WATER OF PAKISTAN; ITS IMPORTANCE AND

ISSUES
PAKISTAN STUDIES FINAL PROJECT – FIRST SEMESTER

Class: BSIT-F-20-A-638
Group Members:
 Luqman Hassan (200596)
 Sameer Ahmed Siddiqui (200597)
 Mohsin Ali Ahmad (200606)
 Abdul Muqaddim (200608)
 Muhammad Sohail Hanif (200618)
 Usman Afzal (200628)
Submitted to: Ma’am Gul-e-Ayesha
 INDEX
S. No. TITLE Page#

1. PREFACE 3

2. WATER OF PAKISTAN 4

3. IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PAKISTAN 15

4. SHORT QUESTIONAIRE ON IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PAKISTAN 16

5. ISSUES PERTAINING THE WATER OF PAKISTAN 17

6. CONCLUSION 19

7. REFERENCES 20

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 PREFACE

Water is one of the most vital substance on Earth. All the living things need water for their survival. Not only
for drinking purpose, has had water have many other uses like cooking, washing, recreating purpose including
swimming etc.
A water is an important part of a country’s economy. A country suffering from water crisis, may end up, being
in famine and has to be dependent on imported water. For example, Singapore, despite of having luxury water
parks, imports potable water from Indonesia and Malaysia. Egypt is dependent on its River Nile water. Once it’s
dried, Egypt would also be water-dependent country. Therefore, we can say that the availability of ample water
is also a hub of country’s rising economy.
Nearly, two billion people across the globe still lacks potable water. Because of this, many deadly diseases are
taking places including diarrhea, tuberculosis, breathing difficulties etc.
Understanding the water challenges, faced by different countries, is a crucial first step, and the way of
measuring this is provided by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization with an indicator known as the water
dependency ratio. (See a Bar Chart)

Looking at the data above, we can see that most European countries uses imported water. Countries are
Egypt, Sudan are heavily dependent on River Nile as this is the only source of potable water for them. 1

1
Cited from www1.health.gov.au – Preface

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 WATER IN PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT:
Pakistan suffered from the water issue soon after its independence.
This was because of all the water control in India. Due to
Radcliffe’s unjust division, Pakistan suffered a lot in many ways,
and most important of it was water distribution issue.
The Indus River has been the major source of portable water in
Pakistan. This river gave access of potable water, to more than
180million people of Pakistan. But now, the increasing population
and no ample storage system has created news pressures on water
that was once a plentiful resource of health and development of the
country.

INDUS WATER TREATY:

Indus water treaty was signed on 19th September’ 1960 between Pakistan and India. According to this
treaty, the water of the western rivers – The Indus, Jhelum and Chenab was given to Pakistan, and Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej was given to India. This treaty helped Pakistan a
lot for the decades, as now India was unable to unjustly open too
much water in Pakistan, causing flood or not opening at all,
causing drought and famine.
But India violated the Indus Water Treaty, by constructing a
hydroelectric power plant on their Kishanganga River, which is a
tributary of Jhelum and is known as Neelum in Pakistan.
Kishanganga hydroelectric power was constructed in 2017 and
was inaugurated by PM of India Narendra Modi. This gives India
control over a river that flows from Pakistan into Indian-occupied
Kashmir and then re-enters Pakistan. Pakistan took this matter to
the Permanent Court of Arbitration but the court ruled out that
the Kishanganga was a run-of-the-river plant within the meaning
of Indus Water Treaty and that India may accordingly divert
water from Neelum River, for their power generation. But, PCA
rejected Pakistan’s stand. 2

2
Kishanganga River and Indus Treaty cited from www.britannica.com/event/Indus-Water-Treaty

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 SOURCES OF WATER IN PAKISTAN
Basically, there are two types of water resources in Pakistan:
Natural Resources, like rainfall, rivers, glaciers, lakes, streams, ponds and wells etc.
Artificial Water: consists of surface water from rainfall and rivers which is in excess of requirements
for irrigation and after use, is stored in dams and reservoirs.
Water from these dams are also used for daily consumption (at home). Dam water is also used for
hydroelectric power generation and industry.3

1. Northern Glaciers:
Glaciers serve as a natural regulator of regional water supplies. Pakistan’s glaciers are spread over an
area of about 16,933 km2, which is the 15% of our mountainous region. Five of all highest
independent peaks in the world are here. Pakistan’s glaciers systems consists of numerous large and
small size glaciers, which are found in northern mountain ranges of Karakoram, Himalaya and
Hindukush.
These glaciers are also the biggest sources of water in Pakistan.
Glaciers in Pakistan are:
Siachin, Baltoro, Biafo, Hispor and Panmah found in the north-western part of Pakistan.

