CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS

QUESTION BANK AND ANSWER

UNIT – I

SL.NO PART – A
1. What is meant by aerial work?
An aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized
services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying,
observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc.
2. What is meant by air traffic controller?
A person who is responsible for remotely monitoring and directing
the movements of aircraft as part of a system of air traffic control.
3. What is meant by air traffic service?
In aviation, an air traffic service (ATS) is a service which regulates
and assists aircraft in real-time to ensure their safe operations. In
particular, ATS is to:
• Prevent collisions between aircraft; provide advice of the safe
and efficient conduct of flights;
• Conduct and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic;
• Notify concerned organizations of and assist in search and
rescue operations.
4. What can you infer from the term air traffic service unit?
The Air Traffic Services Unit is an avionics computer built by
Airbus for installation in Airbus aircraft (not including
A300/310 aircraft).
The unit performs the functions generally found in
communication management units installed on other aircraft
types.
5. Define airworthiness
❖ According to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
(1998), the term airworthy “is when an aircraft or one of its
component parts meets its type design and is in a condition for
safe operation.”
❖ In aviation, airworthiness is the measure of an aircraft's
suitability for safe flight. Initial airworthiness is demonstrated
by a certificate of airworthiness issued by the national aviation
authority
6. Define airworthiness directives.
→ Airworthiness Directives ( ADs ) are legally enforceable rules
issued by the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 39 to
correct an unsafe condition in a product.
 → 14 CFR part 39 defines a product as an aircraft, aircraft
engine, propeller, or appliance.
7. What is meant by safe tying?

8. Who is called aerodrome operator?

Aerodrome operator means a person, organization or enterprise
responsible for operation and management of an aerodrome.
9. What are called circulars?
Advisory circular (AC) refers to a type of publication offered by the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide guidance for
compliance with airworthiness regulations, pilot certification,
operational standards, training standards, and any other rules within
the 14 CFR Aeronautics and Space Title.
10. What are the requirements of airworthiness?
• The issue of type certificates, restricted type certificates,
supplemental type certificates and changes to those
certificates;
• The issue of certificates of airworthiness, restricted certificates
of airworthiness, permits to fly and authorised release of
certificates;
• The issue of repair design approvals;
• The showing of compliance with environmental protection
requirements;
• The issue of noise certificates;
• The identification of products, parts, and appliances;
• The certification of certain parts and appliances;
• The certification of design and production organisations;
• The issue of airworthiness directives.
11. Define publications.
Aeronautical publications are the sources of information for
guiding aviation mechanics in the operation and maintenance
of aircraft and related equipment.
These include manufacturers' SBs, manuals, and catalogs;
FAA regulations; ADs; advisory circulars (ACs); and aircraft,
engine, and propeller specifications.
12. What is meant by cabin safety?
Cabin safety contributes to the prevention of accidents and incidents;
the protection of the aircraft's occupants, through proactive safety
management, including hazard identification and safety risk
management; and the increase of survivability in the event of an
emergency situation.
 13. What are called advisory circulars?
Advisory circular (AC) refers to a type of publication offered by the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide guidance for
compliance with airworthiness regulations, pilot certification,
operational standards, training standards, and any other rules within
the 14 CFR Aeronautics and Space Title
14. What is meant by service bulletins?
A Service Bulletin is the document used by manufacturers of aircraft,
their engines or their components to communicate details of
modifications which can be embodied in aircraft.
15. What is an aerodrome?
An aerodrome or airdrome is a location from which aircraft flight
operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo,
passengers, or neither, and regardless of whether it is for public or
private use.

