District profile, Dolpa; जिल्ला वस्तुगत विवरण

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(District Profile)
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=====================
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txsf] -jflif{s, cfjlws tyf bL3{sfnLg_ of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{ of] lhNnf j:t'ut ljj/0f
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sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . o;n] cfjlws lhNnf ljsf; of]hgfsf] nflu gofF ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx?sf] vf]h,
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kl/rfng ub}{ n}hfg lhNnf of]hgf th'{df ug]{ k|so[ f / ljsf; of]hgfx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf
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d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
k"jj{ t\ ?kdf k|sflzt lhNnf j:t'ut ljj/0fnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ .
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cj:yfx?sf] tYo lrq0f ug]{ .
lhNnfsf] jflif{s, cfjlws tyf lb3{sflng of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu tYofÍLo cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ .
lhNnfsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] kfZj{lrq tof/ ug{ dfu{lgb]z { ug]{ .
lhNnfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng rfxg] ;/f]sf/jfnf h'g;'s} JolQm Pj+ ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ ;xh ?kdf
;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] .
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pkof]uL ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ .
#= k|s[of Pj+ ljlw

#=!= tYofÍ Pj+ ;"rgf ;+sng
lhNNff j:t'ut ljj/0f tof/Lsf nflu d"ntM /fli6«o hgu0fgf, s['lifu0fgf, cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf k|ltj]bgx? tyf
l¢lto (Secondary)>f]tsf] ?kdf ljleGg sfof{no tyf ;+3;+:yfaf6 k|sflzt k'l:tsf, k|ult k|ltj]bg / s]xL
tYofÍx? ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 g} ;+nsg u/L k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
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agfO{sf]] 5 . o;}u/L ljleGg tYofÍnfO If]qut Pj+ ljifout tYofÍ ;+sngsf nflu tYofÍ sfof{noåf/f
;DalGwt lgsfodf r]sln:6 Pj+ kmf/fd;lxt kqfrf/ u/L tYofÍ Pj+ ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
lhNnf;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k|sfzgx?af6 klg ;fGble{s ;"rgfx? ;fef/ ul/Psf] lyof] . .
#=@= tYofÍ ljZn]if0f
/fli6«o hgu0fgf, s['lifu0fgf,cf}Bf]lus u0fgfaf6 k|fKt lhNNff txsf] / uf=lj=;= txsf] tYofÍnfO{ ljZn]if0f ul/
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . l4lto >f]taf6 k|fKt tYofÍ Pj+ ;"rgfx?nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} tyf s]xL ljifox?sf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g u/L tflnsLs/0f / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
$= clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/L

d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdflysf] 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf /fo Pj+ ;'emfjx?nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L d:of}bf k|ltj]bgnfO{
cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L lhNnf j:t'ut ljj/0fsf] clGtd k|f?k tof/ ul/of] . of] k|f?k tof/ ug{sf] nflu
z'?b]lv clGtd;Dd tYofÍ sfof{no h'Dnf dfkm{t ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] 5 .
%= l;dfx?
lhNnf j:t'ut ljj/0f d"ntM k|fylds >f]tsf tYofÍ, /fli6«o hgu0fgf, s[l' ifu0fgf,cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf k|ltj]bgx?
/ lhNnfdf pknAw lålto >f]tdf cfwfl/t ;"rgfsf cfwf/df tof/ ug]{ cjwf/0ff /x]sf] lyof] .
ljleGg sfof{no Pj+ ;+3;+:yfx?af6 k|fKt tYofÍ Pj+ ;"rgfx?nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /flvPsf] 5 eg] s]xL
tYofÍnfO{ pko'Qm tflnlss/0fdf 9flnPsf] 5 .
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g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/ Pjd\ Herbal Zone sf] ?kdf kl/lrt dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q
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;a}eGbf 7"nf] lhNnf xf] . ef}uf]lns ?kdf cToGt} ljs6 tyf ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 !%@% dL6/b]lv &&%$ ld6/
;Ddsf] prfO{df cjl:yt o; lhNnfsf] clwsf+z e"–efu pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf kb{5 . rf/}lt/
lxdfnn] 3]l/Psf] of] lhNnfdf dg;"gL jiff{ cToGt} sd dfqfdf x'g] ePsf]n] o; lhNnfnfO{ Rain Shadow
Zone sf] ?kdf klg lrlgG5 eg] g]kfnsf] lxdfn kf/Lsf] lhNnf -Trans-Himalayan District_ dWo]df klg
kb{5 . o; lhNnfsf] gfdfs/0fsf] Oltxf; vf]Hbf lj=;= @)!* ;fn cl3 8f]NkfnfO{ æTxf]Ndf]Æ eg]/ elgGYof] .
h;sf] cy{ x'G5, k}xf| ] h:tf] rf/} tkm{af6 dfG5] hDdf x'g' . lj=;= @)!* ;fndf Txf]Ndf] af6 8f]Nkf] gfdfs/0f
ul/Psf] -pRrf/0f, a'emfO{ / n]vfO{df km/s kg{ uO{ cke|+lzt ePsf]_ eGg] egfO{ 5 .] eg] lj=;= @)$@ ;fndf
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd b'g}df :yfgfGt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q cGtu{t kg]{ s0ff{nL c~rnsf] kfFr lxdfnL lhNnfx? dWo]
8f]Nkf Ps b'u{d lxdfnL lhNnf xf] . ef}uf]lns ?kdf las6 / b'u{d eP tfklg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df 8f]Nkf
lhNnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ klxrfg /x]sf] 5 . ;a} eGbf 7'nf] lhNnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . oftfoft, ;~rf/ / cfw'lgsLs/
0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljs6 / b'u{d eP klg k|fs[lts ?kdf clt ;'Gb/ / rlDsnf lxdfnL r'r/' fx?, tfnx? /
dgdf]xs cgluGtL k|fs[lts gbLx?n] l;+ufl/Psf] 8f]NkfnfO{ k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] wgL lhNnf dfGg
;lsG5 .
lhNnfsf] gfdfs/0f
Txf]Nef], 8f]Nkf]–8f]Nkf tfTsfnLg h'Dnf cGt{ut ltj|Lsf]6 s'N8fn]saf6 au]/ cfPsf] ?kuf8 / ;'nLuf8 vf]nf
b]lv k'j{, blIf0fsf b'g,} ltKnf, nf]rf, yfnf, 6'Ktf/f, zx/tf/f, u'Djfufp nufot @! Uffp If]q / ( ufpsf] cf7
xhf/ kj{t If]q /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qnfO ;dli6?kdf :yfgLo efiffdf Txf]Ndf] elgG5 .
lj=;=@)!& ;fn eGbf cuf8L o; If]qdf cfpg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx?n] oxfsf] :yfgLo efiff ga'em]sf
sf/0f Txf]Ndf]sf] :ki6 pRrf/0f x'g ;s]g / n]vfO{df ;d]t km/s kg{ uof] . t;y{ ko{6sx?sf n]v, k':ts /
gS;fdf Txf]Ndf]sf] ;§f 8f]Nkf pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 . @)!* ;fndf lhNnf sfod x'bf lhNnfsf] gfd klg 8f]Nkf
/x]sf] lyof] . z"?df o; lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tf/fsf]6df /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;= @)@@ ;fndf b'g}df ;fl/of] . 8f]Nkf
lhNnf @)!* ;fn b]lv @)#@ ;fn ;DDf wf}nflu/L c~rndf ;fdfj]z lyof] eg] kl5 cfP/ lj=;= @)#@ ;fndf
s0ff{nL c~rndf ;fdfj]z ul/of] .
/fhg}lts ljefhg
ljsf; If]q M dWoklZrdf~rn
c~rn M s0ff{nL
;b/d'sfd M b'g} -b'g} ahf/_ .
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lgjf{rg If]q M !
gu/kflnsf M 5}g
uf=lj=;= ;+Vof M @#
Onfsf M (
ef}uf]lns cj:yf
cIff+Zf M @*) $%’ b]lv @() $%’ pQ/
b]zfGt/ M *@) #’ b]lv *#) #’ k"j{
If]qkmn M &**( ju{ ls= ld=
ef}uf]lns laefhg M lxdfn, kxf8 / kxf8L pkTosfx?
l;dfgf
k"j{ M d':tfË / ltAat -lrg_
klZrd M h'Dnf / d'u'
pQ/ M ltAat - lrg _
blIf0f M hfh/sf]6, ?s'd, DofUbL / d':tfË
prfO{
;d'b| ;txjf6 M !%@% ld6/ b]lv &&%$ ld6/ ;Dd
;a}eGbf cUnf] lzv/ M wjnfuL/L &&%$ ld6/
xf]rf] :yfg M sfnLsf lqj]0fL If]q
hnjfo' -Climate_ M
lztf]i0f tyf cNkfOg xfjfkfgL ePsf] o; lhNnfdf udL{ofddf clwstd tfkqmd @@) ;]lN;o; / hf8f]df
Go"gtd —!)) ;]lN;o; ;Dd k'U5 . lhNnfsf] ;"b"/ blIf0f–klZrd e]udf !^)) dL=dL= b]lv @))) dL=dL= ;Dd
jiff{ x'G5 eg] ;"b/' pQ/L e]udf @)) dL=dL= eGbf sd jiff{ x'G5 . lhNnfsf] cf}ift jiff{ @$% dL=dL=
/x]sf]5 . Trans-Himalayan Zone ePsf]n] dg;"gL jiff{ Psbd} Go"g x'G5 eg] lxpbofddf pQ/L e]udf
jiff{sf] ;§f lxdkft x'G5 . lhNnfsf] clwsf+z e"–efudf ;'Vvf lsl;dsf] hnjfo' kfOG5 . blIf0f–klZrd efudf
dfq s]lxxb;Dd dg;"gL xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj kb{5 . SNV/WWF -2001_ sf cg';f/ o; lhNnfsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd rf/ lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf]5 .
!= lxdfnL hnjfo' (Himalayan Climate) M ;w} lxpmn] 9fs]sf] cToGt} lr;f] $)&& dL6/ eGbf dflysf]
prfO{sf] If]qdf o:tf] k|sf/sf] hnjfo' kfOG5 .
@= cNkfOg hnjfo' (Alpine Climate) M ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 #(^! dL6/ b]lv $)&& dL6/;Ddsf] prfO{sf
If]qx?df o; k|sf/sf] hnjfo' kfOG5 . ef]6If]q tyf blIf0f pRr kj{tLo If]qdf kfOg] o; lsl;dsf]
hnjfo' udL{df Gofgf] / lxpbdf cToGt} hf8f] x'G5 .
#= 708f lztf]i0f hnjfo' (Cold Temperate Climate) M o; k|sf/sf] hnjfo' @!#$ b]lv #(^@ dL6/
;Ddsf] clwsf+z e"–efudf kfOG5 .
4
$= lztf]i0f hnjfo' -Sub-Tempareate Climate__ M o; k|sf/sf] hnjfo' lhNnfsf] blIf0f–klZrd If]qdf
/x]sf] @!#$ dL6/ eGbf d"gLsf prfO{sf gbL 3fF6L -River Bed_ If]qx?df kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] hnjfo'
kfOg] If]qdf lxpbdf 708L hnfjfo' / u|Liddf dWod\ pi0f (Fairly Hot) k|sf/sf] hnjfo' kfOG5 .
e"–ef}lts ljefhg (Physiographic Regions) M

