MUST DO CONTENT

SOCIAL SCIENCE
CLASS-X

II TERM
2021-22
 SPIRIT OF ENLIGHTENMENT

SHRI K.S. UPADHYAY

Regional Director of Education,
Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi
Under the Guidance of

Dr. P.K. Tyagi

Deputy Director of Education
Zone-III
Directorate of Education, GNCT of Delhi

Team -
1. Shri Lila Dhar Joshi, Lecturer Economics (Leader)
2. Ms Dhanu Kapoor, TGT S.Sc
3. Mr Mohan Chandra Bhatt, Lecturer Commerce
4. Mr Loveneesh Sharma, Lecturer Commerce
6. Ms Anju Sachdeva, Lecturer Commerce/Mentor
7. Mr Pankaj Utreja, TGT S.Sc/ Mentor
8. Ms Amita Anand, Lecturer Pol Sci.
9. Ms Rajni Arora, Lecturer Economics
10. Ms Meenakshi, Lecturer Pol Sci
11. Ms Lalita, TGT S.Sc
 Class X
Social Science Course Content
ll Term
Geography
Lesson-6 Manufacturing Industries
Lesson-7 Lifelines of National Economy
Political science
Lesson-6 Political Parties
Lesson-7 Outcomes of Democracy
Economics
Lesson-3 Money and Credit
Lesson-4 Globalization and Indian Economy
History
Lesson-2 Nationalism in India

MAP WORK
LIST OF MAP ITEMS
CLASS X (2021-22)
TERM – II
A. HISTORY (Outline Political Map of India)
Chapter - 2 Nationalism in India – (1918 – 1930) for Locating and Labelling / Identification
1. Indian National Congress Sessions:
a. Calcutta (Sep. 1920)
b. Nagpur (Dec. 1920)
c. Madras (1927)
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement
a. Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo Planters
b. Kheda (Gujarat) - Peasant Satyagrah
c. Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
d. Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh Incident
e. Chauri Chaura (U.P.) - Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement
f. Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience Movement
B. GEOGRAPHY (Outline Political Map of India)
Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources
Power Plants (Locating and Labelling only)
a. Thermal
• Namrup • Singrauli • Ramagundam
b. Nuclear
• Narora • Tarapur
• Kakrapara • Kalpakkam
Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries (Locating and Labelling Only)
Cotton Textile Industries:
a. Mumbai d. Kanpur
b. Indore e. Coimbatore
c. Surat
Iron and Steel Plants:
a. Durgapur d. Bhilai
b. Bokaro e. Vijaynagar
c. Jamshedpur f. Salem
Software Technology Parks:
a. Noida e. Hyderabad
b. Gandhinagar f. Bengaluru
c. Mumbai g. Chennai
d. Pune h. Thiruvananthapuram
Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy
Major Ports: (Locating and Labelling)
a. Kandla
b. Mumbai
c. Marmagao
d. New Mangalore
e. Kochi
f. Tuticorin
g. Chennai
h. Vishakhapatnam
i. Paradip
j. Haldi
International Airports:
a. Amritsar (Raja Sansi)
b. Delhi (Indira Gandhi International)
c. Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji)
d. Chennai (Meenam Bakkam)
e. Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose)
f. Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi)

Social Science Question Paper

Blueprint

Section No of Questions Weightage Words limit Total marks

A 5 2 40 words 10

B 3 3 80 words 9

C 2 5 120words 10

D 2 4 Case based 8

E 1 3 Map based 3

13 Total Marks 40

GEOGRAPHY
Lesson 6
Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw material to more valuable product
is called manufacturing for example production of aluminium from bauxite and iron and steel from
iron ore

Importance of manufacturing industries

➢ Help in modernising of agriculture.
➢ Provide jobs.
➢ Bring down regional disparity.
➢ Brings foreign exchange.
➢ Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
➢ Helps in economic development of country.
➢
Agriculture and industries go hand in hand
➢ Industries have given boost to agriculture by raising its productivity by providing irrigation
pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic or PVC pipe.
➢ Industries depend on agricultural products for raw material.
Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in hand
As industrial activity starts, cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport,
labour, consultants and financial advice etc to the industry.

Factors affecting location of industries

➢ Availability of raw material
➢ Skilled labour at low cost
➢ Power supply
➢ Market
➢ Capital

Classification of Industries
On the basis of raw materials
➢ Agro-based -get raw material from agriculture for example cotton, sugar,edible oil .
➢ Mineral based -use minerals as raw material for example iron and steel, cement, aluminium,
machine and tools.

On the basis of role

➢ Basic or key industries- produce goods which can be used as raw material to other
manufacturing industries for example iron and steel.
➢ Consumer industries -produce goods for direct use by customer for example paper, sugar.
On the basis of capital investment
➢ Small scale industry -investment up to 10 crores.
➢ large scale industry investment more than 10 crore.
On the basis of ownership
➢ Public sector- owned and operated by government agencies for example BHEL, SAIL.
➢ Private sector -owned and operated by individual or a group of individuals for e.g., TISCO,
Bajaj Auto, Dabur
➢ Joint sector- jointly run by the state and individuals or group of individuals for e.g., Oil
India Ltd. (OIL).
➢ Cooperative sector -owned and operated by producers/suppliers of raw materials or workers
to share profit proportionally for e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra and core industry in
Kerala.
Cotton Textile industry
In early years cotton textile industry was concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat, due to availability
of raw cotton, market, transport, moist climate and Port facilities for trade.
Improvements needed in weaving sector
➢ Power supply is erratic.
➢ Machinery needs to be upgraded.
➢ Low output of labours.
➢ Stiff competition with synthetic fibres.
Jute industry
Jute is eco-friendly and biodegradable material. India is the largest producer and second largest
exporter of jute. Mostly Jute mills are located in West Bengal along the bank of Hugli river.

Favourable conditions for Jute industries to be localised in West Bengal are

➢ Closeness of the jute producing areas.
➢ Inexpensive water transport.
➢ Good network of Railways, Roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw
material to the Mills.
➢ Abundant water for processing raw jute.
➢ Cheap labour from adjoining States.
➢ Kolkata as urban Centre provide banking, insurance and Port facilities for export of
jute goods.