UINT – II

SL.NO PART – A
1. What are the major responsibilities of aircraft owners?
Having a current Airworthiness Certificate and a Certificate of
Aircraft Registration in the aircraft.
Maintaining the aircraft in an airworthy condition, including
compliance with all applicable ADs and assuring that
maintenance is properly recorded.
Keeping abreast of current regulations concerning the
operation and maintenance of the aircraft.
Notifying the FAA Aircraft Registry immediately of any
change of permanent mailing address, of the sale or export of
the aircraft, or of the loss of the eligibility to register an
aircraft. (Refer to 14 CFR, part 47, section 47.41.)
Having a current Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
radio station license if equipped with radios, including
emergency locator transmitter (ELT), if operated outside of
the United States.
2. Define CAR procedures.
The applicable procedural or technical requirements and
administrative procedures related to the continuing airworthiness of
aircraft and aeronautical products, parts and appliances together with
the approval of organizations and personnel involved in these tasks.
3. What is meant by amendment?
 ▪ The Aircraft (Amendment) Bill, 2020 was introduced in Lok
Sabha by the Minister of State for Civil Aviation.
▪ The Bill seeks to amend the Aircraft Act, 1934. The
Act regulates the manufacture, possession, use, operation, sale,
import and export of civil aircrafts, and licensing of
aerodromes.
4. What are the major objectives of airworthiness?
For an aircraft, or aircraft part (airworthiness), is the possession of
the necessary requirements for flying in safe conditions, within
allowable limits. In this definition, three key elements deserve
special consideration: safe conditions, possession of the necessary
requirements, and allowable limits.
5. What can you infer from CAR procedures?
The applicable procedural or technical requirements and
administrative procedures related to the continuing airworthiness of
aircraft and aeronautical products, parts and appliances together with
the approval of organizations and personnel involved in these tasks
6. What is meant by regulation?
➔ Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
➔ These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry,
including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their
equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). In addition, this Title
includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic.
7. Define airworthiness.
The status of an aircraft, engine, propeller or part when it conforms
to its approved design and is in a condition for safe operation.
8. What is meant by aircraft safety?
❖ Aviation safety is the study and practice of managing risks in
aviation.
❖ This includes preventing aviation accidents and incidents
through research, educating air travel personnel, passengers
and the general public, as well as the design of aircraft and
aviation infrastructure.
9. Define checklist.
Pilots use aircraft checklists to prevent complacency by
following every step to ensure aircraft are correctly configured
for every phase of flight.
Missed steps & incorrectly remembered steps have contributed
to many aircraft accidents. Checklist use is mandatory by most
large aircraft companies.
10. What is a deficiency list?
A deficiency is a situation where a facility, service or procedure does
not comply with a regional air navigation plan approved by the
Council, or with related ICAO Standards and Recommended
Practices, and which situation has a negative impact on the safety,
regularity and/or efficiency of international civil aviation.
11. What is meant by cockpit?
A space, usually enclosed, in the forward fuselage of an airplane
containing the flying controls, instrument panel, and seats for the
pilot and copilot or flight crew.
12. Compare Series A and Series B CAR.
Category A.
▪ With respect to helicopters, means a multi-engine helicopter
designed with engine and system isolation features specified in
Part IVB and capable of operations using take-off and landing
data scheduled under a critical engine failure concept which
assures adequate designated surface area and adequate
performance capability for continued safe flight or safe
rejected take-off.
Category B.
▪ With respect to helicopters, means a single-engine or multi-
engine helicopter which does not meet Category A standards.
Category B helicopters have no guaranteed capability to
continue safe flight in the event of an engine failure, and a
forced landing is assumed.
13. Define airworthiness directorate.
The Directorate of Airworthiness has been formed to perform the
CAA task of maintaining regular safety oversight of all of the
airworthiness aspects of aviation in this country, which includes Air
Transport Operators, Approved Maintenance Organizations and
oversight of any other person
14. Compare MEL and CDL.
MEL CDL
A minimum equipment list A configuration deviation list
(MEL) is a list which provides (CDL) is a list, established by
for the operation of aircraft, the organization responsible for
subject to specified conditions, the type design with the
with particular equipment approval of the State of Design,
inoperative (which is) prepared which identifies any external
by an operator in conformity parts of an aircraft type which
 with, or more restrictive than, may be missing at the
the MMEL established for the commencement of a flight, and
aircraft type. which contains, where
necessary, any information on
associated operating limitations
and performance correction.
(ICAO Annex 6: Operation of
Aircraft)
15. Define emergency checklist.
▪ An Emergency and Abnormal Checklist (EAC) is a handbook
containing checklists of actions which are the initial response
element of Emergency and Abnormal procedures.
▪ Some emergency checklists will contain Memory Items which
will be highlighted.