o; lhNnfsf] e"–efu ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 !%@% dL6/b]lv &&%$ dL6/;Ddsf] prfO{df cjl:yt 5 . 8f]Nkf
lhNnfsf] &) b]lv () k|ltzt hldgsf] le/fnf]kgf #) l8u|L eGbf j9L 5 . SNV/WWF sf cg';f/ o;
lhNnfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhsf] rf/ e"–ef}lts If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
!= ef]6If]q M lhNnfsf] k|foh;f] pQ/L e"–efu o; If]qdf kb{5 . o; e"–efusf] prfO{ ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6
#^^(dL6/ b]lv $*&* dL6/;Dd /x]sf] 5 . ltAatL ;Ldf / lxdfnL If]qsf] aLrdf /x]sf] of] pRr k7f/
(High Plateau) If]q g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ;'Vvf If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf j:tLx? ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf
prfO{df /x]sf dfgja:tL dflgG5g\ .
@= lxdfn If]q M ;w} lxpn] 9flsPsf] If]q o; cGtu{t kb{5 . o; lhNnfdf b'O{ dxfkj{tLo lxd>+v [ nfx?
-wf}nflu/L / sfl~h/f]jf_ k"j{–klZrd\ km}lnPsf 5g\ . o;} If]qaf6 clwsf+z gbLx?sf] pTklQ ePsf] kfOG5 .
#= cNkfOg If]q M lxdfnL If]qsf] Ps d"Vo zfvfsf] ?kdf of] If]q /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf pRr k7f/ tyf >[+vnf
(High Altitude Plateau and Range) /x]sf] 5 . of] If]q lxpbdf lxpn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 eg] u|Lidofddf
lxp klUn 3fF;] d}bfgsf] ?kdf /xG5 . of] If]q r/0f If]qsf] ?kdf clt dxtjk"0f{ 5 .
$= kxf8L If]q M o; If]q cGtu{t 7"nf gbL t6Lo a]+;L b]lv lnP/ ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 #^^) dL6/ prfO{;Ddsf]
e"–efu kb{5 . o; lhNnfsf] blIf0f—klZrd If]qdf /x]sf] 7"nLe]/L / ;fgf] e]/Lsf lsgf/ Pjd\ ;fgf kxf8L
If]qsf clwsf+z j:tLx? o; If]q cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o;} If]qdf 3gf jgh+un Pjd\ ;a}eGbf pj{/ e"ld klg
/x]sf] kfOG5 . pRr lxdfnL tyf kxf8L Pjd\ lxdfnkf/Lsf] If]q (Trans -Himallayan Region) sf]
clwSotf ePsf] sf/0f clwsf+z ;'Vvf tyf 708f hnjfo' kfOG5 . o; If]qdf b'ne { h}ljs ljljwtfo"Qm
kof{j/0f /x]klg of] lgs} sdhf]/ / vt/k"0f{ (Fragile and Vulnerable) l:ytLdf 5 . ctM ljsf;sf
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ubf{ kof{j/0fLo :j?kaf/]df ljz]if rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
vlgh, r§fg, df6f] cflb (Geology) M