Challenges faced by jute industry - Stiff competition with synthetic substitute and other jute
producing countries.

Sugar industry
India is second largest producer of sugar in the world. This industry is seasonal in nature so it is
ideally suited to the Cooperative sector.
In recent years Sugar Mills are shifting in the southern and western States especially in
Maharashtra because the cane produced here has a higher sucrose content, the cooler climate to
ensure longer crushing season and the Cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Challenges faced by sugar industries are old and inefficient methods of production and transport
delay reduces its output.

Mineral based industries

The Iron and Steel industry is the basic industry as all other industries depend on it for their
machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture Engineering goods, construction material, defence,
medical, scientific equipment and other consumer goods.
For production of Steel Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4:2:1, some quantities of manganese are also required to Harden the Steel.
Chhota Nagpur Plateau has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries because of
availability of low cost and high-grade iron ore.
Process of getting aluminium from raw material Bauxite is called Aluminium smelting.
Chemical industry
➢ Types of chemical Industries- Organic and Inorganic.
➢ Inorganic Chemicals include sulphuric acid used to manufacture fertilisers, adhesives, paint
etc.
➢ Organic Chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibre, rubber, plastic, drugs and Pharmaceuticals etc.
Cement industry
➢ Cement is essential for construction of building factories bridges Road Dams etc.
➢ It requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, Alumina and Gypsum, coal
and electric power are also needed in cement industry.
➢ The industry is located in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in Gulf countries.
➢ The first cement plant was setup in Chennai in 1904.

Information technology and electronics industry

➢ Bangalore emerged as the electronic capital of India.
➢ It has major impact on Employment generation and women empowerment.
➢ It has been a major foreign exchange earner because of BPOs.

Industrial pollution and environmental degradation

Industrialisation contributes increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise which results in
degradation of environment.

Suggestions to control environmental degradation

➢ Minimise the use of water for processing.
➢ Reuse or recycle the used water.
➢ Harvesting of rain water.
➢ Treating of hot water before releasing into rivers or water bodies.
➢ Treatment of Industrial waste in different phases.
➢ Government policies promoting sustainable development.
2 Marks Questions
1.What do you mean by Manufacturing? Give any one example.
2.Classify industries on the basis of major role.
3.Where was the first cement industry established and state its two uses.
4.How to save clean water from industrial pollution?

3 Marks Questions
5.How to treat industrial waste before releasing into water bodies? Explain in three points.
6.Industries have an important role in the development of the Indian economy, but industries are
also responsible for the environmental pollution. Explain in three points.
 7.Why most of the Jute Industries are located on banks of the Hooghly River?
8. In early years cotton textile industries were localised in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Why? Give
any 3 reasons.

5 marks questions
9. What are the elements affecting the location of industries.
10. ‘Manufacturing industries are backbone of economy.' Explain this statement.

Lesson 7
Lifelines of National Economy

Transport
Transport plays an important role in moving goods and services to the place of need. The pace of
development of a country depends on the production of goods and services as well as the facility of
transporting them from one place to another. Transport can be classified as land, water and air
transport.

Types of Transport
Land transport Water transport Air transport
Inland
Road Transport + Rail Domestic Airways
Transport + Pipe Line overseas
International Airways

Features of Road Network
➢ India has one of the largest
road networks in the world.
➢ In construction and system
road transport is cheaper
than railway transport.
➢ Roads can be easily
constructed on any type of
terrain.
➢ Due to road transport,
facilities are provided to
doorstep.
➢ Railway transport also
depends to some extent on
road transport.
Land Transport
Features of Rail transport Characteristics of
Pipelines
➢ Railways are the major
➢ Pipeline is a new mode of
means of long-distance
land transport.
travel and transportation
➢ It is used to transport water,
of goods.
crude oil, petrol products
➢ Railway transport is
and gases.
more comfortable and
➢ Solid materials are also
cheaper than road
converted to liquid state and
transport.
sent through pipelines.
➢ Railways creates less
➢ The cost of laying the
pollution than road
pipeline is high but it
transport.
running cost is very less to
➢ Railway is the best mode
and it also saves time.
of transport for more
people or goods.
➢ Rail transport is affected
by natural disasters.
 Types of Roads

➢ Golden Quadrilateral Highway-

➢ The Golden Quadrilateral is a six-lane highway connecting Delhi-Kolkata and
Chennai-Mumbai.
➢ It consists of two corridors, first is the North-South corridor, which connects
Srinagar to Kanyakumari and the second east-west corridor connecting Silchar
(Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat).
➢ It is being constructed by the National Highway Authority of India, NHAI.

➢ National Highways
➢ It connects various parts of the country.
➢ These are constructed and maintained by the Central Public Works Department
CPWD.
➢ The historic Sher Shah Suri route between Delhi and Amritsar is known as
National Highway No.1.

➢ State highways
➢ These are roads which connect the state capitals to the district headquarters.
➢ These are constructed and maintained by Public Works Department PWD.

➢ District roads
➢ Connects the various administrative centers of the district with the district
headquarters.
➢ These are constructed and maintained by the District Council.

o Border roads
➢ The construction of Border roads make easy to reach inaccessible areas and helps
in the development of those areas.
➢ Border roads make easier to transport military and military supplies which
strengthened the security of the country.
➢ Development, construction, maintenance of Border roads is done by Border
Roads Organization. This organization was formed in 1960.
 Things to remember

1. Roads connecting rural areas to cities are developed under the Pradhan Mantri Gramin
Sadak Project.
2. Paved roads are also called perennial roads because the raw roads become unusable during
the rainy season.
3. Indian rail transport is the largest public sector authority in the country.
4. 4. The first train in the country was run between Mumbai to Thane in 1853 covering a
distance of 34 km.
5. Even today, without ticket travel, theft of railway property, pulling the chain without
reason, stopping the train causes huge losses to the railways.

