SYSETAMATIC SEMI MICRO QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF

SALT
1.Preliminary test:
State:
Colour:
Solubility test: Solubility of given salt is tested using the following solvents.
Water Dilute HCl Dilute HNO3

Cold Hot Cold Hot

2.Analysis of acid radicals:

The given salt is soluble in ……..

3. Analysis for I group acid radical:

Test Observation Inference

Salt + dil.HCl
Pass the gas through the lime
water.
Confirmatory test for
Salt+ H2O, heat and pass the
gas through lime water.
Brisk effervescence with I group acid radical
liberation of colorless gas. present
Lime water turns milky.
Maybe present.
Lime water does not turn milky. is confirmed.

Analysis for II group acid radical:

Test Observation Inference

Test For Halides: Fumes evolved. II group acid radical,
Salt+ Con. H2SO4. halide is present.

Colorless fumes.
 Gives dense white fumes -
Cl (chloride)may be
when glass rod dipped in
present.
NH4OH is exposed.

b. Reddish brown fumes. -

Br (bromide) may be
present.

Test for Nitrate:

Salt+ Con. H2SO4 +copper
II group acid radical
turnings & heat.
Reddish brown gas is evolved. (nitrate) may be present.

-
Confirmatory test for Cl
(Chromyl chloride test):
Salt + K2Cr2O7 crystals+ Orange fumes are liberated.
conc. H2SO4.

Yellow solution is obtained.

Pass the fumes through the
test tube containing few drops
of dil.NaOH solution.
-
II group acid radical Cl
confirmed.
Thick yellow precipitate.
To the yellow solution add
dil. Acetic acid and lead
acetate.
Confirmatory test for Br-
(Globule test):
Salt solution+CCl4 excess of Orange globule is formed at the -
II group acid radical Br
chlorine water shaken. bottom.
 confirmed

Confirmatory test for

(Brown ring test): Salt
solution + equal volume of
freshly prepared ferrous Brown ring is formed at the II group acid radical
sulphate solution + 2, 3 drops junction of two liquids. confirmed.
of con. H2SO4 slowly along
the inner sides of test tube

Analysis for III group acid radicals:

Confirmatory test for
Salt solution+ barium chloride
solution+ dil. HCl.
A thick milky white precipitate III group acid radical
is obtained which is insoluble in confirmed.
excess of dil. HCl.

III Analysis of basic radicals –

Analysis for zero group radical Ammonium ion ():

Test Observation Inference

Salt+ NaOH solution and A colorless pungent smelling

heat. gas (NH3) is liberated.

Dense white fumes formed.

Expose the glass rod dipped Zero group basic radical
in conc. HCl to the gas. may be present.

Confirmatory test for

(Nessler’s reagent test): Zero group basic radical.
A brown coloured precipitate is
Salt solution + Nessler’s formed.
reagent +
excess of NaOH solution.

Preparation of original solution: Saturated original solution is prepared by dissolving

excess amount of salt in a small volume of a solvent in which the salt is soluble.
Analysis for I group basic radicals:
Test Observation Inference

Original solution + dil. HCl. Precipitate. I group basic radical

present.

Analysis of II group basic radicals:

Test Observation Inference

Original solution + dil. Precipitate. II group basic radical

HCl+H2S. present.

Analysis for III group basic radicals:

Test Observation Inference

Original solution+NH4Cl(s) Gelatinous white precipitate III group basic radicals are
+NH4OH(Few drops)+shake. formed. present May be Al3+.

Confirmatory test for Al3+: Gelatinous white precipitate

Above Precipitate +NaOH
solution drop wise.
To the above solution add solid
ammonium chloride and warm.
soluble in excess of NaOH.
Al3+ confirmed.
White precipitate reappears.

Analysis for IV group basic radicals:

Test Observation Inference

Original solution + NH4Cl(s)+ Precipitate formed. IV group basic radicals

are present.
NH4OH (excess) + H2S solution.
White precipitate. Zn2+ may be present.

Buff precipitate. Mn2+ may be present.

Confirmatory test for Zn2+
i)Above precipitate + dil.HCl + White precipitate
NaOH drop wise
ii) Above precipitate +dil.HCl +Bluish white precipitate. Zn2+ confirmed.

2-3 drops of potassium

Ferrocyanide.

Confirmatory test for Mn2+

i). Original solution + NaOH
drop wise
ii). Permanganic acid test
White precipitate insoluble
in excess of NaOH & the precipitate
turns brown slowly when exposed
Mn2+ confirmed.
to air.
Pink supernatant liquid is formed

Original solution(dil) + small

Amount of lead dioxide+

conc. HNO3, boil, cool and add

distilled water.

Analysis for V group basic radicals:

Test Observation Inference

Original solution + NH4Cl(s)+ V group basic radicals are

White precipitate. present
NH4OH(excess)+ (NH4)2CO3.
May be Ba2+ or Sr2+or Ca2+.
Confirmatory test for Ba2+:

i) Original solution + dil. Acetic

acid+ + potassium chromate Yellow precipitate.
solution. V group basic radical
Ba2+ confirmed.

Imparts apple green color to flame

ii)Flame test:

Confirmatory test for Sr2+: White precipitate. V group basic radical

i)Original solution + dil. Acetic acid
+ammonium sulphate solution.
Sr2+ confirmed.
ii)Flame test:
Imparts crimson red color to flame.

Confirmatory test for Ca2+

White precipitate.
i)Original solution + dil. Acetic acid
V group basic radical
+ ammonium oxalate solution.
Ca2+ confirmed.
ii)Flame test: Imparts brick red color to flame.
Analysis for VI group basic radical:
Test Observation Inference
Confirmatory test for Mg : 2+
VI group basic
Original solution +NH4Cl(s)+ radical Mg2+confirmed
NH4OH+Na2HPO4scratch the White crystalline precipitate is formed.
edges of the test tube with
glass rod.

Flame test:
The given salt is made into a paste with few drops of conc. HCl. The paste is held to flame
with the help of previously heated platinum wire.
Barium – Apple green
Strontium- Crimson red
Calcium- Brick red
Result: The given salt contains

Acid radical Basic radical Group

The given salt may be ……………