o; lhNnfsf] clwsf+z e"–efu r§fg, eL/, kxf/f, r/0fIf]q cflbn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . lxdfn kf/Lsf] If]q eg]/ lrlgg]
o; lhNnfsf] clwsf+z efu kq]r§fg (Sedimentary rock), Mica Schist Rock, Calcarious rock, Quartzite
Rock cflbaf6 ag]sf] 5 . of] lhNnf Trans-Himalayan Zone df kg]{xb' f dg;"gL jiff{sf] k|efj Psbd} sd
/ anf}6] df6f]sf] dfqf k|r'/ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Cold Desert sf] ?kdf ;d]t lrlgG5 .
glbgfnf / tfnx?
d'Vo gbLx?
e]/L glb M of] gbL d'sf]6 lxdfn / 7f+u] lxdfnjf6 lgl:sPsf] 5 .
;fgLe]/L M of] gbL sfudf/f lxdfnjf6 lgl:sPsf] 5 .
5
;xfos gbLx?
!_ ;'nLuf9, @_uNnLuf8, #_ ;fnLuf8,
$_ gfnLuf8, %_ kfnuf8, ^_ sf]nfuf8,
&_ ?kuf8, *_ r'xu' f8, (_ d';Luf8,
!)_ tfl5guf8 !!_ kmf]Ou{ f8 !@_ s/kuf8
!#_ h}/Luf8
tfn / bx
kmf]S;'G8f] tfn M
wf}nfuL/L lxdfnsf] klZrd / sfGhL/f]jf lxdfnsf] blIf0f k'j{df kg]{ g]kfnsf] Ps dfq lhj /lxt tfn
;d'b| ;txjf6 #^!# ld6/sf] prfO{df / b'g}af6 #) sf]if 6f9f kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;= cj:yLt l/Ud ufpdf /x]sf]
5 . of] tfnnfO{ l/Udf] tfn klg elgG5 . pQ/ blIf0f nDjfO{ $=* ls=ld= / k'j{ klZrd rf}8fO{ !=^ ls=ld=
If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /f/ftfn kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7'nf] tfn xf] eg] ulx/fO{df ;j}eGbf ulx/f] tfn xf]
h;sf] ulx/fO{ ^%) ld6/ 5 . lj=;= @)@@ ;fn ;Dd kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;=df cjl:yt o; tfnnfO{ l/Udf] tfn
elgGYof] . lj=;= @)@# ;fndf 8f= >L xs{ u'?Ën] tfnsf] cfslif{t /+lug kmf]6f] ;lxt ljleGg kqklqsfdf
kmf]S;'G8] tfn eg]/ k|sflzt u/] kl5 o;sf] gfd kmf]S;'G8f] tfn /xg uPsf] kfO{G5 . o; tfnsf] k\dv ' ;|f]tsf]
?kdf sfudf/f kxf8jf6 ju]/ cfPsf] ;'S;'Gwf] vf]nf, tfnsf] blIf0fL k'jL{ 5]pdf ldl;Psf] 5 eg] csf]{ jf;'¢f
n]sjf6 au]/ cfPsf] bflguf/ vf]nf tfnsf] blIf0fL lsgf/sf] klZrdL 5]pdf ldl;Psf] 5 .
cGo ;fgf tfnx?

hubNnf tfn M sfO{ufp uf=lj=;=
;'Gbx M ! ls=ld= If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] of] tfn ;b/d'sfd b]lv * ls=ld= 6f9f
5 . of] tfn b'g} uf=lj=;=df kb{5 .
b'ws'08 M l/dL uf-lj=;=df cjl:yt of] tfn ! ls=ld= If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 .
vfnLbx M of] tfn kxf8f / lns' uf=lj=;=df kb{5 .
5fds'g] tfn, ;'gbx / Uofjf/f tfn M /x uf=lj=;=
rf}wf/f, sf]Ro/f / tfx'/sf] gfl5/ tfn M Nxf+ uf=lj=;=
em/gf
;'nLu9 em/gf M
kmf]S;'G8f] tfnaf6 lgl:sPsf] kfgLjf6 jg]sf] dgf]/d em/gf g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr prfO{df /x]sf] em/gf xf] .
of] em/gf nueu #^!# ld= sf] prfO{df /x]sf] kmf]S;'G8f] tfnaf6 lg:sfl;t kfgLaf6 em/]sf] 5 / o;sf]
nDjfO !^& ld= /x]sf] 5 .
cGo em/gfx?
Vfflnjgsf] em/gf M kxf8f uf=lj=;=
6
3b]vf]nfsf] em/gf M dfemkmfn uf=lj=;=
n}lgsf] em/gf M wf] uf=lj=;=
ltKnf em/gf M b'g} uf=lj=;=
vf]/vf]nfsf] em/gf M h'kmfn uf=lj=;=
d'Vo kj{t >[vnfx?

Wfjnflu/L M -&&%$, &^!*, ^(@! ld= _
r'/g] lxdfn M &#*! ld=
k'7flxpr'nL M &@$( ld=
d'sf]6 lxdfn M ^^#( ld=
sf+lh/f]jf lxdfn M ^@@! ld=
c/lgsf] r'nL M ^)#$ ld=
d'Vo d'Vo e~Hofªx? ltAat tkm{ hfg]

6fgs e~Hofª M ;fNbfª uf=lj=;=
lkb' e~Hofª M 5fsf{ uf=lj=;=
Sof6f] e~Hofª M ltGh] uf=lj=;=
Dfl/d e~Hofª M ltGh] uf=lj=;=
d]gfª e~Hofª M ltGh] uf=lj=;=
lgs'~h
z]–kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6«o lgs'~h M g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf 7'nf] /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] klxrfg ePsf] o; lgs'~hsf]
If]qkmn #%%% ju{ ld6/ /x]sf] .
Joj;fo
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf clwsf+z dflg;x?sf] d'Vo k]zf v]tL g} xf] . o; afx]s oxfFsf ax';V+ os dflg;x?
hl8a'6L ;+sng, gf]s/L, Jofkf/ / cGo Joj;fo klg ckgfpF5g\ .
k|Voft wfld{s :ynx?

>L afnf lqk'/f ;'Gb/L dlGb/ M lqk'/fsf]6 uf=lj=;=
>L 5n di6f ejfgL dlGb/ M kxf8f uf=lj=;=
>L dGdf b]ptf dlGb/ M h'kmfn uf=lj=;=
>L ;/:jtL dlGb/ M b'g} uf=lj=;=
>L AofF; u'kmf M nfjg uf=lj=;=
>L dfl;vf8f lty{:yn M sflnsf uf=lj=;=
7
ko{6sLo :yn
z]–u'Djf
kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;= df kg]{ of] u'Djf af}¢ wdf{jnDjLx?sf] d'Vo lty{:ynsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . of] Ps /d0fLo
wfld{s :yn xf] . oxf !@ jif{df Ps k6s d]nf nfUb5 . d]nfsf] ;dodf u'Djfdf bz{g ug{ b]z ljb]zaf6 >bfn'
eQmhgx?sf] 3'Or { f] nfUb5 . of] u'Djf ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf] d'Vo e|d0f :yn klg xf] .
kmf]S;'G8f] tfn M
wf}nfuL/L lxdfnsf] klZrd / sfGhL/f]jf lxdfnsf] blIf0f k'jd { f kg]{ g]kfnsf] Ps dfq lhj /lxt tfn
;d'b| ;txjf6 #^!# ld6/sf] prfO{df / b'g}af6 #) sf]if 6f9f kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;= cj:yLt l/Ud ufpdf /x]sf]
5 . of] tfnnfO{ l/Udf] tfn klg elgG5 . pQ/ blIf0f nDjfO{ $=* ls=ld= / k'j{ klZrd rf}8fO{ !=^ ls=ld=
If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] /f/ftfn kl5sf] bf];f| ] 7'nf] tfn xf] eg] ulx/fO{df ;j}eGbf ulx/f] tfn xf]
h;sf] ulx/fO{ ^%) ld6/ 5 . lj=;= @)@@ ;fn ;Dd kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;=df cjl:yt o; tfnnfO{ l/Udf] tfn
elgGYof] . lj=;= @)@# ;fndf 8f= >L xs{ u'?Ën] tfnsf] cfslif{t /+lug kmf]6f] ;lxt ljleGg kqklqsfdf
kmf]S;'G8] tfn eg]/ k|sflzt u/] kl5 o;sf] gfd kmf]S;'G8f] tfn /xg uPsf] kfO{G5 . o; tfnsf] k\dv ' ;|f]tsf]
?kdf sfudf/f kxf8jf6 ju]/ cfPsf] ;'S;'Gwf] vf]nf, tfnsf] blIf0fL k'jL{ 5]pdf ldl;Psf] 5 eg] csf]{ jf;'¢f
n]sjf6 au]/ cfPsf] bflguf/ vf]nf tfnsf] blIf0fL lsgf/sf] klZrdL 5]pdf ldl;Psf] 5 . zfGt / l:gUw of]
tfndf rf/} lt/sf lxd r'r'/fx?sf] dgf]/d 5fof b]lvg] ePsf]n] ko{6sx?sf] dg nf]leg' :jfefljs} xf] .
wf] pkTosf
wf] uf=lj=;= df kg]{ of] pkTosf ;d'b| ;txjf6 sl/j $%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df kb{5 . hxfF lxpbFdf v]lt
ul/g] pjfsf] v]lt jiff{ l;hgdf ul/G5 . 8f]Nkf e|d0f ug]{ ko{6sx?sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| jg]sf] 5 .
tftf]kfgL
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf zx/tf/f, ;'nLu8, ?kuf8 leq ul/ ltg 7fpdf tftf]kfgLsf d'xfgx? e]l6Psf 5g . kmfNu'0f
/ r}q dlxgfdf 6f9fsf ufpjf6 dflg;x? g'xfpgsf] nfuL d'xfgdf hfg] ub{5g . oxfsf] tftf]kfgLdf g'xfpgfn]
5fnf tyf xf8hf]gL{sf lb3{ /f]ux? Lgsf] x'g] s'/fdf hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .
k|d'v Jofkfl/s :ynx?