2. Rainfall:
TWO sources of water in Pakistan includes the monsoon and the western depression.
Monsoon rainfall takes place from July to September. They enter from the East, causing the
Eastern part of Pakistan to receive more rainfall.
Western depression enters Pakistan from the West after passing through Iran. Western depression
time ranges from December to March

3. Rivers:
There are many rivers in Pakistan. River Indus alone provides 49% of water.
While River Chenab, River Jhelum, and River Kabul provides water @ 19%, 16% and 10%
respectively.

4. Underground Water:
This is the third source of water in Pakistan for Irrigation. There is a potential of 56 MAF (Million
acre-foot) for the exploitation of which 45MAF is being exploit through Public Sector (5000), and
Private Sector (700000) tube-wells.
Underground water has significant role in meeting the country’s food and fiber requirements.
Over 90% of groundwater is used for irrigating about 45% of water is fulfilled by groundwater.
Crop production in Pakistan has increased tremendously and almost doubled with groundwater.

3
Water resources cited from https://youtu.be/JBg_qXT3XvY

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 Sindh, KPK (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and Baluchistan have 5MAF, 21MAF and 0.5MAF
groundwater reportedly. In the last 30-35 years, canal supplies have increased due to groundwater
supplies especially in Upper Indus Plain.

STORAGE SYSTEMS IN PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, the water storage systems are divided into following categories:

Storage System in Pakistan

Lakes Barrages Canals

Rivers Dams

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RIVERS

INDUS RIVER:
Indus River is one of the largest rivers in the world. Its length is
about 3180 km; 19 to 26 km is its width, and its maximum depth is about
17,000 feet. It enters Pakistan from Chillar, it is located in the Dardistan
region. Indus River flows from Gilgit-Baltistan Punjab, KPK, Sindh and
ultimately fall into Arabian Sea in Pakistan. As Indus River is connected
with Arabian Sea and many other countries like India, China etc. It can be
used for trading between these countries and, it also provides a perfect sea
route for these countries.
4

RAVI RIVER:
Ravi is the one of the six rivers connected with Indus River in
Punjab. It is about 752 km long. It is originated from Himachal
Pradesh India, and flows through Indo-Pak border about 80 km
before entering Pakistan’s Punjab. Then it flows enters in Lahore
and turned towards Kamalia. Then it enters in Chenab River. Ravi
River is also known as The River of Lahore.

https://www.dawn.com/news/884890
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sutlej-River
https://www.zameen.com/news/wasa-to-supply-potable-water-to-lahore-via-brb-canal.html
https://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/page/1034
https://www.scholarshipsads.com/rivers-of-
pakistan/#:~:text=Gambila%20River%2C%20also%20called%20the,parallel%20too%20and%20finally%20
joins.

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CHENAB RIVER:
It is also originated from Himachal Pradesh from the district
Lahual and Spiti. It is about 960 km long. It flows through the
Jammu and Kashmir Region and enters in Punjab, it flows
through Jhang and Uch sharif before entering Indus River.

SUTLEJ RIVER:
It is one of the biggest River among the five tributary river of
Indus River in Punjab. It is originated from Lake La’nga in
Southwestern Tibet. Its elevation is about 4.7 km. It enters in
Pakistan Punjab from 15 km east of Kasur District, Bhedian
kalan. It flows around 350 km before entering Chenab when it
enters in Pakistan. Sutlej is also known as Red Sea.

JHELUM RIVER:
It is originated from a deep spring in Vernag, in Jammu and
Kashmir. It is about 774 km long. It enters in Pakistan Punjab
from the district Jhelum and falls into Chenab River. It is also
one of the Indus River’s tributes.