(Railway Gauge)
(Broad gauge)=1.676 meter
(Metre gauge)=1.000 meter
(Narrow gauge )=0.762 & 0.610 meter

Water Ways Air Ways

❖ Water transport is the
cheapest means of
transportation.
❖ It is suitable for carrying
heavy and large goods.
❖ It is environment friendly.
❖ Foreign trade is operated by
ports located on the Indian
coast.
❖ 95% of the country's trade is
done through the seas.
❖ There are 12 major and 187
medium and small ports along
with India's 7516.6 km long
coastline.
❖ The inter-terrestrial
navigational waterway in
India is 14500 km long.
❖ It is the fastest and
comfortable mode of
transport.
❖ It is the fastest and
comfortable mode of
transport.
❖ It also saves time.
❖ It is free from natural
barriers.
❖ During natural disasters like
flood, earthquake, etc., it is
possible to get help quickly
by air transport.
❖ Air transport was
nationalized in 1953. Under
this, Air India, Indian
Airlines, Pawan Hans
Helicopters Limited provide
domestic and international air
services.
Government of India has declared the following waterways as National
Waterways
Distance (in Km.) River Places
Waterway No.
Navigable waterway No.1 1620 Km The Ganga River Haldia and Allahabad
Navigable waterway No.2 891 Km The Brahmaputra River Sadiya and Dhubri
Navigable waterway No.3 205 Km The West-Cost Canal, Kottapuram to Komman
Kerala
Navigable waterway No.4 1078 Km The Godavari and the Kakinada and
Krishna River Puducherry
Navigable waterway No.5 588 Km Brahmani River and Along the Mahanadi
Matai River delta channel and the
eastern coastal canal

Things to remember
➢ After independence, Kandla port was developed as the first port in Kutch. This port was to
reduce the commercial pressure from Mumbai (the largest port). It is also known as
Deendayal Port. It is a tidal port.
➢ India's oldest artificial port is located in Chennai.
➢ Kochi port and Tuticorin port are natural ports.

Importance of Air Transport for North Eastern States-

Special arrangements have been made to make air services available to the common man in
the North Eastern states as there are large rivers, high hills, dense forests and continuous
flooding is a common thing which makes it very difficult to reach here by land transport.
Air travel has made it easier to reach these inaccessible areas. Due to air transport,
development has become possible in the North Eastern states.

Communication
Personal communication+ Mass Communication +postal network=communication network
➢ With the help of communication services, sending and receiving messages has become very
easy.
➢ You can deliver your message to any corner of the world in a moment With modern
communication services
➢ To spread a message to many people at the same time is called mass communication. The
main means of communication are - Doordarshan, radio, newspapers and cinema.
➢ India's postal communication system is the largest communication system in the world.
➢ Envelope and cards are considered first class mail, which are transported by air to various
places.
➢ Recently, 6 post-routes have been made to speed up postal communication.
➢ Rajdhani Marg 2. Metro Channel 3. Green Channel 4. Business Channel 5. Heavy Channel
6. Document Channel
 ➢ India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia.
➢ India has emerged as a software superpower at international level and is earning
immense foreign exchange through it.
➢ Most newspapers in India are published in Hindi language.
➢ India is also the largest producer of movies / films in the world. The Central Board of Film
Certification certifies all films in India and abroad.

Digital India - is a massive program to prepare India for a knowledge-based transformation. The
main objective of the Digital India program is to bring development in India using Indian talent
and information technology.

Contribution of international trade to national economy

➢ The exchange of goods and services between two nations or countries is called
international trade.
➢ International trade is also called the barometer of economic because the progress of
international trade is an indicator of its economic development of a nation.
➢ All countries depend on international trade due to regional availability of resources.
➢ International trade generates demand for agriculture and industries.
➢ International trade contributes to increasing national income and economic development.

Contribution of Tourism Industry in Indian economy

➢ Tourism encourages national unity.
➢ Tourism supports local handicraft and cultural enterprises.
➢ Tourism provides a large number of direct and indirect employment.
➢ The tourism industry has a significant contribution to the development of the national
economy.
➢ The tourism industry is indirectly support in the development of other industries and
services.
➢ Foreigners visit India for the purpose of cultural heritage, Indian civilization, nature beauty,
adventure, medicine and business.
➢ There is a lot of potential for the development of the tourism industry in India.

Transport and communication as the lifeline of the economy

➢ An industrial society cannot be imagined without communication and transportation.

➢ With the help of transportation, raw materials and manufactured goods can be rapidly
transported from one place to another.
➢ Communication has made easier connectivity between industries, which possible to do
business from any corner of the world.
➢ Through the means of communication, we get information about new technologies,
different products, etc.
➢ The development of means of transport and communication has made the world into a
global village.
3 Marks Questions
1 Rail transport in India still has to face many problems. Write any three points.
2 What do you understand by medical tourism?
3 Describe any three benefits of air transport.
4 Why is Air Transport Important in North Eastern States?

5 Marks Questions
1 How is road transport better than rail transport?
2 On what basis are the roads divided in India? Write in detail
3 Water transport has retained its important place in the field of transportation from the earliest
times to modern times. To clarify this statement, write any three arguments in favour of water
transport.
4 What is the contribution of tourism industry in Indian economy? Explain with examples.
5 In the context of India, there is a lot of potential for the development of the tourism industry.
Express your views in the favour or against of this statement.
6 Why are the means of transport and communication called the lifeline and economy of a
country?

Political Science
Lesson 6
Political parties

Meaning of political party:

An organized group that works for the purpose of contesting elections and gaining power in
government is called a political party. A political party has three parts or components:
1. Leader 2. Active member 3. Supporter or followers

Functions of political parties: -

➢ Contesting elections
➢ To help in deciding policies and programmes of the government for public.
➢ Assisting in law making
 ➢ To form and run governments.
➢ To play the role of the opposition to the ruling party if they lose the elections.
➢ In the creation and sharing of public opinion, the parties raise issues and debate on it.
➢ To provide people access to welfare schemes by government

Need for political parties -

➢ It is necessary for a democratic system.
➢ Help in forming government policies.
➢ Make the problems of the people reach the government.

Party system
There are three types of party system in the world
➢ One party System - In some countries the power is with one party like- communist party
in China
➢ Two Party System- In some countries the power shifts between two main parties like-
USA and UK.
➢ Multi-Party System – In Countries where many parties get the opportunity to compete in
elections. like- India

Coalition Government or Front:

When one party does not get a majority in elections then it forms an alliance with other parties,
then such a government is called a coalition government.

