2734968, 2734972, 2734969 MANU9DA

STUDENT ASSESSMENT FORM

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Student Registration Numbers: 2734968, 2734972, 2734969 Mode Code: MANU9DA

Assignment 1

Tutor’s Name: Subramaniam Kumaresan

Grade Descriptors

80-100%
30-39%

40-49%

50-59%

60-69%

70-79%
0-29%
Criteria (that meets the module learning outcomes)

1.Use of graphs and summary statistics to understand the

quality problems and their possible causes.

2.Parametric hypothesis tests.

3.Non-parametric hypothesis tests.

4.Correlation and regression.

5. Management Recommendations regarding risk groups,

targeted lockdown, vaccine

6. Conclusions from Analyses and Recommendations for

Management/Further studies

7. Presentation: writing and report structure.

General Comments

See detailed comments overleaf.

Markers Signature

Mark

Penalty for Late Submission

FINAL MARK

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STUDENT FEEDBACK
Criterion % Comment

1. Graphs and summary statistics to 15

understand the quality problems and their
possible causes.

2.Parametric hypothesis tests. 15

3.Non-parametric hypothesis tests. 10

4.Correlation and regression. 15

5. Management Recommendations 15
regarding risk groups, targeted lockdown,
vaccine

6. Conclusions from Analyses and 10

Recommendations for
Management/Further studies

7.Presentation: Report format, logical 20

coherence and writing/graphics quality

n.b. for each of the criteria 1-5 it is important to include interpretations of your graphs and analyses explaining their
relevance to management

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Table of contents
1. Executive summary ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
3. Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Analysis of characteristics on Ward, HDU, and ICU stay of patients ................................................. 4

Analysis of characteristics correlating with fatality .............................................................................. 9

4. Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 12
6. Appendices ................................................................................................................................................ 12

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1. Executive Summary

This paperwork aims to give a clarification on an analysis of the data gathered from the covid-20 patients
by The Golden Care Centre (GCC). During the first wave of the epidemic, thanks to a thorough record of
patient’s characteristics, this report will base on those evidences to give insights on the issues around this
disease. Those characteristics will play as an important role to improve and develop the process of
admission procedure, as well as other significant information assisting the medical institution to act and
prepare proactively with proposed plans to face the intentional second pandemic wave. Also, it intends to
provide practical recommendations and a conclusion on the feasibility of a positive effect on medical
growth.

2. Introduction

With a total consideration of 2371 patients during the first 26 weeks of the pandemic disease, the analysis
below seeks to comprehend the data during the period to gather significant medical insights to improve the
overall quality of the process of curing and treatments. Several important recordings regard to the varity of
patient’s age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, deprivation, and notable aspects of diabetes and
COPD. There is a summary of covid-20 groups defined by two main characteristics- age and BMI, leveling
from 1 to 3 according to the deterioration. Besides, two practical developments prepared for the second
wave also discussed and its feasibility is amazing in terms of preventing and controlling the expansion of
the dangerous infection among citizen.

(Table defining covid-20 risk groups)

3. Analysis

Analysis of characteristics on Ward, HDU, and ICU stay of patients

According to the data gathered, there is a demonstration of the impact of patient’s characteristics on the
admission rates and the demand for HDU and ICU treatment revealed as below. Thanks to the summarized
and organized information and graphs provided, there will be comprehensions of those effects and results
to conduct more effective procedure of admission and treatment.

a. Sex impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

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SEX IMPACT ON WARD, HDU,

ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

392
333

183
169

71
53
1 2

In the total of 2371 patients, they are classified as 1140 male and 1231 female (Appendix 1). The graph
has shown clearly that, the data of female patient is slightly higher, in three aspects Ward stay, HDU stay,
and ICU stay in comparison with male patients. Thus, though there is a small difference, it is considered as
almost the same, which shows that any kinds of gender require somehow the same need for ward, HDU
and ICU stay and treatment (Appendix 2).

b. Age impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

AGE IMPACT ON WARD, HDU,

ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay
311

197
129

120
115

105

78

66
48

34
19
11

<50 50-60 60-70 >70

Regardless the genders of any patients, the data in the above graph reveals even though the group of
people below 50 years old has the highest need to be admitted to the hospital and stay in wards, their need
for HDU and ICU stay is not substantial. The concentration should be placed on the group 60-70 and over
70 years old as accordingly 268 and 330 people in total, it exposes that over the half and more than a half
of the group people need to be submitted to the hospital directly after the positive tests for covid-20.
Moreover, for those who have already stayed in hospital wards, more than a half of them had to use
important breathing assistance as HDU and ICU accordingly. From the data, when considering the total
amount of patient, there are only small proportions of people below 60 years old require for staying in
wards and further treatments.

c. Ethnicity impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

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ETHNICITY IMPACT ON
WARD, HDU, ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

620
307
109

60

31
26

14
13
9

6
5

1
1 2 3 4

ETHNICITY IMPACT ON
WARD, HDU, ICU STAY
(%)
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

5.7
5.4
4.4 14.9
15.3 12.8
1.3
7.9
30.9 29.6 35.6
18.4

1 2 3 4

The GCC is the medical institution caring for the local health problems, therefore, in the graph it shows a
relatively high numbers of white people compared to Asians, Black people, and other races. However,
when taking another form of the same characteristic in the percentage bar graph, the data is exposed to
have approximately equivalent results of impact on ward, HDU, and ICU staying for all three White, Asian,
and Black people as in total numbers 51.7%, 46.8%, and 56.3% respectively. The ethnic facets do not
imply to create any clarities on the need for ward, HDU, and ICU staying.