UNIT – III

SL.NO PART – A
1. What is meant by defect?
✓ A component on a plane may be unsafe by design or may not
have been properly maintained and lead to a sudden failure
that can injure or kill those onboard.
✓ Defects can occur in a variety of aircraft systems; a few
examples include electrical failures can impact navigational
systems and other aircraft controls
2. Define reporting.
Relevant civil aviation occurrences should be reported, collected,
stored, protected, exchanged, disseminated and analysed, and
appropriate safety actions should be taken on the basis of the
information collected
3. What can you infer from the term investigation?
An investigation serves several key purposes, including identifying
the cause of the aviation accident, determining liability, and
improving aircraft safety for the future. Learning who investigates
general aviation accidents can help you understand what to expect if
you get involved in this type of disaster.
4. Define rectification.
❖ Many devices in an aircraft require high amperage, low
voltage DC for operation.
❖ A rectifier is a device that transforms AC into DC by limiting
 or regulating the direction of current flow.
5. Define flight report.
A Flight-Report is an in-depth review written by members of Flight-
Report.com recounting a specific flight experience. Flight-Reports
are in the form of a searchable web page that can be viewed at any
time on this site.
6. What is meant by recording?
Flight recorder, byname black box, instrument that records the
performance and condition of an aircraft in flight.
Governmental regulatory agencies require these devices on
commercial aircraft to make possible the analysis of crashes or
other unusual occurrences
7. What can you infer from the term reading of flight defects?
➢ Aircraft defects are not just a common cause of airplane
crashes, they are often a contributing factor in near-miss
incidents, runway accidents and in-flight injuries.
➢ Pressurization failures in pressurized aircraft; Electrical
failures can impact navigational systems and other aircraft
controls
8. What can you infer from the term reporting of flight defects?
Reporting Requirements. The Code of Federal Regulations at 14
C.F.R. § 61.15(e) requires all Part 61 certificate holders to send a
written report to the FAA within 60 calendar days of any drug-
and/or alcohol-related MVA. These reports are commonly referred to
as "notification letters
9. Define rectification defect.
The process by which a defect, identified on or reported as existing
on an aircraft, is assessed to determine what action is going to be
required to rectify the defect and, if appropriate, whether the aircraft
can continue to fly pending rectification.
10. What is meant by data analysis?
The purpose of data analytics in aviation is to examine the vast
amount of data generated daily and provide useful information to
airlines, airports and other aviation stakeholders so that they can
improve their operational planning and execution, as well as any
related products and services
11. What are the purposes of flight report?
The purpose of the flight review required by Title 14 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 61.56 is to provide for a regular
 evaluation of pilot skills and aeronautical knowledge.
12. Classify the flight instruments and mention its applications.
This basic six set, also known as a "six pack", was also adopted by
commercial aviation. After the Second World War the arrangement
was changed to: (top row) airspeed, artificial horizon, altimeter,
(bottom row) turn and bank indicator, heading indicator, vertical
speed.
13. What is meant by defect recording?.
The process by which a defect, identified on or reported as existing
on an aircraft, is assessed to determine what action is going to be
required to rectify the defect and, if appropriate, whether the aircraft
can continue to fly pending rectification.
14. Define monitoring.
▪ Flight path monitoring means the observation and
interpretation of the flight path data, aircraft-configuration
status, automation modes and on-board systems appropriate to
the phase of flight.
▪ It also includes observation of the other pilot and timely
intervention in the event of a deviation.
15. Define flight data recording.
➢ Flight Data Recorder (FDR) - device used to record specific
aircraft performance parameters.
➢ The purpose of an FDR is to collect and record data from a
variety of aircraft sensors onto a medium designed to survive
an accident.
UNIT – IV

SL.NO PART – A
1. Define reliability.
• Aircraft despatch reliability is the probability that the aircraft
will take off on scheduled time.
• Here the delays occurred due only to technical reasons, i.e.
due to carrying out maintenance services are considered.
2. Define maintenance.
Aircraft maintenance is a highly-regulated field requiring a robust
regimen of scheduled or preventive servicing, inspection, testing,
repair, and overhaul or modification activities by certified
Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) technicians on every
aircraft in service.
3. What is meant by maintenance approval.
❖ The purpose of the Approved Maintenance Programme (AMP)
is to define the maintenance that is required to keep your
aircraft in a safe, airworthy condition.
❖ Each Operator is responsible for ensuring that the programme
is current with the manufacturer's source documents and
effective in maintaining airworthiness.
4. Define condition monitoring
An Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) is a predictive
maintenance tool consisting of a high capacity flight data acquisition
unit and the associated sensors that sample, monitor, and record,
information and flight parameters from significant aircraft systems
and components.
5. Define time between overhauling.
Time between overhauls (abbreviated as TBO or TBOH) is the
manufacturer's recommended number of running hours or
calendar time before an aircraft engine or other component
requires overhaul.
For engines the time between overhauls is generally a function
of the complexity of the engine and how it is used.
6. What is meant by revision of TBO?
Time Between Overhauls, is a time limit specified by the engine
manufacturer for a specific engine in a specific installation, after
which overhaul is either recommended or mandated depending on
how the aircraft is used
7. Compare series D and Series E approval.

8. Define organization approval.

The Organization Designation Authorization ( ODA ) program
is the means by which the FAA grants designee authority to
organizations or companies.
The regulations addressing the ODA program are found in
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR ) part
183, subpart D, sections 183.41 through 183.67.
9. Compare series A and series B organization approval.