03 Major alliances of India

➢ Alliance formed by Bharatiya Janata Party - National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
➢ Alliance formed by Indian National Congress - United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
➢ Alliance-Left Front formed by Communist Party of India

Which party system is better?

➢ One party system is not considered suitable for democracy because people have no choice
at the time of elections.
➢ The multiparty system is considered better because people have many options at the time of
elections.
➢ The multiparty system allows variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political
representation.

Recognition of parties by the Election Commission

➢ Every party in the country has to get themselves registered in the Election Commission.
The Commission considers all parties equal but it gives some special facilities to large and
established parties.
 ➢ They are given a separate election symbol, which can only be used by the party candidates
➢ The parties that get this privilege and some other benefits are called recognized parties.
➢ The Election Commission has made clear rules that a party can become a recognized party
by winning fixed minimum percentage of votes and seats.

Types of political parties

There are two types of political parties in India –

1. National Parties 2. Provincial or Regional or

➢ It is spread all over the country.
➢ If a party gets 6% in the Lok Sabha elections
or 6% of the total votes cast in the assembly
of 4 states and wins at least 4 seats in the
Lok Sabha elections then it gets the
recognition of the national party.
➢ National parties take interest in national and
international issues. Like :- Indian National
Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party
State Parties
➢ It is limited to some areas.
➢ If any political party of the state gets 6%
or more and wins at least 2 seats is called
state party
➢ Provincial parties take interest in
provincial or regional needs or issues.
Like Aam Aadmi Party, Janata Dal, Shiv
Sena.

Challenges of political parties -

➢ The challenge of dynastic succession – It is the most important challenge political parties
are facing. In many parties, people from the same family always come to the top position.
This is an injustice to other members of the party.
➢ Lack of internal democracy - The parties have all the power in one person or group, they
take all the decisions. Internal elections are also not held regularly. Ordinary members have
no knowledge about the activities inside the party.
➢ Role of increasing money - Parties have to win elections for which they use more money.
Taking money from companies and rich people. Making policies and decisions that benefit
them.
➢ Infiltration of criminal elements: At the time of elections, political parties file candidates
of criminal nature who force the voters to vote for them.
➢ Lack of meaningful choices- At present the difference between the policies and programs
of political parties has reduced. So it becomes difficult to choose a different leader or party.
➢ Challenge of defection - When a person is elected on a party ticket and withdraws his
allegiance from that party to another party, it is called defection. Nowadays it is seen in
many parties.

Suggestions for reform of political parties

➢ Change the law and make the law tougher
➢ Regular timely Elections in political parties
➢ Make the work of political parties transparent
What are the efforts made for the improvement of political parties in India?
➢ The constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
➢ The Supreme Court passed an order that it is mandatory for every candidate contesting
elections to give details of property owned and criminal cases against them through an
affidavit.
➢ The election commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold
their organisational elections and to file their income tax returns.
➢ There should be one third reservation for women on the main curtain of the party.
➢ The government should bear the election expenses.

3 marks and 5 marks questions

1. "Having political parties is a necessary condition for democracy. Analyze this statement with
examples.
2 What do you understand by the coalition government? Describe the role of coalition government
in Indian democracy.
3. What is the difference between National Party and Provincial Party?
4. What is meant by a political party? Explain any four functions of political parties.
5. What are the challenges to political parties in India? Write your views.
6. How can political parties be reformed? Write any 5 ideas.
7. What is meant by regional political party? Mention the necessary conditions to get regional
political party recognition.
8. What efforts have been made for the reform of political parties in India?
9. What is a national party? How do national parties get recognition?
 Lesson 7
Outcomes of Democracy

Some Important facts:

➢ Democracy means the government of the people, for the people, by the people.
➢ Dictatorship is a form of government in which a single leader or a small group of leaders
enjoys absolute power and people have no fundamental rights.
➢ Dictatorship is not democratic. It is called non-democratic rule.
➢ Democracy is the most popular and the best form of government in the world.
➢ There is transparency in democracy under which decisions are taken only through a sound
and proper process.
➢ Democracy is the best system of governance.

Following are the merits of democracy:

➢ A democracy promotes equality among citizens.
➢ Democracy enhances the dignity of the individual.
➢ Democracy makes decision-making process better.
➢ Democracies have the potential to rectify mistakes.
➢ Democracy gives a method to resolve conflicts.
➢ Democracy gives a government that is accountable, responsive and legitimate.
➢ In a democracy, people have the right to choose their ruler or their own government
through vote.
➢ This type of elected government is accountable to its people. It works for the welfare of the
public.
➢ In a democracy, if the government does not live up to the expectations of the people, it is
replaced; the people do not vote for it in the next election.
➢ The government formed in a democracy works according to the laws and rules made
according to the constitution. That’s why it is called a legitimate government.
➢ In a democracy, the government gives equal rights to all its citizens, minority, majority,
the rich, the poor and the people of all religions and castes get equal rights.
➢ In a democracy, differences are resolved amicably.
➢ Only non-democratic governments are called dictatorial governments. They deprive their
citizens of rights. The citizens there cannot vote and cannot oppose the government.
➢ They are not allowed to express their opinions.
➢ In a dictatorial system, citizens are put in jail for criticizing the government. They are
subjected to various kinds of torture.
➢ In a democracy, citizens are protected from economic exploitation, many schemes are run
in the public interest.
➢ In a democracy, economic policies are made for the development of various sections of the
society, ie the poor, the minorities and the weaker sections and they are also given special
assistance.
➢ Efforts are made to ensure everyone’s participation in the economic development of the
country.
 ➢ The economic development of the country depends on the availability of resources and the
size of the population. An increased population can be detrimental to the country’s
development.
➢ Special efforts are made to remove economic inequality and poverty.
➢ Citizens’ freedom and dignity are protected in a democracy.
➢ Democracy establishes harmony within the society and accommodates various divisions
such as socio-cultural, majority, minority and caste related ones.