KABUL RIVER:
Kabul River is originated from Hindu-Kush in Afghanistan. It is about 700 km. It enters in Pakistan from east
Kabul and Jalalabad, north of Khyber Pass. It flows through Peshawar and fall into Indus River. There is no
treaty signed between Pakistan and Afghanistan on Kabul river water flow, so Afghanistan is constructing 12
dams on it with the Maximum Water Storage of 4.7-million-acre feet (MAF) due to which the flow rate of
Kabul River will decrease a lot. Pakistan and Afghanistan must sign on a treaty on this issue. This river can be
used for trading purposes between Afghanistan and Pakistan.

SWAT RIVER:
Swat River is originated in northern range of Hindu-Kush in
Pakistan. It is formed from the Gabriel River and Ushu river
junction at Kohistan region. It is around 240 Km long. It flows
from Swat towards Panjkora River and fall into it.

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PANJKORA RIVER:
Panjkora River is originated in Hindu-Kush, Pakistan. It flows in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa province. It is around 220 Km long. At Sharbatti Swat
River mixes with Panjkora River.

GOMAL RIVER:
Gomal river headwaters are located in south-east of Ghazni. It
enters in Pakistan from South Waziristan. It is about 400 Km long.
After flowing around 177.028 km it mixes with Zohab. This river
can also be used for trading purposes between Afghanistan and
Pakistan.

TOCHI RIVER:
Tochi River is originated from Koh-e-Sufaid. It very important for
the inhabitants of Dawer valley, because it not only irrigate this
land but also link this valley with other cities, because it is
surrounded with mountain from almost every side.

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LAKES:
Lakes are also included in surface water. Pakistan is the home of many manmade and natural lakes with largest
lake located in the Sindh province. Some of the main and considerable lakes are listed below:
1. Manchar Lake.
2. Attabad Lake.
3. Saif Ul Malook Lake.

MANCHAR LAKE:
It is the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan and a home of various sea
foods. It is the line of hope for Mohana Tribe at its peak.
This lake provides large volumes for irrigation for the people and also
like gold for fisher folks in terms of fresh water fish.

ATTABAD LAKE:
This lake can be consider as special one because of interesting history,
invented through a huge disaster that was land sliding in 2010. But the
main and notable thing is that it is playing main role as the water of
Pakistan. This is important for the native peoples of Hunza, they can
manage their irrigated demands from Attabad Lake. Also this lake is
the best ever tourists’ attraction during seasons but less access during
winter season because of the heavy snow falls.

LAKE SAIF-UL-MALOOK:
Saif ul Malook Lake, which is located in the district of shortest
province of Pakistan called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa surrounded by some
gorgeous mountain ranges. It share its water with the people of Kaghan
valley and fulfilling the every basic need of town .this lake is included
in one the biggest lakes of Pakistan like two above. Saif ul malook
Lake is also rich from the sea food point.

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BARRAGES:
A barrage is a type of dam which is used to control the flow of water. Few famous lists of Pakistan barrages are
given below:5

CHASHMA BARRAGE:
It is located in Mianwali district, on Indus River. Its construction was
started in 1967 and it was completed in 1971. It has a power station which
generates about 184MW electricity from eight Kaplan type bulb turbine.
It is used to control the flow of water in its surroundings, for irrigation.

ISLAM BARRAGE:
Islam barrage is on Sutlej River, on Vehari Hasilpur district. Its
constriction was completed in 1927. It is used to control the flow of water
between Southern Punjab and Bahawalpur.

GUDDU BARRAGE:
Guddu barrage is located on Indus River near Kashmore in Sindh. Its
construction was started in 1957 and was completed in 1962. It is used to
control the flow rate of water between Indus River and Ravi River.

5
https://www.dawn.com/news/884890
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sutlej-River
https://www.irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/page/1034

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CANALS:

BAMBAWALI-RAVI-BEDIAN (BRB) CANAL:

BRB construction was started in 1958 by the Civilians of Lahore voluntarily on the request of Nawab Iftikhar
Hussain Khan who was the Chief Minister of Punjab at that time. The source of its water is Ravi River. It is
about 72 Km long and its depth is different at different points its depth range is 14-18 feet. One of the main
purposes to build it was the natural line of defense of Pakistan, if India invades and it plays the role of natural
line of defense in the 1965 war. It was one of the biggest hurdles for Indian Army to cross in this war and they
didn’t succeed to cross it. WASA has prepared PC-1 for supplying around 50.4 million gallons of drinking
water for Lahore city residence, the main source of it is BRB, and its filtration plant is almost finished. It is
constantly supplying water to its neighboring crops field. BRB’s flow of water is very fast around 4.25 cubic
meter per second.

