formulate

questions similar to those used in previous research.
2. Can be established by presenting data that show how often the problems occur
and how costly it can be.
3. It helps explain why your study is important in the context of the literature.
4. Synthesizes high quality empirical information to answer a given research
questions.
5. Involves a broad research question that explores the current evidence.
6. Review synthesizes findings from different approaches.
7. A collection of electronic materials that provides information about a certain
topic.
8. A collection that provides information about a certain topic.
9. A motion picture or movie, can be fictional, documentary or even You Tube
videos.
 21

10. A popular work published periodically (weekly, monthly, etc.) focusing on a

specific subject of interest.
11. A periodical publication containing news, events, interview and opinion article.
12. A scholarly work published periodically containing highly classified research.
13. Refers to the bringing together of materials from different source and the
creation of an integrated whole.
14. Aim to present the facts in a reasonably objective manner.
15. Present your own point of view with the support of relevant facts drawn from
services and presented in a logical manner.

III. ENUMERATION

Direction: Give the answers of what is ask. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.

1 – 4 The categories of Sources

5 – 10 Characteristics of a good literature

THANK YOU
AND
GOB BLESS!!!
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WEEK 9 & 10 (PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1)

UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT

DATA

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

ACCORDING TO LEEDY AND OMROD (2001):

1. CASE STUDY
 Studies a person, program or event in a define time frame.

ACCORDING TO CRESSWELL (1998):

 Case study should be the problem, the context, the issues and the lessons learned.

2. ETHNOGRAPHY

ACCORDING TO MACMILLAN (1993):

 Interactive and which requires relatively extensive time in a site to systematically
observe, interview and record processes as they occur naturally at the selected
location.

ACCORDING TO LEEDY AND OMROD (2001):

 Studies groups of people that share a common culture.

CRESSWELL (2003):
 Studies an intact cultural group in a prolonged period of time by collecting,
primarily, observational data.

3. CONTENT ANALYSIS

ACCORDING TO LEEDY AND ORMOD (2001):

 A detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of
materials for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes or biases.
 Identifies specific characteristics of the content of human communication.

2 STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION:

1. The researcher analyzes the materials and put them in a frequency table as
each characteristic or quality is mentioned.
2. The researcher conducts a statistical analysis so that the result are reported
in a quantitative format.
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5 SECTIONS OF RESEARCH REPORT:

1. The descriptions of the materials studied

2. The characteristic and qualities studied
3. A description of the methodology
4. The statistical analysis showing the frequency table
5. The conclusions drawn about the patterns, themes, or biases found in the
human communications and data collections

4. PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

ACCORDING TO CRESSWELL (1998):

 The search for the central underlying meaning of the research
participant’s experience.

ACCORDING TO LEEDY AND OMROD (2001):

 To understand an experience from the research participant’s point of
view.

CRESSWELL (1998) PROCEDURAL RESEARCH FORMAT:

1. Writing the research questions that explore the meaning of the experience.
2. Conducting the interviews.
3. Analyzing the data to find the clusters of meanings.
4. Writing a report that makes the readers understand more clearly the
essential structure of the experience.

5. GROUNDED THOERY
 An attempt to extract a general abstract theory of a process, or
interaction grounded in views of research participants.

ACCORDING TO NUEMAN (2007):

 To build a theory that is faithful to the evidence.
 Built of data collected
 A method of discovering new theory

SAMPLING PROCEDURES

SAMPLE
 A smaller set off cases a researcher selects from a large group and generalizes to
the population.

QUALITATIVE SAMPLING
NEUMAN (2007)
 The primary goal of sampling is to get a representative sample, or a small
collection of units and cases from much larger collection or population.
 24

2 GENERAL CATEGORIES OF SAMPLING PROCEDURES:

1. Non- probability sampling

2. Probability sampling

NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING 3 TYPES:

1. CONVENCE SAMPLING
 Involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher.

2. QUOTA SAMPLING
 Samples a populations that has been subdivided who classes or categories.

3. JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING
 The researcher uses his/her own expert judgement.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING 4 TYPES:

1. SIMPLE RAMDOM SAMPLING

 The researcher must have a list of all members of the population.
 From the list, the sample is drawn so that each person has an equal chance or
being drawn.

2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

 Categorizing the members of the population into mutually exclusive and
collective exhaustive groups.

3. CLUSTER SAMPLING
 The groups are defined in order to maintain the heterogeneity of the population.
 Clusters are representative samples of the population as a whole.

4. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 The researcher selects every nth member after randomly selecting the first,
through nth element as starting point.

OTHER SPECIFIC KINDS OF SAMPLES

1. CRITERION SAMPLING
 Selection is based on specific characteristics (students who have dyslexia)

2. HOMOGENOUS SAMPLING
 Selections of participants who have similar experiences, attitudes or outlook.
(Working students, commercial models, students leaders, scholars and others)
 25

3. MAXIMUM VARIATION SAMPLING

 The objective of the selection is to attain more in depth views from a big number
of participants.

4. INTENSITY SAMPLING
 The objective of the selection is to sample the same characteristics respectively.

5. DEVIANT CASE SAMPLING (EXTREME CASE SAMPLING)

 The researcher seek cases that differ from the dominant pattern of from the
predominant characteristics of other cases.

6. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
 The process of collecting data or doing the interpretation or data analysis.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES:

1. INTERVIEW
 Take the form of informal conversations, open-ended, interviews or in-depth
discussions.

KINDS OF INTERVIEW:

a. STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
 Use a set of questions prepared by the researcher.

b. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS
 Use open-ended questions which the interviewer of research participants answer
freely.

c. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
 Use both close and open-ended questions.

2. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
 The researcher immerses himself/herself in the natural setting of the research
participants.

3. FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEW

 Critical issues or sensitive ones can be more freely discussed with a group. ( 6 to
8 persons participate in the interviews)

4. OBSERVATIONAL EVALUATION
 The researcher may or may not participate in activities of the group being
observed.
 Observes and records’ both the verbal and non-verbal behavior of a person or
group of persons.
 26

5. BIOGRAPHY/AUTOBIOGRAPHY
 Personal biographies offer a rich source of data or evidence that can shed light
or provide tentative answers to research questions.

BASIC TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION:

ACCORDING TO CRESSWELL (2003)

1. OBSERVATION
 The researcher take field notes of the behavior and activities of research
participants at the research site or in their natural setting.

2. INTERVIEW
The research may:
a. Conduct face-to-face interviews with participants
b. Do telephone interviews of participants or
c. Engage in focus group interviews with 6 or 8 interviews

3. DOCUMENTS
 These take the form of public documents which are all collected during the
research process.
Public documents (Newspaper, minutes of meetings, official reports)
Private documents (Personal journals, diaries, letters, and emails)

4. AUDIO AND VISUAL MATERIALS

 May take the form of photographs, art objects, videotapes, or any forms of
sound.

COMPONENTS OF INTERVIEW PROTOCOL

ACCORDING TO CRESSWELL (2003):

1. Heading
2. Instruction to the interviewer, such as opening statements
3. The key research questions
4. Probes to follow key questions
5. Transition messages for the interviewer
6. Space for recording the interviewee’s comments and space in which the
researcher records reflective notes.

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES:

1. CODING
 The research analyst reads the data and marks segments within the data,
this may be done at different times throughout the process.
 Each segment labeled with a “code” usually a code or short phrase that
suggest how the associated data segments inform the research objectives.
 27

2. RECURSIVE ABSTRACTION
 Data set are summarized
 The end result is more compact summary that would have been difficult
to accurately discern without the preceding steps of distillation.

3. CONTENT OR DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

 The most basic technique is counting of words, phrases or coincidences of
tokens within the data
 Content analysis is frequently used in sociology to explore relationships,
such as change in perceptions or race over time or the lifestyle of
temporal contractors.

4. COMPUTER-ASSISTED QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS SOFTWARE

 This has replaced the detailed hand coding and labeling of the past
decades.
 These programs enhance the analyst’s efficiency at data storage/retrieval
and at applying the codes to the data.

GENERAL STEPS IN DATA ANALYSIS

ACCORDING TO CRESSWELL (1998)

1. ORGANIZE AND PREPARE THE DATA ANALYSIS

 Involves transcribing interviews, optically scanning material, typing up
field notes, or sorting and arranging the data into different types,
depending of the sources of information.

2. READ THROUGH ALL THE DATA

 Obtain a general sense of the information and reflect on its over-all
meaning.

3. BEGIN DATAILED ANALYSIS WITH CODING PROCESS

 (Rossman and Rollis 1998) define coding as the process of organizing
material into “chunks” before bringing meaning to those “chunks”.