o; lhNnfsf] vf;÷d'Vo Jofkf/Ls s]Gb| b'g} ahf/ xf] eg] cGo s]xL ;fgf Jofkf/Ls :ynx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
!_ lqk'/fsf]6 @_ sfO{ufp #_ h'kmfn $_ sfnuf}8f
%_ uNnLuf8
wfld{s k/Dk/f
wfld{s k/Dk/f cg';f/ oxfF s'n k'hfnfO{ dxTj lbOG5 . oxfF dgfpg] rf8kj{x?df d'Votof >fj0f k"l0f{df,
sflQs k"l0f{df, df3 / j}zfv k"l0f{df cflb x'g\ . lo k"l0f{dfx?df di6f]x?sf] k'hfcfhf w'dwfdn] ul/G5 .
d:6f]nfO{ g} oxfF dxTjk"0f{ b}jL zlQmsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . oL rf8x?df wfdL emFfls| kt'g]{ d]nf nfUb5 . o;sf
;fy} s[i0f hGdfi6dL, tLh, a8f bz}, r}t] bz}, ltxf/, Nxf];f/ cflb rf8x? klg dflgG5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf
dgfp+b} cfPsf] k'if] e}nf] kfFr lbg;Dd v]Ng] ul/G5 .
8
hfthfltx?
o; lhNnfdf /x]sf ljleGg hfthfltx?sf] afx'No /x]sf] 5 . cGo lhNNffx?df h:t} o; lhNnfdf klg afx'g,
7s'/L, If]qL, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, t/fnL, nfdf, ysfnL cflb hfthfltx? d'Vo ?kdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . cGo
hfltx?df tfdfË, g]jf/, u'?Ë, ysfnL s]xL ;+Vofdf kfOG5 . oxfF a;f]af; u/]sf afx'g, 7s'/L, If]qLx?sf]
ljleGg y/x? /x]sf 5g\ . h;df afx'g hfltsf] y/x?df b]jsf]6f, Gof}kfg], rf}nfufO{, ltldlN;gf, Kofs'/n ] ,
uf}td, zdf{, cfrfo{, /]UdL cflb k|d'v 5g\ To;}ul/ 7s'/Lx?sf] y/x?df zfxL, dNn, jd, vfF8, l;+x cflb x'g
/ If]qLsf] y/x?df s7fot, dxt, /fjn, lji6, /fjt, /f]sfof, dxtf/f, a'9f, a'9yfkf, af]x/f / P]8L cflb k|d'v
5g\ .
efiffefifL
oxfF af]lng] k|d'v efiff /fi6«efiff g]kfnL g} xf] t/ oxfF af]lng] efiff / b]zsf] cGo k"jL{ tyf dWoefu lt/ af]lng]
g]kfnL efiffdf km/s 5 . hflt cg';f/ cf"cfkm\g} ;d'bfosf[ :yflgo hflto efiff klg af]Ng] ul/G5 .
e]ife"iff
;b/d'sfd glhs} a:g] / s]xL sd{rf/Lx? Affx]s oxfFsf clwsf+; hgtfx? k/Dk/fut e]ife"iffdf g} /x]sf]
kfO{G5, . k'?ifx? bf}/f, ;'?jfn, sf]6, 6f]kL nufp5g\ eg] dlxnfx? u'Go", rf]nL, k5]p/f, kml/of nufpg] ub{5g\.
dlxnfn] nufpg] uxgfx?df rfFbLsf afnf, sNnL, sDkgL dfnf, bf]n8L ltnx/L, Psu]8], km"nL, a'nfsL, aLr
r'/f, kf]t] x'g\ eg] oxfFsf] k/Dk/fut klx/g :yfgLo txdf 7]6'jfaf6 lgld{t sk8fx? / v'§fdf nfd, bf]rfsf]
k|rng x/fpb} uO/x]sf] 5 . nfdf / tfdfË af}4dfuL{x?sf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] e]ife"iff / klx/g /x]sf] 5 . nfdf /
tfdfË hftLdf nf]Ug] dflg;x?n] nufpg] n'ufnfO{ aVv' / dlxnfx?n] nufpg] h'ufnfO{ em]df{ eGg] ul/G5 .
k|fs[lts jg:klt / hl8a'6L
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] b[li6n] cToGt ;DkGg dflgg] o; 8f]Nkf lhNnf ef}uf]lns agfj6 Pj+ hnjfo"sf] ljljwtfn]
ubf{ oxfF ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:kltx? kfO{G5g\ . oxfFsf] pRr n]sfnL e"efu !@ xhf/ lkm6 eGbf dfly Hofbf
lxpF kg]{ / tfkqmd clt sd x'g] ePsf]n] cUnf ?vx? x'sg{ ;Sb}gg\ . o; e"efudf emf8L / a'6\ofgx?sf ;fy}
3fF;] d}bfg dfq /xG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm /fd|f / ;'Gb/ km'nx?sf ;fy} ax'd'No hl8a'6Lx? k|z:t kfO{g]
ub{5 . oxfF kfO{g] hl8a'6Lx?df kfFrcf}n + ], e'Tn], h6fd;L, s6'sL, kbdrfn, hLjga'6L -ofrf{u'Daf_ cflb d'Vo
5g\ . ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L jgn] 9fs]sf] o; If]qdf ;Nnf, w'kL, l7+uf], u'/fF;, ef]hkq, cf]v/ / v;'{sf ?vx?
kfO{G5g\ . oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ ljleGg lsl;dsf kz'k5 + Lx? kfO{G5g\ . oxfF kfO{g] hª\unL hgfj/x?df
s:t'/L, emf/n, 3f]/n, lrt'jf, efn', a+b]n, ltJjtL v/fof] / Ajf+;f] kb{5g\. To:t} r/fr'?ËLx?df 8fFkm], sflnh,
Rofv'/f, 9's/' / k/]jf cflb kfO{G5g\ .
xfjfkfgL
cUnf n]sx?b]lv gbL lsgf/sf xf]rf j]zLx?;Dd /x]sf] o; lhNnfsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ubf{ oxfF xfjfkfgL
;a} 7fpdf Ps} k|sf/sf] 5}g. pRr n]sfnL e"–efudf clt hf8f] / 708L x'G5 eg] dWo kxf8L efudf udL{
df};ddf s]xL Gofgf] / lxpFbdf a9L 708L x'g] ub{5. ef}uf]lns jgfj6sf] cfwf/df oxfF d'Vo tLg lsl;dsf
708f, ;'Vvf / lztf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ;aeGbf w]/} hf8f] x'g] dlxgfx? kf}if, df3 x'g eg] h]i7, ciff9
;aeGbf udL{ x'g] dlxgfx? x'g. ciff9 / >fj0fdf ;aeGbf al9 jiff{ x'G5 eg] d+l;/ / kf}if dlxgf k|fo ;'Vvf
x'g] ub{5 . 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] !@ dlxgfsf] df};dL ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
9
–%=$
–!)=$
If]qLo xfjfkfgL lkmN8 sfof{no h'Dnf
oftfoft
b]zsf] !$ c~rn DfWo] df]6/ af6f]n] g5f]Psf] Ps dfq s0ff{nL c~rndf ljut @)$%÷$^ ;fnb]lv ;'vt]{ –
h'Dnf -s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ @#@ ls=ld=_ df]6/af6f]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ e}/x]sf]df @)^#÷^$ df 6«ofs k'/f eP/ xfn
g]kfnu+h–;'v]{t–h'Dnf, h'Dnf–;'vt]{ –g]kfnu+h u/L b}lgs ?kdf a; ;]jf ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf &%
lhNnf dWo] oftfoft ;'ljwf gk'u]sf @ j6f lhNnf x?df 8f]Nkf klg kb{5 . h'Dnf– u'7Lrf}/–d0fL;f3'–sfO{ufp
x'b} b'g} hfg] ;8s lgdf{0fflwg cj:yfdf /x]sf] / hfh/sf]6– 8f]Nkf ;8s klg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
s_ k}bn dfu{x?
k}bn dfu{ k}bn
bn nfUg] lbg sf]if b'/L
8f]Nkf b'g} 7fu] x'b} jfUn'Í !# lbg !@& sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} hf]d;f]d d':tfË !# lbg !#) sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} ?s'd rf}/hxf/L * lbg *) sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} ?s'd x'b} :ofª\hf @) lbg !(% sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} ;'v{t] l5Gr' !! lbg !!@ sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} h'Dnfsf] l;dfgf $ lbg $) sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} h'Dnf ;b/d'sfd ^ lbg ^) sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} hfh/sf]6 l;dfgf ^ lbg ^) sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} hfh/sf]6 ;b/d'sfd &=% lbg &^ sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} sfnLsf]6 dfGd ( lbg (@ sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} x'Dnf l;dLsf]6 &=% lbg && sf]if
8f]Nkf b'g} d'u' udu9L * lbg *) sf]if
10
v_ xjfO{ dfu{x?
;]S6/ Po/nfO{G; p8fg
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h Gf]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud xKtfsf] @ lbg g]kfnu+h
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h l;d|s Po/nfO{G; ofq'cg';f/
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h Tff/f Po/nfO{G; rf6{/ p8fg xKtfdf ;x'lnot ˆnfO6 !
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h ;Ltf Po/nfO{G; rf6{/ p8fg xKtfdf ;x'lnot ˆnfO6 !
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h dsfn' Po/nfO{G; rf6{/ p8fg
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h uf]df Po/nfO{G; rf6{/ p8fg
g]kfnu+h–h'kmfn –g]kfnu+h Po/ sfi6d08k rf6{/ p8fg
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] k|zf;lgs ljefhg
lgjf{rg If]q Onfsf g+= Onfsfdf kg]{ uf=lj=;=x? ;+Vof j8f ;Vof
! b'g}, h'kmfn, dfemkmfn # @&
@ lqk'/fsf]6, kfxf8f, ;' # @&
# lns', Nxf @ !*
$ sflnsf , ;ld{, gs'{ # @&
% l/dL, sfO{ufp @ !*
^ /x, kmf]S;'G8f] @ !*
& zfNbfË, leh]/, ltGh] # @&
* Zfx/tf/f, nfjg, wf] # @&
( d'sf]6, 5fsf{ @ !*
hDDff @# @)&
11
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv ljleGg uf=lj=;= tyf dxTjk"0f{ If]q;Ddsf] b'/L
;|f]t M lh=lj=;=, 8f]Nkf

