TITLE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER

Kingdom of Tripura: History and culture

By

Name of the Student: M.PHILIP CAREY

Roll No.: 21BALLB072

Semester: 1

Name of the Program: 5 Year B.A., LL.B.(Hons.)

Name of the Faculty Member

PROFESSOR VISWACHANDRA NATH MADASU

Date of Submission:30-01-2022

DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

NYAYAPRASTHA “, SABBAVARAM,
VISAKHAPATNAM – 531035, ANDHRA PRADESH
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

➢ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
➢ ABSTRACT
➢ SYNOPSIS

CHAPTERS:

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Origin of the Name

Chapter -2 THE HISTORY OF TRIPURA AND THERE KINGS

Chapter 3 The tribes of Tripura, there origin and culture

Capter 3.1 General Culture and traditions

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PROFESSOR VISWACHANDRA NATH MADASU, my HISTORY professor, deserves special

thanks for his help and direction during the development of this study. Without his foresight and
thoughtfulness, none of this would have been possible.
 Abstract

Tripura has a rich history and culture, with many diverse civilizations and tribes coexisting
together. Tripura's history may be traced all the way back to the Mahabharata. The Kingdom of
Tripura, which stretched from the Bay of Bengal in the south to the Brahmaputra River in the north
and west, and Burma in the east, was at the helm of Eastern Bengal. Tripura's history reveals its
regal heritage, and the Tripura Kings are an important part of its history. An in-depth examination
of Tripura's History exposes the Tripura Kings' extensive and active history. even though it has
been many centuries the culture and traditions did not stop completely. the history of Tripura is
still considered to be one of the finest in the country. The paper going to talk about the kings of
Tripura. Culture and traditions of different tribes
 SYNOPSIS

OBJECTIVE

1. To understand the history of Tripura?

2. To know the different beliefs of the people of Tripura

LITERATURE REVIEW

This researcher has used various books and online recourses to understand the history of
Tripura

Saigal O, Tripura, Its History And Culture (Concept,1978):

This book is from 1978 written by Omesh Saigal published by the concept publishing company. This

book contains the history and culture of The different kings and different tribes who belong to the place

Tripura and it also contains the origins of different tribes and their beliefs. This book is the foundation

for my research paper

'Different Tribes Of Tripura' (tripuratourism.gov.in) Different Tribes of Tripura | Tripura

Tourism accessed 22 January 2022: this website which belongs to the government of Tripura
gave me an in depth on different tribes of the state

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This researcher has used primary and secondary sources. This project is a purely Doctrinal
study based on explanatory method..

SCOPE OF STUDY

This study has been limited to understand the history of Tripura’s kings and different tribes who
inhabit Tripura .Documents that explain the mentioned topics have been used i.e., articles,
books, essays and dictionaries.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study will help the reader understand how each realm worked and what the history of
Tripura’s kings and different tribes who inhabit Tripura .

MODE OF CITATION

Oxford style of citation has been used.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Title-

“Kingdom of Tripura: History and culture”

 Chapter 1

Introduction

Tripura is India's third smallest state, sharing borders with Assam and Mizoram, as well as
Bangladesh. Tripura is also part of a group of seven sister states that run along India's northern
border. Tripura's capital city is Agartala. Tripura's history may be traced back to the Mahabharata
period. The Kingdom of Tripura, which stretched from the Bay of Bengal in the south to the
Brahmaputra River in the north and west, as well as Burma in the east, was at the helm of Eastern
Bengal. Inscriptions on Ashokan pillars are the oldest evidence of Tripura's history. Tripuri Kings
with the title of 'pha,' which means father, reigned from the Kailashahar area in North Tripura
about the seventh century, according to Tripura history.

As capital was moved from Kailashahar to Udaipur in the 14th century, which marked a turning
point in Tripura's history. Around the same period, Tripura's monarchs took the title of Manikya,
and the Indo-Mongolian Manikya dynasty governed Tripura for almost 3000 years. The
Mughals, who ruled Tripura at the time, recognised the Manikyas' supremacy. The governance
of Tripura moved into the hands of the Mughals in the 17th century, with the Manikyas
exercising certain constrained powers. The British expanded their dominance over Tripura with
the arrival of the colonial period, although the Manikya monarchs were permitted considerable
freedom.

When the state's monarchy was abolished in 1947, Tripura's royal history came to an end.
Tripura was acceded to the Union of India following the death of Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya,
the last sovereign Manikya monarch of the state. Tripura had became a member state of the
Indian nation in 1972, after being a Union Territory of India in 1949.

Every part of Tripura's history is fascinating, and there are many debates over the state's name
origin. A lot of historians discuss the origins of Tripura's name, and they provide a variety of
explanations. The absence of accurate documentation on the region's history is a key challenge in
identifying Tripura's origin of name. Rajmala is perhaps the region's sole written record of its
history. Tripura had an ancient ruler called Tripur, according to the Rajmala, which is the court
chronicle of the state. Many historians think that the area was called after Tripur because he was
a tyrannical monarch. Historians, on the other hand, have disputed this hypothesis concerning
Tripura's name derivation, claiming that Tripur is a fictional and historical figure.

1.1 Origin of the Name

The state's Sanskrit name refers to the Hindu goddess of beauty, Tripura Sundari, who is the
presiding deity of the Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur, one of the 51 Shakti Peethas
(Shaktism's pilgrimage centers), as well as the mythical tyrant king Tripur, who ruled the area.
Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhyu, a ruler of the Lunar Dynasty who came from the
lineage of Yayati.

Alternative ideas about the name Tripura exist, including a probable Sanskritic folk etymology of
a Tibeto-Burman (Kokborok) name. Tipra, Tuipura, and Tippera are all variations of the name.
The name Kokborok is derived from the words twi (water) and pra (near); the bounds of Tripura
stretched to the Bay of Bengal when the Tipra Kingdom ruled from the Garo Hills of Meghalaya
to Arakan, the current Rakhine State of Burma; so, the name may represent proximity to the sea.
 Chapter -2

THE HISTORY OF TRIPURA AND

THERE KINGS

A Hindu trader protested to the Emperor of Gaur, the Turk ruler of Bengal, some 700 years ago
that he had been stolen of his money and jewellery while travelling through the kingdom of Tripura
on his route to pay tribute to the Emperor. The enraged Emperor dispatched a massive army, led
by Hiravat Khan, to conquer the realm. Hearing about the great power that was coming to hit him,
King Chengthum-fa was terrified and bargained for peace.