Democracy has advantages as well as some drawbacks like:

➢ The rate of economic growth slows down.

➢ Decision-making takes a long time in a democracy.
➢ Corruption prevails within the government.
➢ In a democracy, there is no pressure on citizens in the pursuit of public interest, so there
is a increase in population growth and unemployment and at the same time economic
development slows down.
➢ Everyone is equal before the law, yet there is some discrimination among people.
➢ Despite the shortcomings in democracy, it is considered to be the best system of
governance because there is transparency in it. In a democracy free, fair and frequent
elections are conducted.
➢ In a democracy, public opinion is given the utmost importance the government is
elected only through it.
➢ In a democracy, all the work is done as per the constitution.
➢ People get fundamental rights in a democracy.
➢ Equality and dignity or pride of citizens are protected in a democratic system of
governance.
➢ Everyone has the right and value of one vote in a democracy.

Answer the following questions:

1. Who rules in a democracy?

2. Explain any two rights given to the citizens in a democracy?
3. What is the main difference between democratic and non-democratic governments?
4. Why is democracy called the best system of governance?
5. Write any two merits of democracy.
6. On what factors does the economic development of a country depend?
7. What can be the reason for delay in decision making in a democracy?
8. Which type of policies try to remove economic inequality in a democracy?
9. How does democratic government prove to be a legitimate government?
10. Write the main features of democracy.
11. In a democracy, the dignity and freedom of citizens are preserved. Explain.
12. How does democracy constitute an accountable, responsive and legitimate
governance?
13. What type of government would you like to live under and why?
 14. “Along with the shortcomings, there is no dearth of merits in democracy.” Do you
agree with this statement? Answer with valid reasons.
15. Which freedoms of citizens are taken away in a non-democratic system of
governance?
16. On what basis can we say that democratic government proves to be the best in the
world?

Economics
Lesson 3
Money And Credit

1. Barter System: -To Exchange of goods for goods is called barter system.

2. Double Coincidence of wants: - When a person wants to sells an item and another person
wants to buy the same item It is called double coincidence of wants.

3. Money: -Money was introduced to solve the problem of double coincidence of wants.

4. Modern form of currency: - Notes, coins, cheque, debit cards, U.P.I., mobile and net
banking, etc.

5. Functions of Banks: -
a. Accepting additional deposits
b. To provide credit
c. Interest on deposits
d. Provide Demand Deposit [ The withdrawal of the money deposited by the account
holder from the bank account through demand is called demand deposit].
6. Functions of the Reserve Bank: -
➢ To issue the currency
➢ Decides the interest rates.
➢ Hold a part of cash reserve of the banks
➢ Monitoring the functioning of banks
➢ It ensures that the bank providing credit facilities to farmers and poor people also.

Types of Sources of credit.

S.No. Formal sources of credit Informal sources of credit

1 Banks, Co-operative Societies Moneylender, landlord, friend,

businessman, relative, etc.

2 Pre fixed and low interest rate Uncertain and high interest rate

3 Increase in income of the borrower at low Increase in loan amount with higher
interest rate interest rate and fall in debt trap of
debtor.
 1. Collateral: -Collateral is an asset owned by the borrowers and uses this as a
guarantee to lending institute until the loan is repaid. Examples: land, house, shop,
jewellery etc.

2. Credit terms: - The interest rate, Collateral, necessary documents, payment

process, EMI, etc. are collectively called the terms of the credit. Poor families,
farmers etc. have to take loans from other sources if they are unable to fulfil credit
terms.

3. Loan type:- Home loan, education loan, car loan, etc.

4. Loan requirements: - Loan taken by farmer for seeds, fertilizer etc.and others for
house, education, business

5. Debt trap: - When a person borrows and cannot repay it on time, his loan amount
increases with interest and he had to take a new loan to repay the earlier loan, it is
called a Debt trap.

6. Self-help group: - Self Help Groups are small groups of people who come together
and commit to pooling their savings regularly.
• The groups generally comprise of 15-20 people living in the same
neighbourhood.

• They meet and save regularly an amount that's possible from their
income starting from Rs.25 to even Rs.100 or more.

• A member can take a loan from the group itself and although an
interest is charged, it is much lesser than what the moneylenders
charge.

• If the savings are regular, after some time, it can get loans from the
banks. In case of a failure of repayment, other members of the group
can repay it.

Questions 1 – 10 each carry 3 marks.

1. Why do banks hesitate to give loans to small farmers?

2. Define demand deposit

3. How do banks mediate between the people with Surplus money and the needy people?

4. What is a collateral? Give an example.

 5. State any three limits of barter system.

6. Describe the role of credit in development.

7. Why is most of India's population still dependent on informal sources for borrowing?

8. Illustrate by example What is the importance of credit in business?

9. How does Reserve Bank of India control other banks?

10. How does the currency overcome the problem of double coincidence of requirements?

Explain by giving examples.

Questions 11–12 each carry 5 marks.

11. What are the functions of the Reserve Bank?

12. Manav needs a loan to do a small business? On what basis will Manav decide whether he

should take the loan from a bank or a moneylender? (Write loan terms, interest etc.)

13. Describe the characteristics of the formal and informal sector of credit.

Lesson 4
Globalization and The Indian Economy

A Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in

more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can
get cheap labour and other resources. The MNC is not only selling its finished products globally,
but more important, the goods and services are produced globally. MNCs set up production where
it is close to the markets; where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs; and
where the availability of other factors of production is assured. MNCs set up production jointly
with some of the local companies of these countries. First, MNCs can provide money for
additional investments. Second, MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production.
But the most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and then to
expand production. Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small
producers. The products are supplied to the MNCs, which then sell these under their own brand
names to the customers. So, MNCs are exerting a strong influence on production at these distant
locations. As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked
The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is
called Investment. Investment made by MNCs is called Foreign Investment.
Globalization is the fast integration of goods, technology, services, investment, culture, ideas
and People etc. MNCs are playing a major role in tis process.

Factors responsible for Globalization are :

1) Rapid improvement in Technology
2) Liberalization of foreign Trade and Foreign Investment

When govt put restrictions on foreign trade or Investment it is called Trade Barrier.