LOWER CHENAB CANAL (LCC):

Lower Chenab canal construction was started in 1982 and it was finished in 1989. The main source of its water
is Chenab River. It is providing water to 3.031 million acers of cultivable lands with the help further network
branching of LCC. Lower Chenab canal systems comprises from the given below canal branching system: 6
• LCC East System:
1. Upper Gugera Branch canal
2. Lower Gugera Branch canal
3. Burala Branch Canal
4. Mian Ali Branch Canal
• LCC West System:
1. Rakha Branch Canal
2. Jhang Branch Upper Canal
3. Jhang Branch Lower Canal
4. Bhowana Branch Canal

6
https://www.dawn.com/news/884890
https://www.britannica.com/place/Sutlej-River
https://www.irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/page/1034

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PAKPATTAN CANAL (UPPER):
Pakpattan Canal upper main source of water command is Mangla dam and it is off taken with Suleimanki
Headwork. Its length is about 173.89 Km. It provides water to Okara, Pakpattan, Vehari, Lodharn. It provides
water to around 2.028 million acers of culturable land. There is also a hydro power plant on it which is
providing around 2.82 Mega Kilo Watt to the residence.

PAKPATTAN CANAL (LOWER):

Pakpattan Canal Lower main source of water command is Tarbela dam and it is off taken with Sidhnai Mailsi
Bahawal link. Its length is about 31.93 Km. It provides water to Vehari, Lodharn. It provides water to around
0.654 million acers of cultivable land.

JALALPUR CANAL:
The main source of water for Jalalpur canal is Jhelum River. It is about 210km long. It provides water to
Jhelum, Khushab tehsil, Pind Daden. It provides water to around 169,000 acres of cultivable land.

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DAMS:
TARBELA DAM:
It is an earth filled dam along Indus River. It is in Haripur and Swabi. It is the largest earth filled dam in world.
It has the surface area about 250 km2. It can store about 13.63 km3 water. Its hydraulic power station can
produce electricity from 4888MW to 6298 MW. Tarbela dam was constructed in the year 1965 and was
completed in 1976. The dam is located on the River Indus 130km north west of Islamabad.
This project was started in General Ayub Khan’s era and stands as one of the greatest projects that alleviated
Pakistan’s water crisis.

MANGLA DAM:
Mangla dam project was planned in the year 1950 as a multipurpose project. It is constructed at River Jhelum
and is located approximately 30km upstream of District Jhelum. Its construction was completed in the year
1967. It stands the second biggest water and power generating dam of Pakistan.

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 IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN PAKISTAN
ABSTRACT:
Pakistan receives an average rainfall of 240mm annually. Its population is heavily dependent on its rivers. But
they are also dry day-by-day. Most of the water is received by the melting of Glaciers in the North, which then
flows in the rivers. Pakistan’s water holds great importance, not only for its people – but also for the working
sectors (i.e. agricultural sector etc.) Some importance of water are as follows:

1. PROVISION OF POTABLE WATER:

Pakistan is completely dependent on its rivers and underground water in terms of potable water. A water
which is suitable for drinking purpose is potable water. An average of 20% of the total population have
access to safe drinking water. Due to this alarming situation, the
need of building more water sources has now become a necessary
subject.
2. AGRICULTURAL USE OF WATER:
Pakistan’s economy is vastly based on agricultural sector.
Approximately 95% of Pakistan’s water is used in agriculture.
Hence lack of water can cause drop in economy – as livestock and
crops may suffer due to less water.
3. SURVIVAL OF LIVING THINGS:
As it’s obvious that the living things need ample water for their survival. No steady drinking water
availability can cause both humans and animals to eventually die. Pakistan may suffer from Water crisis if
this water remains unattended. Hence, water supply is necessary for the survival of living things.
4. PROVISION OF POWER:
Water from the dams are used for the provision of Power
across the country. Over 60,000MW of power is supplied
just from the two dams – The Mangla and The Tarbela.
Hence water is also very important for Pakistan when it
comes to hydropower generation.