His wife, Queen Tripura Sundari, was furious and chastised him for his cowardice. She roused her
troops by telling them that their monarch was acting like a jackal and that the courageous should
follow her. The troops were subsequently fed buffalo, mithans, goats, sheep, pigs, and deer flesh,
as well as tens of thousands of jars of rice beer. The enraged Tripura army then attacked and
murdered the invading forces. The Gaur army were then fed by their leader Hiravat Khan, and the
triumphant Tripura men praised their magnificent queen who had led them to victory.

Queen Tripura Sundari belonged to a Raj that can be traced back to Drujho, the son of Yajati, the
world's ultimate monarch. Tripura's early past is shrouded in mystery and romance. The storey is
described in the Rajmala, which was written by Tripuri priest Durlabhendra and two of his
Brahmin friends, Sukheshwar and Baneshwar, in 1458.

This is the earliest surviving Bengali manuscript, and it tells the narrative of the Tripura monarchs
and their subjects. The Tripura monarchs ruled in the eastern territories, where he established the
city of Tribeg on the Brahmputra's banks. Druiho eventually became a sanyasi and abdicated his
crown to his son Tripur, who reigned fear and oppression in his place.

His subjects, groaning under his tyranny and subjugated to poverty and famine, moved to Hiramba
(Cachar). However, they quickly returned because they received no assistance from the Raja there.
They then worshipped Shiva, who promised that if they worshipped Chaturdash Deva, he would
assist them. When Tripur's widow gave birth to Trilochan, who was instantly crowned king by his
grateful people, their wishes were answered. The Hiramba monarch offered him his daughter in
marriage after hearing about his wisdom. When the marriage was solemnised, there was great joy.

Trilochan possessed all of the princely characteristics: he was of average size, with a round body,
well-formed ears, broad chest, small belly, a neck like an elephant's and legs like a plantain tree,
arms around as a palm tree, and an intense devotion to Vishnu and Shiva, as were his heirs after
him. He was replaced by Dakshin, the youngest of his twelve sons, who was chosen by both his
father and their subjects after a reign of conquest and triumph.

Raja Kumar, the fifty-eighth Raja after Yajati, went to Samalanagar to see Shiva, who had fallen
in love with a Kuki girl. Hearing this, Kali became outraged and kicked her so hard that she
shattered her neck. Because Rajeshwar, the sixty-first king of Tripura, lacked a son, he became
enraged and shot an arrow at a Shivalingam. Rajeshwar was cursed by Shiva to have no son, but
in order to appease the Great Destroyer, Rajeshwar provided a human sacrifice, which satisfied
Shiva, and Rajeshwar was bestowed with a son named Micholee.

The seventy-first Raja, Tripura, and Kachar were tied in a powerful alliance during the time of
Pratt, joining the two major Bodo nations in a bond. This pact has weathered the storms and
stresses of history. Jangy-pha conquered and captured Rangamati (later renamed Udaipur by Udai
Manikya) from its monarch, Nikka, who was aided by the Kukis, and established it as his capital.
We've previously seen how, during the 97th Raja, Cheng-thum-pha, Tripura was prevented from
being overrun by Gaur soldiers. Ratan-pna, then an exile in Gaur, turned the tide of Tripura
nationalism when he asked the Turkish sulta7 Togne to attack Ine kingdom. With the support of
the Moham-medan forces, he successfully attacked the realm and gained the throne after executing
his brother. The Gaur sultan bestowed the title of Manik upon him, which the Tripura rajas have
kept to this day. This was most likely in the year 1279 A.D.

Dharma Manikya took the throne in 1407 and reigned until 1458. Human sacrifice was popular at
the period, but he decreed that it should only be performed three times each year. The initial section
of the Rajmala was started under his patronage. He was a famous king of the Tripuris and a
supporter of learning. After a long and peaceful reign, he died. After his death, there was an
interregnum till Dhanya Manikya became the raja in 1490.

The greatest of the Tripura rulers was Dhanya Manikya. He attempted to eradicate a lot of
oppressive caste restrictions among his army with the support of his queen Kamala Devi. He
solidified his empire by assassinating a number of rebellious chiefs. Chuchag, most likely a Kuki,
was his most capable general, and he assisted him in reducing many of the neighbouring tribes.
Chuchag's campaign was also effective in subduing the Kacharis. In A.D. 1512, Tripura forces
stormed Roshnabad (Chitta-gong) and drove out its garrison, putting the Muslim rulers of Bengal
to the test.
Dhanya Manikya invaded Arakan not long after. Hussain Shah dispatched a massive force from
Bengal's 12 provinces to revenge Tripura's defeat, but they were destroyed on all three times, twice
by damming the waters of the Gomti and then breaking the bund, causing a massive flood to sweep
the enemy away. On the third time, the raja sacrificed a black chandal child to Kali, which
delighted the Goddess so much that she came among the Bengal forces after dark and created such
a loud and scary noise that the terrified men fled. On his return to the citadel of Sagaria, Hussain
Shah, the previous king of Jaunpur, is reported to have laid his head in his hands and declared that
whomever wanted to take Tripura should lead twice as many men. With much ceremony, the
victorious Dhanya Manikya returned to his palace at Rangamati and offered worship to the
fourteen gods. Only three times a year, and only when appropriate prisoners of war were available,
was he able to restrict human sacrifice. He was a big supporter of literature and wanted to make
Bengali more popular. He was a lingam worshipper who built several temples and commissioned
artisans to carve magnificent sculptures. Many believe him to be the most powerful of the Indo-
Mongoloid Bods. His sons Dhanya Manikya and Dev Manikya succeeded him after he died in
A.D. 1520.

Dev Manikya, a famous Shakti devotee, conquered Bhulua in the area of Noakhali. He was a
Tantrik who was assassinated by a priest who was in cahoots with one of his conniving wives. The
army leader, in turn, assassinated the brahmin, putting the late raja's two sons, Indra and Vijoy, on
the throne. Vijoy Manikya (A.D. 1535-1583) quickly assassinated the army head and rose to
power. At Chittagong, he beat the Mughals and reclaimed the districts of Sylhet, Comilla, and
Noakhali. In his troop, a thousand Pathan horsemen revolted and marched against Chittagong, but
they were arrested and slaughtered in front of the fourteen gods. The enraged king of Gaur
launched an attack with a large force, but was defeated after an eight-month battle. Jikewise, the
Gaur general, was sacrificed in front of the fourteen gods.