Removing barriers on foreign trade or investment by govt is called Liberalization.

World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization, (currently with 164 countries as

members) which establishes rules regarding international trade.

Impact of Globalization on India

➢ There is greater choice with better quality and lower prices before the consumers thus
people enjoy much higher standards of living
➢ A greater competition among local and foreign producers
➢ New jobs have been created in a lot of industries like cell phone, electronics, shoes, soft
drinks etc.
➢ Some of the Indian companies emerged as MNCs
➢ Indian Companies also invested in new technology and production methods
While globalization has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and
wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. Fair
globalization would create opportunities for all, and also ensure that the benefits of globalization
are shared better.

Questions – Answers
1. What are Multinational Corporations?
2. Are Consumers benefited by MNCs? Give 3 examples in support of your answer.
3. Do MNCs have positive impact on Indian Companies
4. What is Globalization?
5. Which factors are responsible for Globalization?
6. Describe World Trade Organization.
7. How are MNCs controlling and spreading their productions across the world?
8. Explain few positive impacts of globalization on Indian Economy.
9. The impact of globalization is not so good on small industry, How?
10. Define:
a) trade barrier
b) Foreign Investment
c) and Liberalization.
 History
Lesson-3
Nationalism in India

The economic and political impact of World War I on Indians

➢ The British government increased taxes to cover the costs incurred in the war.
➢ Customs duties were increased and income tax was introduced.
➢ During the war, the prices doubled which caused difficulties.
➢ The soldiers were forcibly recruited in the villages, causing anger among the people.
➢ In 1918–19 and 1920–21, the crop was damaged in many parts of the country leading to food
shortage.

The idea of satyagraha

➢ Satyagraha means the urge for truth.
➢ According to Gandhiji that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then
physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
➢ Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

Movements by Gandhiji before the Non-Cooperation Movement or after coming to

India in 1915

➢ In 1917, he first agitated against the plantation system for plantation laborers in the Champaran
district.
➢ Then in 1917, he organized a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
➢ In 1918, he organized the Satyagraha movement for the cotton textile mill workers of Ahmedabad.

The Rowlatt Act

➢ Encouraged by the success of his three movements, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide
satyagraha movement against the Rowlatt Act in 1919 as this law was passed in hurry.
➢ All political activities were banned through this law.
➢ Political prisoners could be kept in jail without trial for up to 2 years.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

➢ On 13 April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.

➢ On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh. Some came to
protest against the government’s new repressive measures.
➢ This ground was closed from all sides.
➢ Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been
imposed.
➢ General Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points.
➢ After this, his soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed.
 ➢ General Dyer did this to instill a sense of terror in the satyagrahis.

The decision of the Non-cooperation Khilafat movement

➢ Mahatma Gandhi felt that no nationwide movement could be conducted without bringing
Hindu Muslims closer to each other.
➢ Due to the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in the First World War, it was rumored that a very strict
peace treaty would be imposed on the Ottoman emperor.
➢ In this connection, Khilafat Committee was formed in Mumbai and the Shaukat Ali and
Mohammed Ali brothers discussed joint action with Mahatma Gandhi on this issue.
➢ In his book Hind Swaraj, written in 1909, Gandhiji wrote that British rule was established
only with the cooperation of Indians.
➢ If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj
would come.
➢ At the Congress session in Nagpur in December 1920, all the leaders agreed to this movement
and in January 1921 started the Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement.

Beginning of Non-cooperation-Khilafat movement and the impact of the movement

Impact of movement in cities Social Impact

➢ The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.

➢ Thousands of students left schools and colleges.
➢ Headmasters and teachers resigned
➢ Lawyers gave up their legal practices

Economic impact

➢ Foreign goods were boycotted.

➢ Liquor shops picketed.
➢ Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

Slowing of movement

➢ Establishment of alternative Indian institutions was necessary for the success of the movement
so that they could be used in place of British institutions.
➢ So, students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back
work in government courts.
➢ Khadi cloth was often more expensive and poor people could not afford to buy it. So, they
started using cheap foreign cloth made by machines.

Rebellion in the Countryside

➢ Farmers in the villages were living a very pathetic condition. During the British rule, the
zamindars in the villages had imposed too much tax on the farmers.
➢ Farmers had to work on their fields without pay.
 ➢ Their leases as tenants were not fixed. So, they used to evict them from the lease at any time.
➢ Baba Ramchandra, who had previously worked as an indentured laborer, formed a Kisan
Sabha along with Pandit Nehru and started a movement in the villages.
➢ In the villages, the farmers decided to discontinue the nai – dhobi facilities of the landlords.
➢ They understood that this movement means that no taxes were to be paid and the land was to
be redistributed among the poor.
➢ Therefore, they took the path of violence and looted the land and grain stock of the landlords.

Rebellion in the jungles

➢ The tribal people were upset and angry with the British government banning the entry of
people into big forests.
➢ They revolted when the government forced them to forcibly construct road construction.
➢ Their leader's name was Alluri Sitaram Raju, who described himself as an avatar of God.
➢ He inspired people to wear Khadi and quit alcohol as he was very much influenced by
Gandhiji's ideas.
➢ The tribals understood the meaning of this movement that the forests are now their own, they
have the right over them as before.
➢ The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on
guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Alluri Sitaram Raju was hanged in 1924.

Swaraj in the Plantations

➢ Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission.
➢ For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed.
➢ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers refused to obey
the orders of their officers.
➢ They left the plantations and headed home. They believed that everyone would be given land
in their own villages.
➢ They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer
strike, they were caught by the police.
Withdrawal of non-cooperation movement

➢ In February 1922, a peaceful procession passing through the market at Chauri-Chaura in

Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh turned into a violent confrontation with the police.
➢ On hearing about this incident, Gandhiji announced the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation
Movement.