10. What is meant by engine maintenance?

➢ Aircraft engine maintenance is a step-by-step process similar
to a person's health check-up.
➢ It consists of washing and drying jet engine parts, exterior and
 interior visual inspections, a dismantling of the engine, the
repair and replacement of any parts, and then the re-
assembling and testing of the engine.
11. What is meant by reliability programming?
➔ The purpose of an aircraft reliability program is to ensure that
the aircraft maintenance program tasks are effective, and their
intervals are acceptable.
➔ Escalation, deletion or addition of a maintenance task may be
the result of a reliability program.
12. What are the various maintenance programs in CAR?
Line Maintenance Checks
A Checks
B Checks
C Checks
D Checks
Routine Maintenance Checks

UNIT – V

SL.NO PART – A
1. What is meant by aircraft registration?
➢ An aircraft registration, alternatively called a tail number, is a
code unique to a single aircraft, required by international
convention to be marked on the exterior of every civil aircraft.
➢ An aircraft can only have one registration, in one jurisdiction,
though it is changeable over the life of the aircraft.
2. What are the procedures relating to aircraft registration?
❖ Name and address of aircraft manufacturer;
❖ Type and model of aircraft;
❖ MSN;
❖ Year of manufacture;
❖ Seating capacity;
❖ Maximum certificated take off mass;
❖ Engine – type, power rating, number of engines;
❖ Particulars of owner (s) – name, address, nationality;
3. How can you explain the registration process of aircraft?
❖ Name and address of aircraft manufacturer;
❖ Type and model of aircraft;
❖ MSN;
❖ Year of manufacture;
❖ Seating capacity;
 ❖ Maximum certificated take off mass;
❖ Engine – type, power rating, number of engines;
❖ Particulars of owner (s) – name, address, nationality;
4. Define type certification.
• A type certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular
category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design
(type design).
• It confirms that the aircraft of a new type intended for serial
production, is in compliance with applicable airworthiness
requirements established by the national air law.
5. What is meant by type certificate data sheet?
▪ A type certificate is issued by the National Aviation Authority
(NAA) of the State of the Operator stating the airworthiness
standard for the aircraft type, model, aircraft engine or aircraft
propeller.
▪ A TCDS is an FAA document that records the type
certification data of a product (such as control surface
movement limits, operating limitations, placards, and weight
and balance) that may also be available in the flight manual or
maintenance manual in accordance with FAA Order 8110.4.
6. What are the possible information’s to be contained in the type
certification?
A TCDS is an FAA document that records the type certification data
of a product (such as control surface movement limits, operating
limitations, placards, and weight and balance) that may also be
available in the flight manual or maintenance manual in accordance
with FAA Order 8110.4.
7. Define revalidation.
❖ Revalidation is when the date for your flight is changed in the
airline system.
❖ You can just present your original ticket at the airport for
check in, even though your new itinerary is different.
❖ Obviously reissuing a ticket is more time consuming and
costly than revalidation, but not all date changes require
reissue.
8. Define certificate renewal.
➢ Certification is how the FAA manages risk through safety
assurance. It provides the FAA confidence that a proposed
product or operation will meet FAA safety expectations to
protect the public.
➢ Certification affirms that FAA requirements have been met.
9. What are the major requirements needed for airworthiness?
• The aircraft conforms to its type certificate and authorized
modifications; and.
• The aircraft must be in condition for safe operation.
10. What is meant by certificate suspension?
Certifications may be suspended and are classified as follows: Level
One (Suspension with chance for renewal) –defined as loss of
certification for a specified time by the Certifying board with the
opportunity for becoming reinstated at a later time.
11. What can you infer from the term suspension of certificate of
airworthiness?
An airworthiness certificate is an FAA document which grants
authorization to operate an aircraft in flight
12. What can you infer from the term revalidation of certificate for
airworthiness?
A standard airworthiness certificate remains valid as long as the
aircraft meets its approved type design, is in a condition for safe
operation and maintenance, preventative maintenance, and
alterations are performed in accordance with 14 CFR parts 21, 43,
and 91
 UNIT – I

PART – B

1. How can you describe the aircraft rules 1934 with suitable examples

AIR CRAFT ACT 1934

Act XXII OF 1934

Amended from time to time – last amendment on 5th December 2007 (
Act 44 of 2007)
Major amendment in 1972- Power to DGCA to Issue directions

1934 Act - Preamble + 19 Sections

1. Short title and extent

2. Definitions

3. Power of Central Government (CG) to exempt certain aircraft.

4. Power of CG to make rules to implement the Convention of 1944.-

4A. Safety oversight functions

5. Power of Central Government to make rules.-

5A. Power to issue directions.

6. Power of Central Government to make orders in emergency.

7. Power of Central Government to make rules for investigation of accidents.-

8. Power to detain aircraft.

8A. Power of Central Government to make rules for protecting the public
health.-

8 B. Emergency powers for protecting the public health.

8 C. Power of CG to make rules for securing safe custody and re-delivery

of unclaimed property.-

9. Wreck and Salvage.-

 9 A. Power of CG to prohibit or regulate construction of buildings,
planting of trees etc.

9 B. Payment of compensation.-

9C. Appeals from awards in respect of compensation.