8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] uf=lj=;= cGt{utsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
leh]/ uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
5fsf{ uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
12
wf] uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
b'g} uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
h'kmfn uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
13
sfO{ufp uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
sfnLsf uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
nfjg uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
14
NxfF uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
ln+s' uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
dfemkmfn uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
15
d'sf]6 uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
gs'{ uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
kxf8f uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
16
kmf]S;'G8f] uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
/xF uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
l/dL uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
17
Zfx/tf/f uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
;fNbfª\u uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
;ld{ uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
18
;'F uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
ltGh] uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
lqk'/fsf]6 uf= la= ;= cGtu{tsf ufp÷6f]n÷a:tL
19
hg;+Vof ;DjGwL tYofÍsf] cfjZostf
cfjZost
hg;+Vof;DaGwL tYofÍsf] cfjZostf s'g} Ps If]q jf ju{ ljz]ifdf sfd ug]{ dflg;nfO{ dfq geO{ o;;F+u
;DalGwt /xg] jf lh1f;f /fVg] ;a} If]q jf ju{sf gful/sx?nfO{ plQs} kb{5 . x/]s dflg;x? cf–cfˆgf]
k]zfdf jf ;]jfdf nflu/x]sf x'G5g\ .tL ;a} k]zfdf nfu]sf dflg;x?n] cf–cfˆgf] lsl;dsf] cfjZostf cg'?k
tYofÍx?sf] k|of]u / k|rngdf Nofpg] ub{5g\ . b]zsf] :jf:Yo If]qsf] of]hgf jgfpg] of]hgfsf/x?sf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ hg;+Vof tYofÍ / ko{6g Joj;fo;+Fu ;DalGwtx?n] k|of]u / k|rngdf Nofpg] hg;+Vof ;DaGwL
tYofÍdf p2]ZofTds lae]b /x]sf] kfO{G5 . To;}u/L /fi6« / ;dfhsf x/]s c+udf /x]/ sfd ug]{ hf] sf]xL ;r]t
gful/sx?nfO{ o;sf] ;xfotf ljgf eljiosf] of]hgf jgfpg / lat]sf ;dodf eP u/]sf] sfdx?sf] ;xL
d'NofÍg ug{ cK7]/f] kb{5 . hg;+Vof;DaGwL tYofÍsf] pkof]u ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;/sf/L / u}x;
| /sf/L ;+:yf
tyf cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf nfu]sf dflg;x?nfO{ cTolws kg]{ ub{5 . o; k|sf/ ;du| ?kdf eGg' kbf{
hg;+Vof tYofÍsf] cfjZostf s'g} Ps If]q ljz]ifsf] ;fF3'/f] 3]/fleq dfq g/xL Jofks If]qsf] dflg;;Fu
;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 / dflg;sf] cl:tTj /x'Gh]n;Dd o;sf] cfjZostf lg/Gt/ sfod g} /xg] 5 .
s_ /fli6«o hgu0fgf M s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ef}uf]lns l;dfleq s'g} lglZrt ;do / kl/lwleq /x]/ To; If]qdf
a;f]jf; ug]{ ;Dk'0f{ gful/sx?sf] u0fgf ug]{ k|so[ fnfO{ /fli6«o hgu0fgf elgG5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg'kbf{
hgtfx?sf] ;Dk'0f{ ljj/0f ;lxtsf] tYofÍ ;+sngnfO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 . hgu0fgf ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo To;
If]qdf /xg] dflg;sf] lglZrt ;+Vofsf] olsg ug'{ xf] . o;sf] nflu s'g} If]q ljz]ifdf /x]sf] lglZrt 3/x?sf]
;+VofnfO{ lnOG5 / pQm 3/df /x]sf kl/jf/ ;+Vof, dlxnf÷k'?if, /xg ;xgsf] :t/, j;fO{–;/fO{, lzIffsf]
cj:yf tyf hGd / d[To'sf] ;Dk'0f{ agf}6 cflbnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L tYofÍ ;+sng ul/G5 .
hgu0fgfaf6 ;+sng ePsf] tYofÍ b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu of]hgf th'd { f, cWoog Pj+
cg';Gwfg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] cfwf/e"t tYofÍ ePsfn] s'g} klg b]zdf /fli6«o hgu0fgfnfO{ Ps dxTjk'0f{ /
fi6«JofkL sfo{sf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . o:tf] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfly{s ;|f]t hgzlQm / ;fwg h'6fpg'
kg]{ tyf tof/Lsf] nflu klg nfdf] ;do nfUg] ePsf]n] ;a} h;f] d'n'sx?df hgu0fgf ;fdfGotof !)÷!)
jif{df ug]{ rng /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf lj=;++ !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ b]lv hgu0fgf ug]{ sfd z'? ePsf] xf] . To;kl5
nueu k|To]s !)÷!) jif{df hgu0fgf ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lj=;++ @)^* -;g\ @)!!_ sf] u0fgf g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;df !! cf}+ hgu0fgf xf] .
dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍLo kl/efiffx?M