Oppose of the Simon Commission

➢ The new Government of Britain created a commission under the chairmanship of Sir John
Simon to study and suggest the constitutional system in India.
➢ When the Simon Commission reached India in 1928, they were opposed to the slogan 'Simon
Go Back' as there was not a single Indian member in this commission.
1930: Demand for Purna Swaraj

➢ To pacify the Simon Commission's protest, Lord Irwin assured to listen to Congress leaders at
the Round Table Conference in London.
➢ Congress leaders were not satisfied with this proposal.
➢ In December 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal
Nehru accepted the demand for Purna Swaraj and it was decided that on 26 January 1930, an
oath of struggle for Purna Swaraj would be taken.
➢ For this reason, 26 January is very important in our Indian history.

The Salt movement and Civil Disobedience movement

➢ On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter of 11 demands to Lord Irwin. This included
demands from industrialists to peasants.
➢ The most important of these demands was about the abolition of the "salt tax" because salt
was an integral part of food, which the rich and poor people used equally.
➢ When his demands were not fulfilled till 11 March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started the salt
march from Sabarmati Ashram with 78 of his trusted volunteers.
➢ After traveling 10 miles for 24 days, on 6 April 1930, Gandhiji broke the salt law by going to
a place called Dandi.
➢ Simultaneously, the Civil Disobedience Movement also started.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact
➢ On 5 March 1931, Gandhiji signed an agreement with Lord Irwin by withdrawing the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
➢ In this agreement Gandhiji agreed to participate in the Second Round Table conference in
London. Instead, the government agreed to release political prisoners.
➢ In December 1931, this conversation broke down and Gandhiji had to return disappointed.
➢ Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repression, he
started the movement once again.

How the different social classes saw the Civil Disobedience Movement

Rich Peasants

➢ Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by

➢ the trade depression and falling prices, As their cash income
➢ disappeared, it became difficult for them to pay the government revenue.
➢ He actively participated in this movement of Gandhiji to get rid of this high revenue.

Poor farmer

➢ Poor farmers wanted reduction in revenue.

➢ Many of those farmers, who used to cultivate land by taking land on lease from the zamindars,
wanted the rent of the land to be waived because their cash income was completely exhausted
due to the Great Depression. Therefore, he actively participated in this movement of Gandhiji.
Industrialist

➢ The trade of Indian industrialists began to collapse during the Great Depression.
➢ When they exposed the policies of the British, their business was curbed.
➢ They wanted more duties to be levied on foreign goods which would reduce the imports.
Therefore, they actively participated in this movement of Gandhiji.

Industrial Worker

➢ Poor industrial laborers associated themselves with this movement for work pay, poor
working conditions and boycott of foreign goods.

Women

➢ Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and
liquor shops.
➢ Many women also went to jail during this movement.
➢ They felt that their position in the society would be better through this movement. Therefore,
they supported Gandhiji in this movement.

The Limits of Civil Disobedience (1930-1934)

➢ The inclination of the untouchables or the Dalit class was towards the Dalit class movement,
so this class showed its indifference towards this movement.
➢ Due to the increasing influence of socialism in India, traders and industrialists also showed
their indifference towards this movement.
➢ Muslim political organizations also showed no warmth in this movement.
➢ Industrial workers also stayed away from this movement.
➢ After the Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931, the attitude of the peasants was also not full of passion
towards this movement.

Poona-Pact (1932)
➢ Until 1930, the Congress paid no attention to the untouchables.
➢ The Congress was feared of the conservative high caste Hindu sanatanis.
➢ Many Dalit leaders wanted a different solution to their community's problems.
➢ Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar formed the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 and demanded a
separate constituency in the Second Round Table Conference.
➢ In 1932, in Poona Pact, the problem was solved with mutual agreement between Gandhiji and
Dr. Ambedkar.

The Sense of Collective Belonging

➢ In the twentieth century, the feeling of nationalism was aroused in the people through various
mediums.
Painting: - Abanindranath Tagore painted the famous Bharat Mata in which Bharat Mata was
shown as a goddess.

Song: - In the 1870s, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram, a song dedicated to
the motherland. Later, It was included in his novel ‘Anandamath’.

Tricolor Flag: - By 1921, Gandhiji had also prepared a flag of Swaraj. It was the tricolor (white,
green and red) and had a spinning wheel in the center, the Gandhian symbol. Holding this flag in
procession was a sign of disobedience to the regime.

Folk Tales: - Historians have collected folk tales and folk songs that enhance national pride, which
present real pictures of our culture.

Reinterpretation of History: - Indian historians wrote about the glorious developments of

different fields in ancient times in India. They also showed how our achievements have fallen as
slaves.

3 Marks questions

1 Which movement did Gandhiji launch before the Non-Cooperation Movement in India?
2. Why was the Rowlatt Act called a black law?
3. Write a short note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
4. What did the farmers understand the meaning of non-cooperation movement?
5. How did the plantation workers adopt the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji?
6. Why did the Non-Cooperation Khilafat movement slowdown in cities?
7. Why was the Simon Commission opposed?
8 When did Poona Pact happen between Gandhiji and Dr. Ambedkar? What was its specialty?

Map work

Sessions of Congress: -

❖ September 1920 - Kolkata

❖ December 1920 - Nagpur
❖ 1927 – Madras

Places related to India's freedom struggle:-

❖ Champaran (Bihar) - Satyagraha for indigo farmers by Gandhiji in 1917.

❖ Kheda (Gujarat) - Movement for farmers by Gandhiji in 1917.
❖ Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Satyagraha for cotton textile mill workers by Gandhiji in 1918
❖ Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April 1919
❖ Dandi (Gujarat) - Beginning of Civil disobedience movement by Gandhiji by breaking the salt
law.
❖ Chauri Chaura (Uttar Pradesh) – Withdrawal (call off) of non-cooperation movement by
Gandhiji after a violent incident of 1922
 Source Based Questions for Practice

Read the given text and answer the following questions:

In recent years, the central and state governments in India are taking special steps to attract
foreign companies to invest in India. Industrial zones, called Special Economic Zones
(SEZs), are being set up. SEZs are to have world class facilities: electricity, water, roads,
 transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities. Companies who set up production
units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of five years.
Government has also allowed flexibility in the labour laws to attract foreign investment.
The companies in the organized sector have to obey certain rules that aim to protect the
workers’ rights. In the recent years, the government has allowed companies to ignore many
of these. Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies hire workers ‘flexibly’ for
short periods when there is intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of
labour for the company.
However, still not satisfied, foreign companies are demanding more flexibility in labour
laws.
1. What is foreign investment?
2. What is SEZ (Special Economic Zone)?
3. Analyze the impact of flexibility of labor laws?