4. USE THE CODING PROCESS TO GENERATE A DESCRIPTION OF THE

SETTING OR PEOPLE
 Description involves a detailed rendering of information about people,
places or events in a setting.

5. DECIDE HOW THE DESCRIPTION AND THEMES WILL BE

REPRESENTED

6. A FINAL STEP IN DATA ANALYSIS INVOLVES MAKING AN

INTERPRETATION DATA
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DATA ANALYSIS ACCORDING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

1. GROUNDED THEORY
 Has systematic steps to follow according to Strauss and Corbin (1990,
1998):
a) OPEN CODING = generating categories of information.
b) AXIAL CODING = selecting one of the categories and positioning
it within a theoretical model.
c) SELECTIVE CODING = explicating a story from the
interconnection of these categories.

2. CASE STUDY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

 Involve a detailed description of the setting or individuals, followed by
analysis of the data for themes or issues. (Stake, 1995)

3. PHENOMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 Uses the analysis of:(Moustakas, 1994)
a) Significant statements
b) The generalization of meaning units
c) Development of an “essence” description

4. NARRATIVE RESEARCH
 Employs re-storying the participants’ stories using structural elements
such as plot, setting, activities, climax, and denouement. (Clandinin and
Connelly, 2000)
 29

LORETO ACADEMY, INC.

Mabini St., Carmen, Loreto, Dinagat Islands

4TH SUMMATIVE TEST

NAME: ____________________________________ SCORE: ____________________

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Direction: Choose the answer (word) of your choice, be sure to write it on a
sheet of paper.

1. Studies a person, program or event in define time frame.

a. Current c. integrative
b. Case study d. content analysis.
2. A detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of
materials for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes and biases.
a. Current c. integrative
b. Case study d. content analysis
3. Interactive and which requires relatively extensive time in a site to systematically
observe, interview and record processes as they occur naturally at the selected
location.
a. Case study c. ethnography
b. Content analysis d. phenomenological study
4. The search for the central underlying meaning of the research participants’
experience.
a. Case study c. ethnography
b. Content analysis d. phenomenological study
5. An attempt to extract a general abstract theory of a process, or interaction
grounded in views of research participants.
a. Grounded theory c. case study
b. Content analysis d. phenomenological study
6. Involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the researcher.
a. Qualitative sampling c. convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling d. judgmental sampling
7. Samples a population that has been subdivided into classes or categories.
a. Qualitative sampling c. convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling d. judgmental sampling
8. The researcher uses his/her own expert judgment.
a. Qualitative sampling c. convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling d. judgmental sampling
9. The researcher must have a list of all members of the population.
a. Simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling
b. Cluster sampling d. systematic sampling
10. Categorizing the members of the population into mutually exclusive and
collectively exhaustive groups.
a. Simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling
b. Cluster sampling d. systematic sampling
 30

11. The groups are defined in order to maintain the heterogeneity of the population.
a. Simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling
b. Cluster sampling d. systematic sampling
12. The researcher selects every Nth member after randomly selecting the first,
through Nth element as starting point.
a. Simple random sampling c. stratified random sampling
b. Cluster sampling d. systematic sampling
13. Selection is biased on specific characteristics.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Maximum variation sampling d. intensity sampling
14. Selection of participants who have similar experiences, attitudes or outlook.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Maximum variation sampling d. intensity sampling
15. The objective of the selection is to attain more in depth views from a big number
of participants.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Maximum variation sampling d. intensity sampling
16. The objective of the selection is to sample the same characteristics repetitively.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Maximum variation sampling d. intensity sampling
17. The researcher seeks cases that differ from the dominant pattern or from the
predominant characteristics of other cases.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Deviant case sampling d. purposive sampling
18. The process of collecting data or doing the interpretation or data analysis.
a. Criterion sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b. Deviant case sampling d. purposive sampling
19. The researcher immerses himself/herself in the natural setting of the research
participant.
a. Biography c. participant observation
b. Focus group interview d. observational evaluation
20. The researcher may or may not participate in activities of the group being
observed.
a. Biography c. participant observation
b. Focus group interview d. observational evaluation

II. ENUMERATION
Direction: Answer what is ask in the given statement, write your answer on a
sheet of paper.

 Give the primary data collection techniques (1-5)

 What are the basic types of data collection according to Cresswell (6- 9)
 Named the data analysis procedures (10-13)
 Give the generic steps in data analysis (14-19)

THANK YOU
AND
GOD BLESS !!!