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 SHORT QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER

An interview was held with Ex-minister for water, power, Kashmir Affairs and the Northern Areas, Aftab
Ahmed Khan Sherpao, in August 2003. He was questioned regarding the Important Aspects of Pakistan
Water. Aftab Ahmed Khan Sherpao is a politician from Pakistan’s People’s Party (PPP) and was the minister at
his time. Some questions were asked from him regarding Pakistan’s water. Summarizing it, we concluding the
following points.7

Question: How is the freshwater supplies for the local? How

many people have access to clean water?
Answer: We are indirectly concerned on how we can utilize
the ground water for drinking purpose. It doesn’t concern my
department about the information regarding the supply of water
to the population. There will be a check in dams about whether
we are having sufficient water or not. We are also concerned
about the drinking water presence in the Dam.

Question: Can you please elaborate the importance of

Pakistan’s water in terms of irrigation etc.?
Answer: Some places are available, i.e. reservoirs, which have
potable water. Of the available water, 95% is used for irrigation
and 5% for industrial and domestic consumption. We are working on water channels, so that water can be
utilized. It can be used for drinking and irrigation purpose.

Question: What is the long-term strategy for water conservation?

Answer: A water policy has been formulated. We took it to cabinet for approval. We have shortage of 10%
water for irrigation. This shortage will increase to 35% by 2025. Due to this, we will be building new reservoirs,
new canals and rehabilitate old canals to conserve water and new drainage programs to drain effluents. This is
all in accord with Third World Water Forum.

7
This interview is extracted/summarized from Sherpao’s interview of August 2003
https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/pakistan-interview-minister-aftab-ahmad-khan-sherpao

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 ISSUES PERTAINING THE WATER OF
PAKISTAN AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

PREFACE:
Pakistan has many treaties, laws and Accord in place to safeguard, manage, control and distribute its water. The
Indus Water treaty done with India secures the flow of water in rivers entering Pakistan. The Water accord 1991
entering Pakistan. The Water Accord 1991 ensures required water distribution among provinces and many laws
so water can’t be stolen or its supply isn’t diverted from the natural path or the path given by the government.
All these are some examples of the action taken to resolve the issues of water in Pakistan.
As the population of Pakistan is increasing, Pakistan faces new and rising challenges regarding water.

1. INCREASING POPULATION:
By a survey conducted in 1990’s the population of Pakistan was 130 million which rose to 180 million by
2013. The recent survey done in 2020 shows that Pakistan has a population of 220 million people and rise in
this staggering population has resulted in massive use of water in agriculture, in making products and for
drinking and cooking. The increase in demand of water without proper measures to control and manage it
and lack of proper education to the people has resulted in the large amounts of good writer going to waste.

2. AGRICULTURE:
To feed the world’s sixth largest country by population it requires a powerful and very large agricultural
sector. Pakistan is a blessed country in this regard as it has the world’s largest irrigation system formed by
the five rivers of Punjab flowing parallel to each other, and enters into the Indus River from where water
flows into Sindh. According to the hydrologists in Pakistan the amount of water used of agriculture should
be 15-20MAF whereas the farmers in Pakistan use up to 104MAF which is not ideal and this extra use of
water results in large amount of water loss.

3. WATER POLLUTION:
Water pollution is one of the major factors of reducing clean fresh water in Pakistan. Large industries and
chemical production facilities use the rivers and streams of the country to get rid of their waste materials.
These materials get mixed into the rivers and streams and flows down to the Arabian Sea. The pesticides
and insecticides used on crops also get washed up in the rivers which has caused the acidity levels of the
river water and Pakistan’s ground water.
4. LACK OF PROPER INFRASTRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT:
Pakistan has faced problems of water time to time again. With each problem, Pakistan has only made
enough reforms, law and policies to deal with the immediate threat but no proper action has been taken to
deal with all the problems permanently. Pakistan doesn’t have the Infrastructure to hold water in the country
and to manage its use. The lack of dams and the lack of care for Pakistan’s present.