9D. Arbitrator to have certain powers of civil Courts.

10. Penalty for act in contravention of rule made under this Act.

11. Penalty for flying so as to cause danger.

11A. Penalty for failure to comply with directions issued under section
5A.

11B. Penalty for failure to comply with directions issued under section
9A.

12. Penalty for abetment of offences and attempted offences.

13. Power of Court to order forfeiture.

14. Rules to be made after publication.

14A. Laying of rules before Parliament.

15. Use of patented invention on aircraft not registered in India.

16. Power to apply customs procedure.-

17. Bar of certain suits.-

18. Saving for acts done in good faith under the Act.-

19. Saving of application of Act.-

Objective

To make better provision for the control of the manufacture, possession, use,
operation, sale, import and export of aircraft.

Scope and extent

▪ Whole of India
▪ To citizens of India
▪ To the persons on, aircraft registered in India
 ▪ Foreign a/c while in India
▪ A/c operated by an Indian firm
▪ Not applicable to military aircrafts

Power of Goal to make Rules

Dynamic-Technical character of the subject – Aviation

Subordinate or delegated legislation
Section 4- Rules to implement the convention 1944- including annex
thereto relating to SARPS
Section 5- to make rule regarding use, operation etc of A/c , licensing,
aerodrome, , air routes tariff w.r.t AAI aerodromes etc

Section 7 – to make Rules for investigation of Accidents and incidents

Section 8A – to make rules protecting Public health

Section 8C- to make rules securing safe custody and redelivery of unclaimed
property.

Rule Subject to

- Section 14 - publication

- Section 14A - Laying before parliament

❖ Every rule –laid as soon before the Parliament

❖ Modification or annulment

Section 6- in emergency

- Cancel suspend, licenses

- Prohibit flights of A/c

- aerodrome

- aerodrome , facilities, A/c at the GoI disposal

Section 8 – Power to detain A/c

- Danger to persons in A/c etc

Section 8B - Emergency powers for protecting public health

- temporary rules for Epidemic control- 3 months

2. How can you describe the aircraft rules 1937 with suitable examples.

Aircraft Rules, 1937

❖ Consisting of 14 parts- 161 rules & 12 schedules

❖ The Aircraft Act and Aircraft Rules covers the general conditions of
flying, general safety conditions, registrations and marking of aircraft,
investigations of accidents, regulatory provisions, air transport services
etc.
❖ Power to Make Rules
❖ U/s 5 and 7, S/s (2) of section 8 of the Aircraft Act, 1934
❖ U/s 4 of the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 (XIII of 1885),
❖ Indian Aircraft Rules, 1920, with the exception of Part IX thereof

PART I Preliminary (1 - 3B)

PART I
In this part Rule I relates to application of these rules to aircraft and to
persons on, aircraft registered in India wherever they may be, and to all
aircraft and to persons thereon for the time being in or over India.
Rule relates to definition of nationality of aircraft. It states that “an
aircraft shall be deemed to possess the nationality of the States on the
register of which it is entered”
Sub-rule (2 ) of Rule 3 provides for delegation of powers of the Central
Government to persons specially authorized.

PART II General Conditions of Flying (4 - 20)

This part lays down general conditions of flying.

• Rule 4 Fair use of aircraft in accordance with these rules.

• Rule 5 registration and nationality marks

• Rule 6 pertains to licensing of personnel.

• Rule 7A prohibition without a valid passport.

• Rule 8 refers to the carriage of arms, explosives and dangerous goods.

• Rule 9 security check of persons boarding aircraft at aerodromes

• Rule 10 relates to carriage of mail permitted only with the consent of DGPT.
• Rule 11 license or approval of Aerodromes in accordance with Part XI

• Rule12 no person shall fly or assist in flying an aircraft over prohibited areas.

• Rule13 pertaing to prohibition of photography.

• Rule13 A carriage of photographic apparatus in aircraft by permission of

DGCA.

• Rule14 aerial work and public transport service.

• Rule 15 stipulates conditions to be complied with by an aircraft in flight.

• Rule 16 compliance of rules of the Air contained in Schedule IV

• Rule 17 relates to the production of licenses.

• Rule 18 prevention of flights in contravention of the rules.

• Rule 19 stipulation for suspension or cancellation of license

PART III General Safety Conditions (21 - 29C)

• Rule 21 deals with dangerous flying.

• Rule24 prohibition of intoxicated persons entering an aircraft.

• Rule 24A carriage of persons suffering from mental disorders or epilepsy on

aircraft is prohibited.

• Rule24B about transportation of criminal with the permission of DGCA.

• Rule25 pertains to smoking inside an aircraft.

• Rule 25A about the condition of refueling.

• Rule 26 relates to dropping of articles by air and parachute descent.