s'g} klg ljifosf] tYofÍ ;+sng ubf{ ;f] sf] kl/efiff :ki6 pNn]v x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . ;+sng ul/Psf
tYofÍx? kl/efiffdf Ps?ktf ePdf tYofÍnfO{ t'ngfTds ?kdf cWoog ul/g ;lsg] ePsf]n] oxFf pNn]v
ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfndf dxTjk"0f{ tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] kfPsf]df hg;f+lVos
tYofÍ cflb ;+sng ubf{ pQm lgsfon] u/]sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ g} ubf{ Ps?ktf x'g] x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ
ljefuåf/f ;+rfng ul/g] /fli6«o hgu0fgfdf k|of]u ul/Psf] s]xL kl/efiff oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ hgu0fgf ljlw / cS;/ a;f]af; M u0fgf ubf{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] u0fgfdf sf]lx JolQm g5'6'g\ tyf sf]lx
gbf]xl/pg\ eGg' xf] . hgu0fgf ug]{ b'O{ j6f ljlwx? 5g\ lt x'gM !_ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De-facto
method): o; ljlwaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ eg]sf] lglZrt ;dodf hf] hxfF 5 Tolxaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{
20
xf] . of] k4ltdf k|foM lglZrt /ftsf] ;donfO{ ;Gbe{ ;do dflg To; /ft hf] hxfF 5 Tolxaf6 tYof+s ;+sng
ul/G5 . @_=:yfO{ j;f]jf; u0fgf ljlw (De-jure method), o; ljlwaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ eg]sf] Legal
place of Residence cyf{t sfg"gL ?kdf j;f]jf; u/]sf] 7fFpaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ xf] .
lj= ;= @))(÷!! b]lv k|To]s bz–bz jif{df ;+rfng x'bF } cfPsf hgu0fgfx? df]l8kmfO8 8] h'/] (Modified
de-jure) k4ltsf] cfwf/df u0fgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; ljlw cg';f/ JolQmsf] u0fgf ubf{ JolQm k|foMh;f] h'g
7fpFdf a;f]af; u5{g\, Tof] JolQm÷kl/jf/sf] u0fgf ToxL 7fpFaf6 ug'{kb{5 . u0fgfsf] cjlwdf s'g} JolQm 5f]6f]
;dosf] nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ jf tLy{ofqf jf ko{6gsf nflu cfkm\gf] cS;/ a;f]af;sf] :yfg 5f]8L cGoq uPsf]
ePtfklg To:tf JolQmx?sf] u0fgf cS;/ a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt :yfgsf] ePsf] dflg ;f] :yfgaf6}
u0fgf ul/G5 . o:t} o; ljlwdf sfdug]{ dfG5] jf efG;] klg Pp6} kl/jf/df vfg] / a;f]af; ug]{u/]sf] eP
ltgLx?nfO{ ToxL kl/jf/df ;fd]n u/L u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
;fdfGotof JolQmx?sf] u0fgf ubf{ cS;/ a;f]af;sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 g} u0fgf ug'k{ b{5 . t/ cS;/ a;f]af;
olsg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg JolQm ^ dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;dosf] nflu :jb]zs} cGoq :yfg
jf ljb]zdf uPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] :yfgdf ;dfj]z ul/b}g . To:t} k|sf/n] s'g} klg
JolQm ^ dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;do b]lv :jb]zs} cGoq :yfg jf ljb]zaf6 cfO{ o; If]qdf a;f]jf; ul/
/x]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] If]q jf :yfgdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
v_ 3/ kl/jf/ M ;fdfGotof Pp6} cfDbfgL tyf vr{n] Jojxf/ rnfO{ Ps} efG;fdf vfgkfg u/L j;]sf
JolQmx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ kl/jf/ elgG5 . kl/jf/df Psdfq jf w]/} JolQmx? x'g ;Sb5g\ . ltgLx? gft]bf/ klg x'g
;Qm5g\, gx'g klg ;Qm5g\ jf sf]xL c;DalGwt JolQm -h:tf] s[lif sfd ug]{ :yfoL sfdbf/, :yfoL ?kdf sfd
ug]{ sfdbf/_ ldn]/ klg kl/jf/ aGg ;Sb5 . Pp6f 3/df Ps jf PseGbf a9L kl/jf/ klg a;f]jf; u/]sf] x'g
;Sb5 .
u_ kl/jf/ d"nL M kl/jf/sf] ;j} ;b:on] To; kl/jf/sf] d'Vo?kdf dflgcfPsf] JolQm -k'?if jf dlxnf_ nfO{
kl/jf/sf] d'nL elgG5 . kl/jf/df e}–k/L cfpg] ;j} Jojxf/ rnfpg] clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L kl/jf/ d'nLsf]
x'G5 .
3_ ckfËtf MckfËtf eGgfn] z/L/sf] s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L c+ux?n] ;fdfGo ?kdf sfd ug{ g;s]/ b}lgs
sfo{x? ;/ntfk"js { ug{' cK7\of/f] kg]{ cj:yf xf] . o; k|sf/sf] cj:yf :yfoL jf c:yfoL x'g;Sb5 . laleGg
sfg"gL b:tfj]hx? tyf cGo ;j]{If0fx?n] ckgfPsf] kl/efiff cg'[;f/ a'bF fut?kdf ckfËtf eGgfn] M
xftv'§f sdhf]/, n'nf] eO{ s'g} sfdsfh ug{ ;d:of, lx8\8n ' ug{ ;d:of ePsf] .
cfFvfn] b]Vgdf ;d:of eP .
af]Ngdf ;d:of / sfgn] ;'Ggdf ;d:of eP .
pd]/ cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg] / l;Sgdf jf k9\gdf l9nfO{ jf ufx|f] x'g' .
Psf]xf]/f] eP/ a:g], lbSs dfGg] / lbSbf/ eO{ PsfGtdf a:g], 5f]Kg] h:tf cgf}7f] Jojxf/ ug]{ / cfTdxTof
af/] eGg] jf cfTdxTof ug{ sf]lz; ug'{ h:tf] Jojxf/ .
5f/]/f]u jf 5fKg] /f]u÷Joyfn] u|l;t eP .
s'g} bL3{ ;d:of jf /f]u ePsf] eP .
hg;+Vof ljj/0f 21
;|f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bg @)^*
kl/jf/sf] agf}6
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf k|lt kl/jf/ cf}ift $=() hgf ;b:o ;+Vof /x]sf] 5 eg] hDdf kl/jf/ ;+Vofdf $ / % hgf
;b:o ;+Vof ePsf] kl/jf/ ;a}eGbf al9 b]lvPsf] 5 .
22
3/ jf cfjfl;o OsfOsf] :jfldTj
3/sf] :jldTjcg';f/ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof,@)^*
3/ jf cfjfl;o OsfOsf] agf]6
;|f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|ltj]bg
23
5fgfsf] jgf]6 cg';f/
24
vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t cg';f/
3/sf] rkL{ cg';f/ kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof,@)^*
25
kl/jf/df vfgf ksfpg cS;/ k|of]u ul/g] OGwg
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] glthfn] lhNnfsf s'n kl/jf/ dWo] clwsf+z kl/jf/n] vfgf ksfpg cS;/
sf7÷bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
26
kl/jf/df aQL afNg cS;/ k|of]u ul/g] OGwg
pd]/ ;d'x cg';f/ lhNnfsf] hg;+Vof
27
lnËcg';f/ kl/jf/d"nL -k|ltzt_, @)^*
;|f]tM /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bgM @)^*