Following this victory, Vijoy Manikya marched to Bengal with a massive army of 26,000 men and
5,000 horses, as well as artillery. The Persian Sultan Daud Khan, who was at the time fighting the
Mughals, couldn't do anything to stop him. As a result, Vijoy became the undisputed ruler of Fast
Bengal. He marched his triumphant warriors to the Brahmputra's banks and sailed to the Padma in
5,000 boats. He returned to his stronghold, Rangamati, after ravaging the land, including
Sonargaon, the Mughal capital of Bengal.

His eldest son was taken on a journey to Orissa after an astrologer foretold that his son Anantha
would become king. Anantha married the daughter of Gopi Prasad, the Commander-in-Chief, who
had previously served as the raja's gomasta and afterwards as his chef at Dharamnagar. He
ascended to the king after Vijoy, who had reigned for 47 years, died of smallpox.
Anantha Manikya (A.D. 1583—1585) waged war on the restless Mugh king Sikander Shah (it was
common for Mugh rulers to assume themselves Muslim names), but the Mugh troops were repelled
thanks to the support of Portuguese gunners. These Portuguese were afterwards recruited by the
ruler of Tripura, whose ancestors now live in Mariamnagar, near Agartala. A bigger army from
Tripura was also defeated, and the Mughals marched into Rangamati and devastated the city. Gopi
Prasad then killed his son-in-law and sat as Udai Manikya on the throne.

Udai Manikya (A.D. 1585-1596) called his city Ranga-mati Udaipur after adorning it with
gorgeous reservoirs, houses, and temples. Some of his 240 women were so promiscuous that they
even invited a prince of Gaur to join them in their abode. When the raja learned of this, he had
some of them crushed by elephants and others eaten by dogs. The Tripura soldiers assaulted the
Pathan forces marching on Chittagong during the night, and the Tripura troops were beaten with
heavy losses following a five-year conflict. Udai was poisoned a few years later.

His son Jai Manikya (A.D. 1596-1597) succeeded him, although only officially, while his uncle
Runag Narayan held the actual authority. When Runag Narayan saw that Amar, son of Jai
Manikya, still had considerable power, he devised a plan to assassinate him. Amar, on the other
hand, was alerted by a friend and managed to flee. He then murdered both Runag Narayan and Jai
Manikya and succeeded to the throne himself.

Amar Manikya (A.D. 1597--1611) chose to hold various religious festivals. He requested that all
of the Zamindars reporting to him send workers. The army was instructed to march on the
Zamindar of Sylhet's land when he refused. His son was taken to Udaipur as a prisoner. The
Mohammedan commander of Sylhet was then beaten by Tripura forces attacking in a Garuda
configuration, with the two generals representing the beak, flanking troops representing the wings,
and the main army representing the body. Following it, the Muslims were defeated. He returned
to his capital and conducted the tula ritual after subduing a few more petty feudatories. He is the
founder of the town of Amarpur, which bears his name.

Up until this point, the Tripura rulers had successfully fought all exterior invasions and carried
their state's prestige beyond the Brahmputra and Padma rivers. Invasion attempts by eastern tribes
and well-trained Pathan and Mugh forces had also been defeated. By the middle of the 17th
century, however, a more powerful force had arrived at Tripura's door, threatening its
independence. The Mughals had established a vast and strong empire in India's plains, and their
massive land forces required elephants on a regular basis. As a result, the Mughals cast envious
looks at this faraway land. The tribute levied upon the monarchs of Tripura was always paid in
these animals.
After nominally agreeing to postpone the combat until the Durga Puja, when the Tripura army had
withdrawn to their winter quarters, the deceitful Muhammad Shah, monarch of the Mughals,
deployed his men and took Chittagong. When he was besieged by the massive Tripura army,
Mohammad Shah requested peace and sent an ivory crown as a peace offering. The raja's three
sons were fighting over who should assume the throne, and those who didn't got it mistreated the
Mughs. The Mughs were defeated as a result of this. However, in the midst of their triumph, a
wounded elephant stomped and killed one of the raja's sons, feeding the disheartened and
befuddled Tripura warriors. After defeating the Tripura forces, the Mughals marched into Udaipur
and ravaged it. In the meantime, the raja had escaped to the jungles and committed himself after
bathing in the sacred Manu river.

His son Rajdhar Manikya (A.D. 1611-1613) succeeded him, erecting a Vishnu shrine and
distributing land to the brahmins. Adin Tagrul, the king of Gaur, mistook him for a weakling and
assaulted him, but he was defeated. As he leaned to sip the water in which the picture of Vishnu
had been bathed, he was unintentionally drowned in the Gumti.

Jasadhar Manikya (A.D. 1613--1623) was at war with the Mughals on several occasions. Nawab
Fateh Jung invaded Tripura in A.D. 1620 to get elephants and horses for Emperor Jahangir, and
after severe combat succeeded to subjugate Jasadhar, who was carried to Delhi as a prisoner along
with a big loot of elephants and horses. Jasadhar was banished to Benaras after refusing to return
to his throne on the condition of paying a tribute. He died at the ripe old age of 72 "while meditating
on the greatness of Vishnu."

Meanwhile, the Mughal administrators of Udeipur, who were established during the interregnum
of A.D. 1623-1625, plundering Tripura until a terrible epidemic forced them to flee. Kalyan
Manikya, a kinsman, was exalted to the throne of Jasadhar by the people of Tripura in 1625 A.D.

Kalyan Manikya (A.D. 1625--1659) was a kind and just ruler who created coins in Shiva's honour.
He took a tour of his country and fed the brahmins, whom he revered. He stood firm in his refusal
to pay homage to the Mughals. The Emperor then ordered the Nawab of Murshidabad to bring him
into line. The mighty Mughal armies were frequently humiliated in the battlefield, until Shah Shuja
ultimately conquered the courageous Tripura army in 1658. Tripura was therefore placed in the
rent list of a foreign power for the first time in its history, and a portion of it, Meharkal Comilla,
was assessed at Rs. 99,860 (Mr. James Grant's Analysis of Bengal Revenue, April 24, 1786). It
was "however unknown to the illiterate inhabitants" and is said to have never been assessed until
the seventeenth century, under Shuja Khan's administration.

Whatever the case may be, it appears that Tripura was still independent by the start of the 18th
century, and had been for so long that their loss in 1658 was nearly forgotten. It's also possible that
Shah Shuja's rent assessment was never paid. Govind Manikya succeeded Kalyan, but his reign
was interrupted by his half-brother Nakshatra Rai, who reigned as Chattra Manikya with the
support of the Nawab of Murshidabad between 1660 and 1666. Govind Manikya reclaimed his
reign after Chattra Manikya died of smallpox, and ruled till A.D. 1659. Govind Manikya gained a
lot of popularity during his short reign because he provided salt to his people, recovered the
wastelands in Meharkal, and put the brahmins on land at a lower fee. He successfully repelled all
Mughal attempts to depose him from the throne.