• Rule 28 lays down minimum age for gliding and flying.

• Rule 29 refers to prohibition of acts likely to imperil the safety of aircraft.

• Rule 29A prohibits operation of a civil aircraft causing sonic boom.

PART IV :Registration and Marking of Aircraft (30 - 37A)

• Rule 30 about categories of registration.

 • Rule 32 lays down conditions for import of an aircraft.

• Rule 33 speaks about change of ownership.

• Rule 34 damage of aircraft, withdrawal from use with informing of DGCA.

• Rule 36 speaks about maintenance of register

• Rule 37 under this rule registration and marking of aircraft is done.

• Rule 37A speaks about NO advertisement.

4. How would you demonstrate the fuel planning of flights?

Description

As in many facets of aviation, Fuel Planning has a list of specific terms and
definitions of its own. The following list identifies the most critical of these
terms. Different terms or names for the same concept are often used
interchangeably by different regulatory authorities or flight planning
organizations. The most common of these variants preface the definitions that
follow.
Definitions

Additional Fuel

Additional fuel is fuel which is added to comply with a specific regulatory or

company requirement. Examples include ETOPS fuel, fuel required for a
remote or island destination where no alternate is available and fuel required to
satisfy an Minimum Equipment List (MEL) or Configuration Deviation
List performance penalty.
Alternate Fuel

Alternate fuel is the amount of fuel required from the missed approach point at
the destination aerodrome until landing at the alternate aerodrome. It takes into
account the required fuel for:
• Missed approach at the destination airport
• Climb to enroute altitude, cruise and descent at alternate aerodrome
• Approach at alternate
• Landing at the alternate aerodrome
When two alternates are required by the Authority, alternate fuel must be
sufficient to proceed to the alternate which requires the greater amount of fuel.
Ballast Fuel
Ballast fuel is sometimes carried to maintain the aircraft centre of gravity within
limits. In certain aeroplanes, a zero fuel weight above a defined threshold
requires that a minimum amount of fuel be carried in the wings through all
phases of flight to prevent excessive wing bending. In both cases, this fuel is
considered ballast and, under anything other than emergency circumstances, is
not to be burned during the flight.
Block Fuel / Ramp Fuel / Total Fuel On Board

Block fuel is the total fuel required for the flight and is the sum of the Taxi fuel,
the Trip fuel, the Contingency fuel, the Alternate fuel, the Final Reserve fuel,
the Additional fuel and any Extra fuel carried.
Contingency Fuel / Route Reserve

Contingency fuel is carried to account for additional enroute fuel consumption

caused by wind, routing changes or ATM: ATM/CNS restrictions. According to
ICAO Annex 6, the recommended minimum contingency fuel is the greater of
5% of the trip fuel or 5 minutes holding consumption at 1500' above destination
airfield elevation computed based on calculated arrival weight. However, some
regulators have eliminated the minimum time requirement and some have
increased the recommended time interval in their National Regulations. As well,
some regulators allow contingency fuel reduction to 3% of trip fuel, or to
specific time increments, with use of enroute alternates and conditional upon
demonstrated performance criteria from the Operator. At least one authority
allows, under very specific circumstances, for contingency fuel to be reduced to
0. In all cases, an Operator can direct that its crews carry contingency fuel in
excess of that required by their National Aviation Authority (NAA).
Extra Fuel

Fuel added at the discretion of the Captain and/or the dispatcher

Final Reserve Fuel / Fixed Reserve Fuel / Holding Fuel

Final reserve fuel is the minimum fuel required to fly for 30 minutes at 1,500
feet above the alternate aerodrome or, if an alternate is not required, at the
destination aerodrome at holding speed in ISA conditions. Some Regulating
Authorities require sufficient fuel to hold for 45 minutes.
Minimum Brake Release Fuel

Minimum brake release fuel is that quantity of fuel which, at the

commencement of the takeoff roll, complies with all regulatory requirements
for the flight in question. This is the minimum legal fuel required for departure.
Reserve Fuel / Minimum Diversion Fuel
 Reserve fuel is the sum of Alternate fuel plus Final Reserve fuel.
Taxi Fuel

Taxi fuel is the fuel used prior to takeoff and will normally include pre-
start APU consumption, engine start and taxi fuel. Taxi fuel is usually a fixed
quantity for an average taxi duration. However, local conditions at the departure
aerodrome such as average taxi time, normal ground delays and any anticipated
deicing delays should be taken into consideration and the taxi fuel adjusted
accordingly.
Trip Fuel / Burn / Fuel to Destination

The Trip fuel is the required fuel quantity from brake release on takeoff at the
departure aerodrome to the landing touchdown at the destination aerodrome.
This quantity includes the fuel required for:
• Takeoff
• Climb to cruise level
• Flight in level cruise including any planned step climb or step descent
• Flight from the beginning of descent to the beginning of approach,
• Approach
• Landing at the destination
Trip fuel must be adjusted to account for any additional fuel that would be
required for known ATS restrictions that would result in delayed climb to or
early descent from planned cruising altitude.