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5. CORRUPTION AND LACK OF POLICING:
Many politicians and mafias take advantage of their power and position, intentionally diverting the supply
of water for their own gains. The lack of water in regions like Karachi, results in people using the services
of these people to get their water. The lack of proper policing results in the local landlords and mafias
stealing the water supply and other weaker farmers and local people. Even if the people are responsible to
get caught, they use their contacts to free themselves and continue their work.

6. LACK OF PROPER EDUCATION AND AWARENESS:

The government has made efforts to inform the people, of the danger of the water issue that they face. But
the people still don’t clearly understand the danger and what to do to prevent the issue from increasing.
Furthermore, lack of proper education about current issues of the country. Pakistan also lacks locally
professionals who deal in provision of information regarding the country’s problems and how to maintain
them.

MEASURES FOR RESOLVING THESE ISSUES

a. WATER STORAGE:
There are many means to store excess water and make it available for the population. Some of them are:
i. DAMS:
Dams are one of the most common and largest means of collecting water. Dams are also used to
produce electricity. When a dam reaches its limits and the dam gates are opened to let the water
through using turbines in the opening. Dams are capacious and takes billions of rupees to build and
more than 12 years of construction.
ii. GROUND WATER:
Pakistan has natural underground reservoirs of water. These reservoirs are due to natural dam-like
pockets called Aquifers. The massive unmanaged and excess use of water has ran our rivers dry.
The only thing Pakistan is standing strong on is the groundwater properly maintained and properly
use of these Aquifers, Pakistan will be able to regain and recover from its loss.
iii. CONSTRUCTION OF DAM EQUIVALENTS (DE’s):
Dam equivalents are easier, cheaper and less time consuming to build. These small dam like
structures can help store water and help maintain the flow of water. These DEs can be built with
1/10th the cost of a dam and can be more advantageous.

b. FILTRATION OF WATER:
i. WATER FILTRATION PLANTS:
Pakistan has a huge issue of lack of clean water due to water pollution. The water is becoming
poisonous and is of danger for the people. To resolve this issue, we can create water filtration plant
in every city, town, and region; to secure the water filtered water supply and make it cheap so that
the poor can get it without any trouble.

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 ii. DESALINATION PLANTS:
These plants are used to remove salt and minerals from the ocean water and through this process,
freshwater can be produced to fulfill the requirement of water as well. It is costly but very effective
for the provision of fresh water to the population where water sources aren’t available.

c. EDUCATION:
Education is also a very big factor in controlling the issue of water in Pakistan. There are TWO types of
education that ought to be given to the people. One is grass root level education about the issues and its
solutions, and other is high level education i.e. creating more Hydrologists etc.
Hydrologists and Geologists experts to provide proper information about the land and its water and give
steps for future policies and actions. Pakistan lacks educated professionals to deal with the Water, not even
big companies like WAPDA don’t have hydrologists.

CONCLUSION
Availability of sufficient water is very important for Pakistan right now. If this issue is left unidentified,
Pakistan may run dry by 2025. Hence, government must take strict and preliminary actions to store the water.
Construction of dams are very important. If dams aren’t constructed soon, Pakistan can also suffer from floods.
This is because Pakistan’s northern side receives heavy rainfall and the dam gets overflown. Not only this, the
control of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej is under India’s hand. Due to this, they keep dilating the water.

People must be given awareness that water must be used properly and fines must be imposed on its misuse.
People who wash their cars themselves except of going to service stations, and the residence having tanks with
spillage issues must be aware and if they don’t abide by the regulations, must be imprisoned or heavily fined.

Pakistan will soon prosper more and the problems will be soon solved.

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 REFERENCES

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/basins/indus/indus-cp_eng.pdf

https://www.dawn.com/news/884890

https://www.britannica.com/place/Sutlej-River

https://www.zameen.com/news/wasa-to-supply-potable-water-to-lahore-via-brb-canal.html

https://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/page/1034

https://www.scholarshipsads.com/rivers-of-
pakistan/#:~:text=Gambila%20River%2C%20also%20called%20the,parallel%20too%20and%20finally%20join
s.

https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/pakistan-interview-minister-aftab-ahmad-khan-sherpao

https://youtu.be/JBg_qXT3XvY

https://www1.health.gov.au

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