His son Ram Manikya (A.D. 1669-1682) succeeded him, and his reign was rather uneventful. His
younger brother Narendra Manikya stole the throne after his death, but after the Nawab of Dacca
uncovered his deception, he was ousted and the real claimant was installed. Ratna Manikya (A.D.
1684-1712) reclaimed the kingdom and immediately began construction of the Jagannathbari
shrine in Comilla. Ratna, Manikya declared himself free of the Mughals towards the end of the
17th century. At the time of Ratna Manikya, the connection between the raja of Tripura and the
court in Delhi was based on a yearly tribute given by him to the Nawab in exchange for khilars or
honorary decorations.

Ghanshyam Thakur, Ram Manikya's second son, took the kingdom by assassinating the Raja and
assuming the title of Mahendra Manikya (A.D. 1712—1714). His younger brother, Juvaraj
Durjoya Dev, took over as his successor. The Mughals dispossessed Dharma Manikya (A.D. 1714-
1744) of a substantial chunk of his plains holdings, where they stationed Mughal zamindars. The
land was decreased to 17140 square kilometres in 1722 A.D. and valued at Rs. 92,993. Nurnagar,
which was then part of Tripura State, was valued at Rs. 25,000. This, on the other hand, was
completely remitted as a military jagir. The raja was enraged with these zamindars and the troops
stationed in Udaipur, so he had them summoned to a feast and assassinated after intoxicating them
with heavy drinks.

Dharma Manikya expelled his nephew and Chattra Manikya's son Jagat Ram from the land in
1730, but he was able to persuade the Nawab of Daccalmto to send an army to Tripura to assert
his claims to the throne by promising to pay the arrears of tribute. As Jagat Ram seized the throne,
the Tripura forces were beaten, and the raja escaped to the hills.

The whole kingdom in the plains quietly fell to the Mughal rüle and became annexed to the Mughal
Empire with the accession of Jagat Manikya (A.D. 1732--33) to the throne. Tripura's name was
changed to Roshnabad, and a large contingent of Mughal soldiers was stationed in Udaipur. The
usurper was deposed in 1733, however, since Dharma Manikya had resorted to the nawab's favour
by that time.
Makunda Manikya (A.D. 1733-1737), Jai Manikya (A.D. 1737-1739), and Indra Manikya all had
brief reigns (A.D. 1739-1743). This was a time of shady court intrigues, with all of the contestants
attempting to gain favour with the Mughal Nawab. Finally, the nawab named Vijoi Manikya as
raja, paying him a monthly stipend and requiring him to transmit all of the state's earnings to the
nawab. He was imprisoned in Delhi after falling behind on his payments, where he died. Tripura
was thus designated as a Mughal province, with Shamsher Kazi, a renowned plunderer, serving as
Governor. He installed Dharma Manikya's son as a puppet raja, but when that failed to appease the
people, he started a reign of terror that resulted in him being ordered to be blown up from the
mouth of a cannon after 12 years of lawlessness.

The Muslim splendour in India was waning by the time Krishna Manikya (A.D. 1760-1783)
reached the kingdom. Following their victory in the Battle of Plassey, the English East India
Company signed a pact with Siraj-ud-Daula in 1759. They then compelled their vassal to hand
over Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong. Under Mr. Verelst, the Company provided Chittagong
with a robust municipal government.

The Company's authorities assumed that after conquering Tripura, the Mughals inhabited the
lowlands, leaving the mountainous districts under the rule of the raja, subject to the supervision
of, and subordinate to the nawab. As a result, they believed they were obligated to take all of the
plains regions that were on the nawab's rent sheet after attaining the dewani of Bengal. As a result,
Mr. Verelst ordered 200 men and two cannons to Tripura, where they discovered the nawab's
dewan had already taken possession of all the forts. The raja had taken refuge in the hills. The
Company assaulted the plains, and Krishna Manikya (A.D. 1760-1783), Indra Manikya's brother,
was appointed king of Hill Tripura.

Jajdhar Manikya (A.D. 1785-1804) was his nephew, who was overthrown and not restored to his
kingdom until he promised to pay an annual tribute for the plains regions, Chakla Roshnabad. "The
company was looking for rupees, not elephants," Mackenzie explains, "so the hills were left to the
native rulers." Following his death, there was a five-year period of anarchy in the state. Various
aspirants to the throne have invited the kukis to help them achieve their goals.

The English eventually acknowledged Durga Manikya (A.D. 1809-1813) and installed him as raja
in 1808. Since that time, every raja has been invested by the English and has been required to pay
Nazar. Tripura's rulers continued to refer to the state as Swadhina Tripura, but the state gradually
came in line with the rest of India's feudatory states.

The successive rajas of Tripura's interactions with the English were entirely motivated by a desire
to reclaim as much of their land as possible. Because of Isan Chandra Manikya's (A.D. 1850-622)
active support in ordering the arrest of the 34th Native Infantry soldiers who had joined the first
war of Indian independence by mutinying at Chittagong on the night of November 18, 1857,
attacking the treasury, and then marching on his capital at Agartala, he hoped to receive
sympathetic consideration from the British authorities in the matter of the fixation of Hill Tripura's
boundaries. His aspirations, however, were dashed. Bir Chandra Manikya (A.D. 1852-1896),
Radha Kishore Manikya (A.D. 1896-1909), Birendra Kishore Manikya (A.D. 1909-1923), and Bir
Bikram Harikya (A.D. 1923--1946) were his successors, all of whom failed to persuade the British
to define their borders in line with historical fact.

When his state joined the Indian Union in 1949, the last of these rajas, Kirit Manikya, kept the
title, some privileges, and a sizable privy purse until the President of India revoked them in 1970,
and he became a commoner, bringing an end to a dynasty that spanned over two millennia.