5. How would you gain knowledge in civil aviation requirements?

Details of Services Provided
The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the regulatory body in the
field of civil aviation, responsible for facilitating the airport operator for
licences, providing specifications for standards and designs for the airport, and
dealing with safety issues. Section 4 of the Aircraft Act, 1934 enables the
Central Government to make rules to implement conventions relating to
international civil aviation including any annex thereto relating to international
standards and recommended practices, as amended from time to time. The
Director General, in accordance with Rule 133A of the Aircraft Rules, 1937,
may issue, inter alia, civil aviation requirements not inconsistent with the
Aircraft Act, 1934 and the rules made thereunder.
The broad principles of law contained in the Aircraft Rules, 1937, Civil
Aviation Requirements (CAR) are issued to specify the detailed requirements
and compliance procedures for the following: to fulfill the duties and
obligations of India as a contracting state under the convention relating to
international civil aviation signed at Chicago on 7th December, 1944.
CAR provides specifications on air transport, air safety, airworthiness standards,
aerodrome standards as well as licensing, design standards, flight crew
standards, training and licensing, aircraft operations, air space, aviation
environment protection, and safe transport of dangerous goods by air.
Infrastructure, Equipment and Personnel Requirements
Being a regulatory body, it has no specific requirement of space, office or
personnel for its own operations. However, the private operator has to meet all
regulatory requirements and specifications provided at the DGCA website
(http://www.dgca.gov.in) under the head Rules.
It should be noted that CAR is subject to both the International Civil Aviation
Organization’s and the Government of India’s guidelines which may change
from time to time depending on the situation. Therefore, the present CAR is just
an indicative list and the private operator is advised to contact the DGCA office
for latest information in this regard.
6. How can you describe the aeronautical information circulars based upon
aircraft rules?
An Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) is a notice containing information
that does not qualify for the origination of a Notice To Airmen or for inclusion
in the AIPs, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical,
administrative or legislative matters. (ICAO Annex 15: Aeronautical
Information Services)
 7. How would you explain the operation of adverse weather conditions in
safetying of aircraft?
Description

Of all things which influence the safety of flight, the weather - the
characteristics and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere - is the most uncertain
and influential (either directly or indirectly).
Aviation Meteorology

The following can have a direct and indirect influence on flight safety (note:
this list is not intended to be exhaustive):
• Turbulence associated with convective activity (for example, thunderstorms),
terrain (for example, the movement of air masses over mountains), jet
streams and the interaction between air masses (for example polar fronts and
associated dynamics), can be significant enough to cause structural damage to
aircraft.
• Icing: Ice Formation on Aircraft can alter the aerodynamic characteristics of an
aircraft and cause damage to or loss of function of the engines and seriously
affect the performance of an aircraft. The article Aircraft and In Flight Icing
 Risks discusses the commonly-encountered issues whilst high level ice crystal
icing of turbine engines is a recently-identified and improperly understood
phenomenon which occurs outside the normal icing envelope. Ice may form on
aircraft whilst they are on the ground prior to flight and this must be removed
and any further accretion on the airframe prevented by the Aircraft Ground
De/Anti-Icing so that any aircraft is free of ice deposits at the point at which it
gets airborne.
• Reduced visibility, associated with cloud, mist, fog, or sand storms, can make
safe flight difficult or even impossible, even with the help of technology
(Instrument Landing System (ILS), weather radar, synthetic vision systems, etc)
• Surface contamination; standing water, ice, or snow on take-off, landing and
manoeuvre surfaces.
• Wind Velocity; near the ground, the influence of wind on directional control
and Cross Wind Landings or take-offs can, if not dealt with effectively, lead
to Runway Excursion.
• Precipitation; for example rain, hail, and snow affect aerodynamics and
visibility.
• Lightning; a lightning strike can be very distressing to passengers (and crew!)
but physical damage to an aircraft only very rarely threaten the safety of an
aircraft. Of greater concern is the effect a lightning strike can have on avionics,
particularly compass and air data systems, and in case of rear mounted jet
engines, the potential for the transient airflow disturbance associated with
lightning to cause engine shutdown on both Full Authority Digital Engine
Control (FADEC) and non-FADEC engines because of their close spacing and
exposure to the same airflow disturbance at the same time.
Many of the operational safety issues that are addressed within SKYbrary can
be affected by weather:
• Runway Excursion: The indirect contribution of weather to runway surface
state and the direct effect of crosswind component on directional control.
• Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT): CFIT accidents often occur when an
aircraft is in cloud or in reduced forward visibility, when the crew may be
subject to extra workload, be distracted, or have reduced situational awareness
associated with the weather conditions.
• Loss of Control: Commonly as a direct or indirect result of turbulence
or windshear such as might be experienced in an unintentional excursion into
active Cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds, or an encounter with a Microburst or
 because of exposure to In-Flight Icing which exceeds the capacity of the
available or selected Aircraft Ice Protection Systems.
There are numerous specific mitigation strategies to maintain the safety of flight
in certain types of weather. These may be technical, procedural, or navigation
based, or all three, and it may be appropriate to re-route, delay or cancel a flight
if no satisfactory mitigation is available. A common requirement is that all those
associated with the safety of flight should have an understanding of
meteorology appropriate to their operational role.
Organisation of Weather Knowledge on SKYbrary