hfthflt ;DaGwL ljj/0f
uf=lj=;= hDdf k'?if Dlxnf
leh]/
hDdf
tfdfË
u'?Ë
cGo
5fsf{
hDdf
8f]Nkf]
cGo
b'g}
hDdf
If]qL
a|fDx0f÷kxf8L
du/
Yff?
tfdfË
g]jf/
d';ndfg
sfdL
u'?Ë
bdfO{÷9f]nL
28
29
30
31
32
33
dft[efiff cg';f/
34
uf=lj=;= hDdf k'?if Dflxnf
tfdfË
du/
cjwL
pb'{
ef]6]
cGo
h'kmfn
;a}
g]kfnL
z]kf{
cGo
sfO{ufp
;a}
g]kfnL
z]kf{
cGo
Sflnsf
;a}
g]kfnL
cGo
nfjg
;a}
g]kfnL
u'?Ë
ef]6]
Nxf
;a}
g]kfnL
cGo
lns'+
;a}
35
36
37
wd{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ b]zleq ljleGg !) j6f wd{ dfGg] JolQmx? /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf
hDdf & j6f wd{ dfGg] Dffq b]lvPsf] 5 .
qm=;= wd{
lxGb'
af}4
O:nfd
ls/ft
lqmolZrog
jf]g
cGo
;|f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bg @)^*
38
ckfË ;DaGwL ljj/0f
b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] !=($ k|ltzt lx:;fdf s'g} Ps jf al9 k|sf/sf] ckfËtf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . 8f]Nkf
lhNnfsf] s'n hg;+Vofdf sl/a (%=^# k|ltzt ckfËtf gePsf 5g / afFsL sl/a $=#& k|ltzt s'g} Ps jf
al9 k|sf/sf] ckfËtf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
39
a}jflxs :yLlt cg';f/ hg;+Vof ljj/0f
hGd:yfgsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vof

hGd:yfg b'j} k|ltzt k'?if k|ltzt Dflxnf k|ltzt
:jb]z
pxL lhNNff
csf]{ lhNnf
ljb]z
gv'n]sf]
hDdf
40
:jb]zdf hGd]sf] JolQm xfn a;]sf] lhNnfdf a;fO ;/L cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f cg';f/ hg;+Vof
cWoog

pd]/ cg';f/ klxnf] k6s ljjfx ePsf] hg;+Vof

!%–$(
!% $( jif{sf aRrf hGdfPsf cfwf/df ljjflxt dlxnf
cfdfx?sf] pd]/
ljj/0f hDdf
@)–@$ @%–@( #%–#( –
aRrf gePsf
! jRrf ePsf
@ aRrf ePsf
# jRrf ePsf
$ jRRff ePsf
% aRRff ePsf
^ jRRff ePsf
41
cfdfx?sf] pd]/
ljj/0f hDdf
@)–@$ @%–@( #%–#( –
!% $( jif{sf ljjflxt dlxnfn] u0fgfsf] lbg;Dd hGdfPsf afnaRrf

!%–$( jif{sf ljut !@ dlxgfdf aRrf hGdfP cg';f/ ljjflxt dlxnf
42
– jif{sf ljjflxt dlxnfn] ljt]sf] dlxgfdf hGdfPsf afnaRrf

!) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf JolQmn] ljut !@ dlxgfdf u/]sf] lqmofsnfk cfly{s tyf u}/ cfly{s

cS;/ cfly{s?kdf ;lqmo hg;+Vof tyf lgl:qmo !) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf
43
cS;/ cfly{s ?kdf ;lqmo gx'g'sf] k|dv

' sf/0f cg';f/ hg;+Vof !) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf
!) jif{ jf dflyNnf] pd]/sf] hg;ª\Vof
Vof
;lqmo gx'g'sf] sf/0f
hDdf k|ltzt k'?if k|ltzt Dflxnf k|ltzt
cWoog
3/wGbf
j[4fj:yf
k]G;g÷cfo:tf
ckfËtf
hL0f{ /f]uL
cGo
pNn]v gePsf]
;a} sf/0f
cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo / lgliqmo hg;+Vof
44
d'Vo k]zfcg';f/ hg;+Vof !) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/sf

If]q cg';f/ cS;/ cflYf{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vof !) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dfly
45
cflYf{s sfd ubf{sf] x}l;ot !) jif{ dflysf]
sfd ubf{sf] x}l;ot hDdf k|ltzt k'?if k|ltzt Dflxnf k|ltzt
c?nfO{ sfd nufpg]
c?sf] sfd ug]{
lglh sfd ug]{
sfd ;3fpg] dfq
pNn]v gePsf]
hDdf
afnaflnsfsf] cfl>t cj:yf -!^ jif{ d'lgsf_
lzIff
s0ff{nL c~rnsf % lhNnfx?df % jif{ jf % jif{ eGbf a9L pd]/ ;d'xdf o; lhNnfsf] ;fIf/tf b/ bf];f| ]
:yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn o; lhNnfdf /x]sf cf=j= )&).&! df ljBfno, lzIfs÷lzlIfsf, ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof /
;fIf/tf b/x? o; k|sf/ 5g\.
;fIf/tf
hDdf = %$=& Ü
k'?if = ^*=@ Ü
dlxnf = $)=* Ü
ljBfno ljj/0f
pRr df=lj= – % j6f ;fd'bflos, ) j6f ;+:yfut -lghL_
df=lj= – !) j6f ;fd'bflos, ) j6f ;+:yfut -lghL_
lg=df=lj= – !$ j6f ;fd'bflos, ! j6f ;+:yfut -lghL_
k|f=lj= – *% j6f ;fd'bflos, $ j6f ;+:yfut -lghL_
:gfts tx – @ SofDk;
46
lzIfs÷lzlIfsf ljj/0f
;|f]t M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 8f]Nkf

ljBfyL{ ljj/0f
@)&@ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd sIff ! b]lv !) ;Dd ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ljBfyL{ dfq /flvPsf] 5 eg] sIff !!
/ !@ sf] df ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut b'as
} f] /flvPsf] 5 .
;|f]t M lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, 8f]Nkf