1
Omesh Saigal, Tripura, Its History And Culture (Concept 1978) 138.
 Chapter 3

The tribes of Tripura, there origin and culture

The tribe of Bhil:

Bhils are regarded to be one of India's earliest tribes. They ruled

areas of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, and
Bihar at one time. They are a mix of the great Munda race and
an Indian wild tribe. The Bhills are a Dravidian racial tribe from
Western India who belong to the Austroloid group of tribes.
They communicate in a Dravidian dialect. According to the
2001 Census, there are 2,336 Bhills in Tripura. This clan came
to Tripura mostly from Bihar and Madhya Pradesh in central India. Tea gardens, brickfields, and
agriculture are the mainstays of their economy. Their greatest concentrations in Tripura are in
Belonia's Akinpur and the Khowai Sub-Bagan Division's Bazar. They can also be found working
in tea gardens in North Tripura. By religion, the Bhills are Hindus. Along with Lord Shiva and
Durga pujas, they appease forest deities and malevolent spirits. Only a small minority of them are
Christians. They bury their deceased after performing a series of procedures in accordance with
their ancient beliefs and practices. Dance and music with traditional tunes of Flute and Drum are
very popular among Bhills. They spend the entire night drinking and dancing at all family and
community festivities. Bhills in other parts of the country are well-educated and live in a
contemporary world.

Bhutias are a Himalayan tribe with a small population in Tripura. In terms of racial identification,
linguistic affinity, and religious activity, they are akin to Lepchas. Bhutias were originally
employed in the Royal Army in Tripura because of their warrior spirit and physical power.
However, they eventually returned to their own state of Tripura. Tripura has only 29 people
according to the 2001 census.

2
'Different Tribes Of Tripura' (tripuratourism.gov.in) Different Tribes of Tripura | Tripura Tourism accessed 22
January 2022
The tribe of Chaimal:

Chaimal is Tripura's smallest tribal tribe. Their greatest

concentration is in Dhalai District's Ambassa. They go by the
name "Saimar. “Chaimals are Cocaso-Mongoloid in origin.
They speak a language that is related to the Kuki-Chin family
of languages. The language of Chaimal is identical to that of
Halams. Chaimal lives on Jhum agriculture as well as plain land
farming, and they can comprehend and speak Kok-Borok.

They are Hindus, and they observe all Hindu ceremonies and
traditions. Some literate members of this community have
adopted Christianity as their faith as a result of the contemporary fabric of life. They have their
own type of dance, folk songs, and music, just like other tribes, however performances are rare.

The tribe of Chakma:

Jhumias were the forefathers of the Chakmas. They

arrived in Tripura in search of fertile, undeveloped land.
Over 4,0:0 Chakmas were said to have crossed into
Tripura in 1884. After crossing the Matamuhuri, Teknaf,
and Sankh rivers, they are claimed to have sailed from
the Arakans through the Bay of Bengal and embarked at
Chittagong. They were frequently engaged in severe
confrontations with the Mughals and Portuguese sea pirates ravaging east Bengal during their
journeys. They followed the Karnafuli river from Chittagong and crossed it to reach the Kasalong
and Mayoni areas. Tripura was the state at the time. The Arakanese ruled Chittagong and the

3
Ibid 17
4
ibid
surrounding areas for a short time (Mughs). They construct their homes out of machans (raised
platforms). Their homes are mostly made of wood and bamboo, with a thatched roof of cha grass.
The Noatia and Chakma houses are built in essentially the same way. Pigs, fowls, and other
domesticated birds and animals find safety beneath the platform, unlike other tribals..

There are three primary Chakma groups: I Anokia, (ii) Tandugia, and (ii) Mangla. Chakma is a
language that combines loan words from Indu-Aryan, Tibeto-Chinese, and mostly Arakan
languages. Their language has been dubbed "broken Bengali" and "Assamese." Chakma had their
own alphabet in Burmese Alphabets (which is a mix of Sanskrit and pali), but it is not utilised;
instead, Bengali script is used, which is simple to learn. Jhum cultivation, plain land cultivation,
and economic supporting works of vegetable producing are centred Chakmas' economic
operations. Fishing and making a living. Animal trapping is another skill the Chakmas have
mastered. They're famous for capturing wild elephants. A huge number of Chakmas live as
fishermen and boatmen in the Dumbur water regions of Tripura, particularly at Gandacherra.

The tribe of Halams:

Halams are of Cocase-Mongoloid ancestry, as are the Kuki-Chin

tribes. Their language is likewise related to that of the Tibeto-
Burmans in certain ways. Mila Kuki is another name for Halams,
who are not Kukis in terms of language, culture, or way of life.
"Barki-Halam" refers to the division of Halams into many sub-
clans. (1) Kaloi, (2) Kor-Bong, (3) Keipeng, (4) Bong, (5) Saka
Chep, (6) Thanga Chep, (7) Dab, (8) Bongser are the major sub-
clans of Halams. 9) Rupini, 10) Hrangkhawl, 11) Chorai, 12)
Langai, 13) Kaireng, 14) Ranglong, 15) Naveen, 16) Khulang

They are primarily Hindus who follow the Sakti-cult. Halams live in a traditional "Tong Ghar"
built of bamboo and Chan grass. They still undertake Jhum farming in addition to plain land
agriculture and rely on these activities in addition to other alternative works.

The tribe of Jamatia:

5
Ibid18
 6

Amatia is a Tripura tribal community with distinguishing features of

Mongoloid origin. Their language is likewise quite close to Tripuris'. As a
result, they communicate in Kok-Borok, a Tibeto-Burman language. Jamatia
were the mainstay of the Tripura Kingdom's Royal Army, and they were free
from paying home taxes throughout the princely period. Previously, Jamatias
had to rely on Jhum Cultivation to survive. However, following the Tripuris, the tribals of Tripura
became used to plough farming. Currently, the majority of them rely on plain land farming in
addition to other economic pursuits.

Jamatias are Hindus who practise the Sakti worship and follow Vaishnavism. Their ultimate
traditional Social Institute is known as "Hoda Akra." Jamatias value their traditional folk culture
and the preservation of elements like as drama, the Garia festival, and other Kok-Borok language
tribes' shared dances. They have a unique form of Garia dance that represents their Hindu religious
tradition.

The tribe of Kuki:

Kukis is a term used by outsiders to refer to a collection of

tribes including Darlong and Lusai. The Lusai of Tripura used
to dwell in North Tripura's Jampui and Shakan Hills. They are
known as Mizos. They never refer to them as Lusai since 'LU'
stands for head and 'SAI' is for cutting (Head Hunter). They
were previously treated as headhunters. Darlong belongs to the
Kukis tribe.

They reside on a hilltop and make a living from Jhum

cultivation and fruit production.They enjoy eating any type of
meat. They speak a language that evolved in the Kuki-Chin
linguistic family, and they have a large number of clans. They believed in Lord Shiva as well as
other deities and spirits. They have their own village council and customary rules. The term LAL
refers to the village chief.