The growing number of weather and environmental related articles on

SKYbrary are organised into the following subject areas:
• In-Flight Icing
• Turbulence
• Volcanic Ash
• Weather Risk Management
• Weather Phenomena
• Cloud Formation
• Climatic Phenomena
• Atmosphere

8. How can you describe the various notices relating to aircraft rules by
DGCA?
• Directorate General of Civil Aviation

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the regulatory body in

the field of Civil Aviation, primarily dealing with safety issues. It is
 responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and
for enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and airworthiness
standards. The DGCA also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
Private operators were allowed to provide air transport services. However, no
foreign airline could directly or indirectly hold equity in a domestic airline
company. By 1995, several private airlines had ventured into the aviation
business and accounted for more than 10 percent of the domestic air traffic.
Today, Indian aviation industry is dominated by private airlines and these
include low cost carriers, who have made air travel affordable. The
Government nationalized nine airline companies vide the Air Corporations
Act, 1953. These government-owned airlines dominated Indian aviation
industry till the mid-1990s. In April 1990, the Government adopted open-sky
policy and allowed air taxi- operators to operate flights from any airport, both
on a charter and a non charter basis and to decide their own flight schedules,
cargo and passenger fares. As part of its open sky policy in 1994, the Indian
Government ended the monopoly of IA and AI in the air transport services.
Private operators were allowed to provide air transport services. However, no
foreign airline could directly or indirectly hold equity in a domestic airline
company. By 1995, several private airlines had ventured into the aviation
business and accounted for more than 10 percent of the domestic air traffic.
Today, Indian aviation industry is dominated by private airlines and these
include low cost carriers, who have made air travel affordable.

o Registration of civil aircraft.

o Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft registered in

India and grant of certificates of airworthiness to such aircraft.

o Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and flight engineers, and

conducting examinations and checks for that purpose.

o Licensing of air traffic controllers.

o Certification of aerodromes and CNS/ATM facilities.

o Granting of Air Operator's Certificates to Indian carriers and regulation of

air transport services operating to/from/within/over India by Indian and
foreign operators, including clearance of scheduled and non-scheduled
flights of such operators.

o Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident

prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety
Aviation Management programmes.

o Carrying out amendments to the Aircraft Act, the Aircraft Rules and the
Civil Aviation Requirements for complying with the amendments to ICAO
Annexes, and initiating proposals for amendment to any other Act or for
passing a new Act in order to give effect to an international Convention or
amendment to an existing Convention.

o Coordination at national level for flexi-use of air space by civil and military
air traffic agencies and interaction with ICAO for provision of more air
routes for civil use through Indian air space.

o Keeping a check on aircraft noise and engine emissions in accordance with

ICAO Annex 16 and collaborating with the environmental authorities in
this matter, if required.

o Promoting indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft

components by acting as a catalytic agent.

o Approving training programmes of operators for carriage of dangerous

goods, issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods, etc.
For more information visit DGCA Website
9. How would you gain knowledge in aeronautical publications?

1. Name of the publishing authority

The AIP Somalia is published by the Flight Information Services for
Somalia(FISS)

2. Applicable ICAO documents

The AIP is prepared in accordance with the Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs) of Annex 15 to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation and the ICAO Aeronautical Information Services Manual (Doc 8126).
Charts contained in the AIP are produced in accordance with Annex 4 to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation and the ICAO Aeronautical Chart
Manual (Doc 8697). Differences from ICAO Standards, Recommended
Practices and Procedures are given in subsection GEN 1.7.

3. The AIP structure and established regular amendment interval

3.1 The AIP structure

The AIP forms part of the Integrated Aeronautical Information Package, details
of which are given in subsection GEN 3.1.
The principal AIP structure is shown in graphic form on page GEN 0.1-3. The
AIP is made up of three parts, General (GEN), En-route (ENR) and Aerodromes
(AD), each divided into sections and subsections as applicable, containing
various types of information subjects.