Answers.
1. Investments by citizens or company of one nation to other nation is known as
investment. Investment made by MNCs is also called foreign investment.
2. Special Economic Zone are industrial zones setup by government to direct foreign
companies to invest in India. Flexibility in the labor laws helps the companies to
hire workers at a lower wage. Companies hire workers for short period and not on
a regular basis.
3. Flexibility in the labor laws does not favor workers as they lose their right to
regular salary, paid leave and their incentives.

Read the given text and answer the following questions:

Ever since humans appeared on the earth, they have used different means of communication. But,
the pace of change, has been rapid in modern times. Long distance communication is far easier
without physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass
communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of 4
communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles
parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class
mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes
book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering
land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail
channels have been introduced recently. They are called Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green
Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel.

1. Differentiate between mass communication and personal communication. (1)

2. Examine the role of the Indian postal network. (1)

3. Differentiate between mass communication and personal communication. (1)

 4. Analyze the significance of communication for a nation.

Answers
1. Mass Communication is the medium which provides entertainment as well as creates
awareness among the masses. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books,
films etc. whereas Personal Communication is between person to person. (Any other relevant
point) (1)
2 Role of Indian postal network :

a. It has helped the country to engage in communication and social-economic development.

b. It provides various facilities like speed post, business post, registered post, ordinary post.
c. Any other relevant point (Anyone)
3 Mass Communication is the medium which provides entertainment as well as creates awareness
among the masses. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books, films etc. whereas
Personal Communication is between person to person.
(i) Any other relevant point (Anyone)
4 This is the age of communication using the telephone, television, films, and the Internet.
(i) Even books, magazines and newspapers are important means of communication.
(ii) Various means of communication have connected the world closer
(iii) It is the source of entertainment and knowledge.
(iv) Any other relevant point (Anyone)

Study the picture carefully and answer the following questions:

1. Which famous historical event does the picture depict? (1)

2. What movement started as a result? Why was it called off? (1)

Answers:

1 The picture depicts the Dandi March

2 Gandhi broke the salt law at Dandi and this started the Civil Disobedience Movement. It was
called off when Gandhiji signed the 1931 Gandhi Irwin Pact. By this Pact Gandhi agreed to
participate in the second Round Table Conference. The government in turn agreed to release the
political prisoners who had not committed any acts of violence.

Study the table below and answer the question that follow People depending on
formal sector credit in urban areas

Category Percentage of people

Poor house hold 15%
Households with few assets 47%
Well-off households 72%
Rich households 90%

1. Poor household’s share of formal credit in the urban areas is low as compared to that of
rich households. Why is it so? (1)
2. Mention difficulties faced by poor households in taking loans from a formal sector?

Answers
1 Poor household share off formal credit in urban areas is low due to the following reasons
a) Poor generally lack collaterals guarantees and do not have a proper mode of repayment
b) Informal source of credit is generally flexible in timing, rate of interest etc. therefor it is
easier for the poor to approach money lenders as they know them personally.
2 Poor are not able to satisfy general terms of credit mostly collateral guarantees.

CLASS X

SOCIAL SCIENCE (CODE-087)

Time Allowed: 2 Hours Maximum Marks: 40

General Instructions:

i. This Question paper is divided into five sections- Section A, B, C, D and E.

ii. All questions are compulsory.
 iii. Section- A Question no.1 to 5 are very short answer type questions of 2 mark each. Answers
to each question should not exceed 40 words.
iv. Section- B Question no. 6 to 8 are short answer type questions, carrying 3 mark each.
Answers to each question should not exceed 80 words.
v. Section- C Question no. 9 and 10 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each.
Answers to each question should not exceed 120 words.
vi. Section- D Question no. 11 and 12 case based questions.
vii. Section- E Question no 13 is map based, carrying 3 marks with two parts, 13.1 from History (1
mark) and 13.2 from Geography (2 marks)
viii. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been
provided in a few questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
ix. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever
necessary.
SECTION A

1. What were the economic implications of the first world war in India?

2. How do industries pollute the environment?

3. Classify industries on the basis of their role.

4. Why do we need political parties?

5. What is a collateral? Why do lenders ask for collateral?

SECTION B

6. What are the differences between formal and informal sources of credit?
Or
Write any three main functions of commercial banks?

7. “Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj.” Justify.

8. Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their functions well?

SECTION C

9. In what ways MNCs control production across countries?

Or
What role can the government play to make globalization more ‘fair’?

10. “Democracy is a better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other
alternative.” Justify in brief.
11. “In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic
inequalities.” Explain.

SECTION D

11. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follow.

In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in
India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians
refused to cooperate British rule in India and would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.
How would Non-Cooperation become a movement? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should
unfold in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and boycott
of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. Then in case
the government used repression, a full Civil Disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the
summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilizing popular support for
the movement. Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were
reluctant to Boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the
movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was
an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the
supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally at the congress session at Nagpur in December
1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.

11.1. How the swaraj would come according to Gandhiji?

11.2. Why did some Congressmen hesitate to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhiji?

11.3. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. Identify the stages of Non-
Cooperation movement.

12. The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. The market is the
place where such exchanges take place. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It
may take place through sea, air or land routes. While local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages,
state level trade is carried between two or more states. Advancement of international trade of a country
is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a
country. As the resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade. Export
and import are the components of trade. The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its
export and import. When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favorable
balance of trade. On the contrary, if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as
unfavorable balance of trade.

12.1. What is referred to as trade?

12.2. Why is international trade considered the economic barometer for a country?

12.3. What is balance of trade?

SECTION E

MAP SKILL BASED QUESTION

 13. 13.1. On the given outline map of India, Identify the places marked as A with the help of
the following information and write its correct name on the line marked near it.

(A) Indian National Congress Session at this place in December 1920.

13.2 On the same outline map of India locate the following.

(I) Salem Iron and steel plant
OR
Gandhinagar software technology park
(II) Kandla Port