The tribe of Kukis is known as a fierce, savage Tribe whose sole occupation was headhunting and
war. When they resolved on war, they send spies before to know the stations and strength of the

6
Ibid19
7
Ibid
enemy and the conditions of the roads. they often lie ambush in the forest near the path which the
enemy uses killing every man or woman passes by. They put the heads of the dead in a bag

Before going to battle they put a quantity of roasted alus(smashed potato) and paste of flour into
hollow bamboos and add the rice with a bag of liquor

The tribe of Lepcha:8

The Lepcha are a Himalayan tribe that inhabit in India's

north-east corner. Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh,
Bhutan, Sikkim, and Darjeeling are the most populous
states. For economic reasons, they have also moved to
other North-Eastern states. According to the 2001
Census, there are just 105 Lepchas in Tripura, with the
majority of them living in the Dhalai District. The
Lepchas belong to the Mongoloid tribe. Their language
is a blend of Nepalese and Sikkimese dialects, and it is
extremely similar to Indo-Chinese. They refer to
themselves as "Rong."

8
Ibid 20
Lushai:

Lusai is a tribe that belongs to the Kuki-Chin tribes but they

are advanced. The term lusai or lushai is said to be derived
from luchai (Lu=head; chai-to cut). The Kanchanpur Sub-
Division in North Tripura District is where they are most
concentrated. The Lusais are also known as Mizos. They are
said to be Mongoloid in origin. Lusai live on Jhum Cultivation
and Wild Animal Hunting. They consume flesh from all types
of animals and birds. They're also known for being an orange-
growing village. Many Lushais believe that man emerged
from Chhinlung, a hole in the earth. All men were converted
to beasts and wild animals and re-peopling started when people began to emerge from the hole. As
the process was continuing, two persons of the Ralk clan started chattering which made God think
that too many people had come out; so he closed the hole.

The world was considered flat, resting on the back of a huge tortoise. There were earthquakes
when the tortoise moved. they believed spirits of the dead inhabit another world. The life of lushasi
is simple and primitive they grown everything they want and they all have farms or agriculture
land The most popular dance amongst the Lushais is the Cherolam or Cheraw-dance, that is the
Bamboo dance. In this the bamboo poles in pairs are spread on the ground and young girls, to the
accompaniment of song and music, dance rhythmically as the poles are sounded against each other.

The tribe of Mog:

10

Subroom and Belonia are where they're most

concentrated. The Mogs are an Arakan tribe that came
to Tripura via the Chittagong Hill Tracts. They are
Buddhists by religion. Their language belongs to the
Tibeto-Chinese family, which is also related to the
Assam-Burmese language group.

Jhum Cultivation is essential for Mogs. They have a social council that is in charge of social
administration. Chowdhury is the name of the council's chief. After performing ceremonies and

9
Ibid21
10
Ibid
rituals, they bury their deceased. Wah Festival is an annual gathering of the entire community.
Tradition has it that the Mogs are known for their traditional medicine.

The tribe of Munda:

11

The Mundas are a central Indian tribe recognised in Tripura as an

immigrant tribe. Mundas' original country was Chota Nagpur.
Mundas are a tribe of Proto-Australoid people. Mundari is their
native tongue, which belongs to the Austro-Asian language
family. Mundas were brought to labour in tea gardens and
brickfields in Tripura. Mundas are Hindus. They believe in their
traditional gods as well. Every Munda village would have three
distinct characteristics: (1) SARANA, (2) AKHRA, and (3)
SASAN. Apart from that, PAHAN (Priest) plays a significant
role in Mundas' lives.

The tribe of Noatia:

12

The Noatias are a significant tribal community in Tripura.

Despite the fact that they are Tripuris citizens, they are still
referred to as "Newcomers." In truth, Noatias had spent a long
period in the Arakan Hill Tracts before migrating to the south of
Tripura via the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Noatias are ethnically
related to other Mongoloid tribes, and their language is likewise
Kok-Borok. Noatias is not their genuine tribe name, according to
legend. They turned out to be Tripuris. According to legend,
there was once a fierce conflict between the then-Tripura

11
Ibid22
12
Ibid
monarch and the then-Arakan king. The Arakan monarch assumed command of the battle and
captured hundreds of Tripuri troops. They had no choice but to stay in Arakan. They had
interaction with the indigenous tribals throughout their stay, and their language and culture were
influenced in various ways. The impact of their former civilization may still be seen in the physical
structure, skin colour, dietary habits, language, ceremonies and rituals of Noatias today.

There are 11(eleven) prominent clans in Noatias. Anokia, Khaklu, Totaram, Murasing, Noatia,
Deildak, Keowa, Garjan, Tongbai Kalicha, and Aslong are the clans involved. Noatias are Hindus
who do all pujas and holidays according to their customs and traditions. Vaishnamism is also very
influential among them. Like other Kok-Borok language tribes, they celebrate Garia and Baisu
festivals.

The tribe of Orang:

13

Orang is an immigrant group from Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and

West Bengal who settled in this area. This tribe is mostly found
in Tripura's Sadar North and major Tea Garden regions. The tribe
Orange is a simple one. They are mostly employed in agriculture,
tea plantation jobs, and as brickfield labourers. Orangs live in a
densely packed community with up to 50 households. Mud walls,
chan grasses, and bamboos were used to construct their homes.
They do not have any windows in their homes and maintain them
nice and spotless at all times.

Orangs speak a broken Hindi dialect that belongs to the Australiod language family. However, in
Tripura, people choose to communicate in Hindi mixed Bengali, which is descended from the
Dravidian family.

The tribe of Reang:

13
Ibid 23
 14

Tripura's Reangs are the state's second-largest tribal group. They are
considered one of India's 75 primitive tribes. Reangs are supposed to have
arrived in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and later the southern section of Tripura
in various weaving from the Shan State of upper Burma (now Myanmar).
The Indo-Mongoloid racial stock is represented by Reangs. Their language
has Austro-Asian affinities and belongs to the Tibeto-Burman family.
Reangs are ethnically separated into two big clans: Meska and Molsoi. Their language is called
"Kaubru," and it has a tonal impact similar to Kuki, however it is mostly Kok-Borok (language of
men). They are Hindus by religion, and most of their gods and goddesses are Hindu gods and
goddesses. Reangs are endogamous by nature and do not marry outside their tribe. Divorce and
widow marriage are permitted by the village council chief, known as "RAI." After observing a
sequence of ceremonies and rituals, as well as a funeral procession, they bury their deceased
alongside a river or charra.

The tribe of Santal:

15

Santals are one of Tripura's immigrant tribes. They are of Austro-

Asian racial descent. West Bengal, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh
are where they were born. They came to this state to work as tea
garden labourers. Jhum cultivation was traditionally practised by
Uchais, who continue to do so on high tillas and slopes. They
used this to create whatever they needed in Jhum.