d. Deprivation rates impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

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DEPRIVATION RATES IMPACT ON

WARD, HDU, ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

175
168

155
132

95
90
80

74
67

41
33
31

26
19

15
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10

In general, the graph showing that the influence of deprivation rates on particular types of treatment does
not vary so much according different group of people defined basing on wealth in social life.

e. BMI impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

BMI IMPACT ON WARD,

HDU, ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay
234
233

137
116
97

87
65

55
37

34
29
25
22

19
11

< 25 25-30 30-35 35-40 >40

(Table of patients amount requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on BMI)

BMI plays as one of two main characteristics to examine the extent of health of patients in the GCC. As
being viewed in the graph, the two groups below 25 and 25-30 are the two largest contributions of patient in
the illustration. However, the percentage of the amount of people necessitating for Ward, HDU, and ICU is
not considerable if compared with the other groups. The total of people for each group are calculated as
989, 810, 360, 147, and 65 respectively. Therefore, for the groups that have higher BMI, it stands out as a
result that admission rates and needs of special respiratory caring are more important to them. As an
instance, the percentage of people with BMI>40 requiring ward staying in total patients is roughly 52%,
while people with BMI<25 has the percentage of 23.5%. The importance of wards and specialist breathing
treatments are equal to patients depends on their severity, yet the BMI shows that the leverage of its value
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will lead to higher customer’s need in this discussing field.

f. Obesity impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

OBESITY IMPACT ON WARD,

HDU, ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

262

224
205

120
110

103

54

34
34
25

19
11
1 2 3 4

(Table of patients amount requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on Obesity)

According to the data source, over 2731 patients, most of them were categorized in the first 2 groups of
obesity levels, which the majority tested positive with the virus making up a large proportion in those
mentioned sets. Though the fourth group representing for morbidly obese people shows as minority in the
graph, the collected data of it and third group indicates that half of the patient quantity, more or less,
required to stay in the hospital for special care instead of self-isolations. Therefore, for the people with the
obesity rated in group 3 and 4, they will more likely to result in needs for hospital admission.

g. Diabetes impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

(Table of patients amount requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on Diabetes)

(Table of patients amount (%) requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on Diabetes)

The total number of patients shows that the ratio of diabetic and non-diabetic patient is roughly 1:21.
However, in the examination of those values in percentage form, both patients having diabetes and not
convey a quite similar inclination in chance of needing hospital staying. Hence, there is not an important
notice in this aspect.
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h. COPD impact on ward, HDU, ICU stay

COPD IMPACT ON WARD,

HDU, ICU STAY
Ward stay HDU stay ICU stay

697

332

113

28

20

11
1 2

(Table of patients amount requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on COPD)

(Table of patients amount (%) requires Ward, HDU, and ICU stay based on COPD)

This table of data reveals a similarity with the diabetes trend that the amount of people who do not suffer
from COPD are larger than the group suffering, therefore, making up a majority figure in the bar graph.
However, in a more reliable means of measurement, numbers of patient are categorized under percentage
that helps to clarify a clearer picture. Over two third of the group of people having COPD are covered as the
victims of virus infection. It shows more than 68% of COPD-related patients need for ward staying and even
further specialist course of health treatments.

In a brief conclusion, the characteristics of age, BMI, severity of obesity and COPD are the elements should
be considered to hasten the effective patient admission procedure, as based on the above statistics, they
are proved to have some correlations with the need for admission, HDU, and ICU staying.

Analysis of characteristics correlating with fatality

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(Table of patients amount faced fatality based on age and BMI)

In the sum number of patients treated in the hospital by the GCC, there were 62 out of 2371 patients faced
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fatality due to the infection of covid-20. The reason may relate to some of the characteristics collected
during the treatment’s process of the first wave. As being said that age and BMI are the two main
characteristics to examine the aspects around the virus infection, in the excel sheet above, the two figures
are also calculated to have a positive correlation with rates of fatality. It means that, a higher value of age
may result in a higher rate of facing death due to the virus.

In the “table of patients amount faced fatality based on age and BMI”, there are BMI groups divided as 13-
22, 23-32, to 43-52 which contain the sub-groups of age also bracketed together from 1 to 100 years old.
As being abovementioned, the older people may face with the fatality of the virus infection, and this trend
accelerates according to the increasing levels of BMI which is indicated in the 33-42 BMI group, there is the
first existence of death among the people of 21-40 years old. The correlation index circled red also help to
evaluate this issue that though there is not a strong positive correlation between age, BMI and fatality, it is
still a minor possibility.

Therefore, by following these two main characteristics, the definition of the risked groups is effectively
supportive in the context of classifying the emergent patients who need putting more focuses and cares.

4. Recommendations

The two developments to prevent the spread of covid-20 by the author are completely suitable with the
pandemic. As a belief, the innovation of the new vaccines will help to reduce 80% of the infectious rates
among the people in first risked group. There may be less demand in health service than in the first wave, as
assumptions of 1650 people, there is a reduction to 330 people infected by covid-20 in the second wave.

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The older people may face higher rates of death due to the virus infection. Therefore, a policy is likely to set
a lockdown to the ones older than 70 years old. This method will keep those people from crowded public and
decrease the rates of them being infected, which will help to decrease 50% of infectious people in this age
and therefore 50% in fatality.

5. Conclusion

The report has shown some key relevance on the impact of the patient’s characteristics on the admission
rates and the progress of staying and treating in the GCC that age and BMI are two factors assist the medical
staffs to enhance the admitting process and structure up a more effective procedure of curing the patient,
along with important influences of some other elements such as obesity and COPD. It is remarkable to note
that the patients with COPD need more intense focus and care because COPD relates to the disease with
respiratory problems and the data is proved above that most of the people with COPD need admitting to the
hospital and even further intensive healthy treatments.

6. Appendices

Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

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