The Santals bury their deceased. The deceased are buried by the
Christian Santals. Bodies are buried when they die of incurable
diseases, accidents, or pre-mature death. Bones and ash are
transported to a grove after cremation, where a stone slave is set in remembrance of the departed.

14
Ibid24
15
Ibid
The tribe of Tripuri:

16

Tripuris are the state's largest tribal group. They were the
first to come to this area, thus they might be classified as a
Tripura aboriginal tribe.Tripuris are Indo-Mongoloid in
origin and linguistically belong to the Tibeto-Burman
family. They communicate in Kok-Borok, the same
language used by Tripura's other seven indigenous
communities. Hindus make up the majority of Tripuris.
They practise both ShaktiCult Vaishnavism and Vaishnavism. Aside from their belief in various
deities, they have practised ceremonies and rituals that have been passed down through the
generations. Their primary festivals are Garia, Kharchi, and Ker. Garia, Lebang, Musak Surmani,
Tangbiti, and Mamita are some of the colourful traditional dances they have. Sweet molodies of
folk melodies and music played on the flute, Sarinda, Champreng, and other string instruments
enliven these dances.

The tribe of Uchui:

17

Uchai is a distinct tribe that has lived in Tripura from the dawn
of time. They arrived in Tripura from Burma's Arakan Hills.
Uchais language and culture are comparable to that of other Kok-
Borok speaking tribes such as Reang, Tripuris, and Jamatias.
Uchais also dwell in Tong (Gaireng) houses made of bamboos
and chan grass. Jhum cultivation was traditionally practised by
Uchais, but this tribe also use this for there clavation. They still
rely on the forest for a variety of economic and food collecting
activities. While working in the jhum field, they hunt wild
animals and birds.

16
Ibid 25
17
Ibid
Uchais reside in settlements that are close together. There are no more than 50 households residing
in one village. There is a pleasant and familiar relationship in the family, regardless of who is
younger or older. Mother is usually in charge of the family's major tasks. Father is still working
on his business. Young boys and girls in the family assist their father and mother with jhum field
labour and other household chores.

In a broad sense, Uchais are Hindus. They believe in god, as well as other supernatural entities.
Radhak, Garia, Ker, Ganga Puja, Naksu Motai, and other prominent deities are worshipped by
them. Few families among them have converted to Christianity and follow religious holidays
according to the Christian calendar. According to Hindu religious belief, Uchais cremate their
deceased bodies after performing rites and ceremonies and attending a funeral procession.

The tribe of Garo:

18

In Tripura, the Garos are mostly an immigrant group.

Their ancestral homes were in Meghalaya (Garo Hills),
Assam (Kamrup, Goalpara, etc.) and Bangladesh
(Mymansing). This tribe moved throughout the first part
of the nineteenth century. Tripura's Udaipur Sub-
Division and Sadar Sub-Division have the highest
concentrations. Garos belong to the Tibeto-Burman
linguistic family and are of Mongoloid racial stock. They are well-versed in tribes such as the
Bodo-Cacheries, Ravas, Mikir, and other North-East tribes.

Garos are matrilineal tribe. The family's mother is viewed as the family's dictatorial leader. As a
result, the property right passes to the family's next daughter. By tradition, Garos are Hindus. The
Garos wan-gala celebration is extremely important to them. The entire village celebrates the
wangala festival with colorful dancing, singing, and music as a fresh harvest penetrates their
granary.

18
Ibid 26
 Capter 3.1

General Culture and traditions

Tripura has a diverse culture, with around 19 tribes living in the state's woods. They can be divided
into two groups: Ab-unique and Immigrants. From a remote location in Tibet, all of the indigenous
tribes were relocated to this domain. Tripuri, Rang, Dodge, Garo, Kuki, Uchoi, Manipuri, and
Mizo tribals still choose to live in the woods. Most Bengali Hindus dwell here in significant
numbers, and their effect on Tripura's culture may be recognised because the Bengali court and
Bengali language were formerly widely utilised in the Tripuri king's court. Today, this state is
home to Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, and Christians of all faiths.

Tripura is regarded as a rich state, both historically and culturally. In this culture, there are several
folklores, myths, songs, tales, and riddles. All of these tales are based on real-life events, and
include descriptions of goddesses, gods, demons, witches, history, flora, animals, and the galaxy.

People from all walks of life here take great care to keep their surroundings clean and are especially
conscious of the environment. Some people here see the Milky Way galaxy as a path to death,
believing that when a rainbow emerges in the sky, it has descended to the ground to drink the water
of a lake, and a storm descends onto the devils' domain. People travel to this state to view the rich
historical and cultural sites. The most renowned venue here for sculpting them is Ujjwanta's palace
library, which was created by Nilmahal.

Dressing:
Tripura's traditional clothes are Risa, Rignai, and Rikutu, which display brilliant fabric creativity.
The 'Rignai,' a long and broad piece of fabric draped about the waist and reaching the knees. The
upper body is covered in a fairly short fabric called 'Risa,' which has lovely embroidery. In terms
of design and patterns, each clan in Tripura has its own form of rignai. Risa is a sacred garment
worn by the bride during her wedding ceremony. Religious festivals are observed by people of
many faiths.

In recent years, young Tripura women have preferred to wear blouses instead of Risa, however
Risa is still required during weddings. These Tripura ladies also enjoy wearing various fashion
items around their necks, notably beads and coin strands. The risa's striped design is
complemented with a variety of embroidered motifs. A garment called as rikutu gamcha is worn
with a shirt known as kubai by most males. They enjoy wearing a variety of stylish ornaments
around their necks, particularly coin strands and a multitude of beads.

The male counterpart wore 'rikutu' for the loin area and 'kamchwlwi borok' for the upper body.
Rikutu is worn with Kubai, a sort of shirt worn by males. To shield themselves from the sun,
they wear a turban or Pagri on their heads. Few individuals nowadays wear these traditional
garments, preferring instead to wear the fashionable gaffa of cosmopolitan style. Jeans, trousers,
and shirts are popular among the younger population.

TRIPURA'S HANDICRAFTS:

Tripura is known for its exquisite handicrafts. Cane and bamboo are used to make the majority of
the handicrafts offered. The state's tribes have a lot of expertise crafting beautiful handicrafts out
of natural raw materials. Handloom items are popular, and bamboo is often used. Jewelry, cane
furniture, lamps, bamboo dining tables, floor mats, and decorative products are among the most
common items seen in the marketplaces.

TRIPURA'S DANCE AND MUSIC:

Any culture's music and dance are essential. Sumui, which looks like a bansuri, is employed in
this performance. Kham, also known as Dhol, is widely used in this area. The ring people's
Hosagiri dance, in which the female dances on the pot, is highly popular in this region. The
Tripuri people's Lebang dance, the Chakma people's Biju dance, the Garo people's Vangla dance,
the Halam Kuki logo's Hahaka dance, and the Mog logo's Ova dance are among the many forms
of dances found in this state.

People here also employ instruments such as the Sarinda and Chongprang for music and dance.
People here have their own traditions, which they attempt to retain via singing and dancing
during weddings, religious rites, and festivals. The Tripuri people's Garia dance is a sacred dance
in this area.

The traditional dances here include Garia, Masak, Sumani, Jhoom, and Lebang Boomani. Every
community has its own dance, such as Reang's Hoangagiri, Tripuri's Gadiya, Jhoom, Malamita,
Masak Sumani, and Lebang Boomani, Chakma's Biju, Lusai Ker, and Welkam, Malsoom's Hi-
Haak, Garo's Vangala, Mog's Sangraika Chimithang, Pdisha and Abngma

TRIPURA TRADITION:

Hindus worship Goddess Tripureshwari. Other gods such as bursha sa, khulu ma, lampra, and
mailu ma are also revered. The Bizu festival, Garia Puja, Kharchi Puja, Ker Puja, Ashokastami,
Tirtha Mukh festival, Lampra Puja, Ganga Puja, and other tribal celebrations are among the most
important. The following are some of Tripura's most well-known festivals and events:

1. GARIA PUJA : Flowers and garlands adorn a bamboo pole that represents Lord Garia,
the divinity of animals and fortune. This puja takes place on the seventh day of Baisakh
(April) and lasts for seven days. Cotton thread, rice, riccha, fowl chick, rice beer, wine,
earthen pots, eggs, and wine are the essential materials used in the Garia Puja. The
chicken is sacrificed before the deity and the blood of the fowl is strewn before the Lord
to obtain his blessing, according to ancient tradition.
 The Garia Carnival's performance is in accordance with Ochai's guidelines. No one is
permitted to cross the shadow of the symbolic god Garia during the celebration for fear of
enraging him. To placate Lord Garia, youngsters beat drums, sing, and dance before him
during the Garia Festival.

2. FESTIVAL OF PILAK: Pilak, which dates from the 8th and 9th centuries, is a haven
for magnificent Hindu and Buddhist images. These statues were discovered during
various digs throughout the area and were strewn across a 10-square-kilometer area. The
images and clay plaques found in the excavations suggested the existence of both
heterodox sects and creeds representing Hinduism and Buddhism. Here are colossal stone
images of Avolokiteshwar and Narasimha. As a result, the inhabitants of Jolaibari, South
Tripura district, celebrate the Pilak archaeological and tourism festival for three days
every year in February/March. This festival attracts visitors from all over the world who
appreciate the cultural program and all of the festival's events.

3. WATER FESTIVAL IN NEERMAHAL:

The name Neermahal translates to "Water Palace." The palace is a picturesque storybook
royal mansion set in the middle of the Rudrasagar Lake and was built by Maharaja Bir
Bikram Kishore Manikya as his summer residence in 1930 A.D., inspired by Mughal
architecture. As a result, every year in the month of August, the local government and
government departments hold a large festival known as the "Neermahal Water Festival."
The festival lasted three days, with a variety of colourful cultural programmes and events
taking place in the evening. The boat race on Rudrasagar Lake is a highlight of the
Neermahal water festival. A variety of boats compete in the boat race. Aside from that,
the festival also hosts a swimming competition.

Every year in December, the Neermahal festival is held for the second time, with some
spectacular cultural events held in the harsh winter setting.

4. TIRTHAMUKH MELA: Every year on the festival of the Uttarayan Sankranti, tribal
and non-tribal people gather in Tirthamukh, the origin of the river Gomati, for a holy dip
in the river. On the last day of the month of Pousa, the devotees take a holy dip in the
river to commemorate the beginning of the Sun's northern course (middle of the month
January).
Tirthamukh, in the South Tripura region, is a unique location of belief frequented
especially by Tripuries to fulfil their personal commitments throughout the year. On the
day of 'Poush Sankranti,' however, thousands of people congregate here. The Hindu
Tripuri tribals have revered Tirthamukh from ancient times. People come to the site to
shave their heads in honour of their ancestors, worship deities, and perform individual
 sacrifices and rituals in order to appease the souls of their departed ancestors on a certain
day. A two-day fair is also conducted to commemorate the anniversary..

Traditional Food

Tripurans, particularly tribals, eat a lot of fish. Because the North East is rich in natural resources
and water, tiny fish may be found in plenty in the streams around the settlement. During the
monsoons, tribals go to the beautiful green forests with little waterfalls in quest of fresh small
fish. They catch enough fish with a net to last the entire year in modest quantities. These fish are
high in protein and Omega 3, and they also taste great. 'Godok' and 'Eggu' are two Tripura dishes
that include little fish.

Turmeric leaves are a key element in Godok and Eggu. Turmeric gives aroma to the food as well
as flavor. These turmeric plants are homegrown and, in addition to cooking, are used to worship
gods. Another native spice is kaching. In Tripura, there are 19 tribal tribes, and the Debbarma
community is known for their spices, one of which is Kaching. It's also good for fish, poultry,
and pig. It imparts taste to their foods and emits a scent that can be detected from kilometers
away.
 Conclusion:

Tripura has a rich history and culture, with many diverse civilizations and tribes coexisting
together. Tripura's history may be traced all the way back to the Mahabharata. The Kingdom of
Tripura, which stretched from the Bay of Bengal in the south to the Brahmaputra River in the north
and west, and Burma in the east, was at the helm of Eastern Bengal. Tripura's history reveals its
regal heritage, and the Tripura Kings are an important part of its history. An in-depth examination
of Tripura's History exposes the Tripura Kings' extensive and active history. even though it has
been many centuries the culture and traditions did not stop completely. the history of Tripura is
still considered to be one of the finest in the country
REFERENCES

- Saigal O, Tripura, Its History And Culture (Concept,1978)

-'Different Tribes Of Tripura' (tripuratourism.gov.in) Different Tribes of Tripura | Tripura Tourism

accessed 22 January 2022

 Kingdom of Tripura: History
and culture
by Meriga Philip Carey

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Kingdom of Tripura: History and culture
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