% jf ;f] eGbf eGbf a9L pd]/sf hg;+Vofsf] z}lIfs pknlAw plQ0f{ u/]sf] tx
47
P;=Pn=l;= eGbf dflyNnf] tx plQ0f{ u/]sf JolQmx?n] cWoog u/]sf] ljifo If]q
48
;fIf/tf b/ uf=lj=;= cg';f/
;|ft] M /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] k|ltj]bg
49
:jf:Yo
;|f]t M lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, 8f]Nkf

lhNnfdf b]vf k/]sf ;+qmldt / d[To' ;DaGwL ljj/0f
qm=;+= /f]usf] gfd ;+qmldt ;+Vof d[To' s}lkmot
!= 8fol/of #!!÷!))) ) cf=j= )&!.&@
@= lgdf]lgof %#@÷!))) ) cf=j= )&!.&@
#= bfb'/f ) ) cf=j= )&!.&@
$= Ifo/f]uL !^ ) cf=j= )&!.&@
%= Pr=cfO{=le ) ) cf=j= )&!.&@
;|f]t M lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, 8f]Nkf
Health Services
Table 2: Health facilities S.N.
1 District Health Office 1
2 District Hospital 1
3 Primary Health Care Center 0
4 Health Post 23
5 PHC ORC clinic 75
6 Immunization Clinic 69
7 District Ayurveda Health Centre 1
Overview of District Health System
Introduction
District health system consists of a large variety of interrelated elements that contribute to health in
homes, schools, workplace and communities and is multicultural in orientation. It includes self-
care and all health care workers and facilities whether governmental and Non-governmental including
hospital and the appropriate supportive services such as laboratory, diagnostic and logistic support.
50
A district health system comprises first and the foremost a well-defined population living within a
clearly delineated administrative and geographical area along with all the resources.
Nepal’s health system is of pluralistic type. Nepal has a long history of traditional medical practices
with faith healers and Ayurveda practitioners playing a dominant role in the provision of health
care. Modern Health Care system is the major system of health care delivery in government and
private run institutions. In line with the decentralization policy, district health offices have the
responsibility to implement, monitor and supervise preventive, promotive, rehabilitative and curative
health programs.
District Health Management System in Dolpa was dynamically proceeding through various efforts
and activities. District health system in Dolpa is a composite arrangement of various components
that has direct or indirect contribution to the health status of people. There are various heath and
non-health organizations, institutions and different practitioners in the district. Along with modern
health care system provided through DHO, there are also many NGOs, INGOs, GOs, CBOs, private
and indigenous system of medicine playing important role in health system for the health and
wellbeing of people.
Modern Health Care Delivery System

Government health system is dominantly occupied by modern health care system. District health
office is the authorized body of government health system in the district. It is focal point of all
health institution providing health service in the district. It consists of following institutions providing
modern health care to the people:
District hospital 1
Health posts 15
Sub-health post 8
Indigenous Systems
Among various indigenous health care systems, here are:
? District Ayurvedic Health Centre (1)
Traditional Healers/ Jharphuke

There was no registered statistics about Traditional healer in the district. However, it was estimated
by collecting information from the district supervisors and HWs (AHWs, ANMs, and MCHW. In
the district, Traditional Healers were oriented to TB Control Program, Leprosy Control program,
EPI, Safe motherhood but no exact statistics were found because of poor recordings of trainings
conducted. Thus referral practice was found to some extent from them to the Health institution.
There was no provision to include Traditional Healers formally in the system.
Private sectors
There is no formal statistics about the total number of private medical halls in the district. In Dunai
bazaar, there are private medical halls, dental clinics providing health service to the people of
Dolpa. However, exact data about the health services they are providing is lacking because of no
proper recording and reporting systems. Coordination is lacking among each other and District
Health Office, Dolpa.
Governmental line agencies hough District Health Office, Dolpa is the authorized agency for
health in Dolpa, there are other offices other than DHO in district which coordinate with the DHO
51
and helped it in the various aspect of the district health. These line agencies are contributing in
health sector directly or indirectly for the health and wellbeing of the people in the Dolpa District
are:
1. District Administration Office
2. District Development Committee
3. District Education Office
4. District Agriculture Development Office
5. District Veterinary Office
6. District Police Office
7. District Water and Sanitation Sub-division Office
8. District Women Development Office
9. District Forest Office
10. District Ayurveda Health Centre
11. District Child Protection Committee
Managerial Aspect of DHO

District Health System
The overall structure of DHO was divided in the framework of input, process and output model.
Input like infrastructure, human resource, trainings, logistics and budget when go through various
processes like planning, organizing, staffing directing etc. give output in the form of morbidity,
mortality and other indicators.
Infrastructure
Majority of the health facilities had their own building, those health facilities that didn't had their
own building are operating within the VDC building and other community building. DHO had its
own building which is under construction. There was a separate building for store and cold chain
however it was out of the DHO premises. EOP and ASL were not maintained well.
Logistics
"No commodities no program" is the slogan of logistics management aspect of any program. In
Dolpa, the health facilities near DHO were privileged in matters related to logistic supply. Due to
the unavailability of effective and appropriate transportation facilities, HFs at the periphery was
lacking timely supply of logistics. It was required that LMIS be effectively used so as to effectively
deliver required logistics in the right place and right time .
Separate rooms were provided for the Store and Cold Room. Store room was well maintained with
adequate number of racks for keeping drugs, register/forms, stationary, and other instruments.
Peripheral health institutions (PHCCs, HPs, and SHPs) collected commodities as required from
district store.
Staffing
The main aim of district health system was to provide preventive, promotive and curative
services to the people living in the district was only fulfilled if there are right numbers of people
in right place at right time having right skills and right motivation and attitude. There were
52
different categories of staffs working in the DHO and HPs/SHPs. Based on type of activities
performed, viz. administrative and technical.
Technical staffs were
1. Medical Officer,
2. Public health officer
3. Family planning supervisor
4. Immunization supervisor
5. Cold chain assistant
6. District Tuberculosis and leprosy assistant
7. HA/Sr. AHW
8. ANM,
9. AHW,
10. Staff nurse,
11. Lab Technician
Administrative staffs were

1. Nayab subba
2. Finance officer
3. Finance assistant
4. Statistical assistant
5. Computer operator
6. Office helper
All the activities to be conducted by DHO Dolpa for achievement of different program objective
were carried out by various technical and administrative staffs within DHO network.
Directing an the district, DHO was the apex body responsible for directing function. Directing
function of management consists of decision making, leading, motivating, and communicating.
Decisions regarding the matters of public health were made by the discussion between DHOr and
PHOr in the district with suggestions from the focal persons of the respective programs during
different review meetings.
In case of public health program of the district, PHOr was playing consultative role. But in case of
personal relationship for intra-sectorial as well as inter-sectorial gathering, PHOr was playing
participative role. Contingency approach was being practiced by the DHOr.
The major way of communication in the district was through telephone followed by postal service,
internet and verbal was also in use where applicable. The staff meeting, the illakas review meetings
were another formal way of horizontal as well as vertical communication. There was a good inter-
sectoral communication especially with DDC, DAO, DPO and other government organizations
(GOs), I/NGOS as per need regarding health programs in the district.
Co-ordination:
All in-charges of different section within DHO worked in co-ordination with each other. DHO also
functions in co-ordination with peripheral institutions for achieving its objectives. Although inter-
53
sectorial co-ordination of DHO with other government and non-government organizations was
satisfactory, proper information dissemination was lacking at various levels. Duplication of
programme due to poor co-ordination with few NGOs was prevalent in this district.
Recording and Reporting

Recording and reporting of services were done by using HMIS forms by the respective health
institutions. Irregularities and un-timeliness in reporting was common and accepted problem because
of the distance of DHO from HIs in one hand and due to the absence of health workers on the other.
Storekeeper was the responsible person for logistic recording and reporting in the district but in
peripheral level staff who has been trained in LMIS was responsible for logistic management. Web-
based LMIS is not in practice although the storekeeper was well trained
Reporting status of Jumla
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI)
Indicators 069/70 070/71 071/72

Incidence of 494 539 532
ARI (per 1000
U5 yrs child)
% of pneumonia 38.06 44.6 31.67
among new ARI
cases.
% of severe 1.52 1.14 0.5
pneumonia
among new ARI
cases.
% of ARI 26.75 30.48 37.95
treated by
FCHV.
% of ARI cases 18.14 15.44 10.30
treated by
PHCORC
Case fatality 0.08 0.13 0.99
ratio (1000
cases)
54
Analisis of oservice statistics
Indicators 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72
Total OPD Visits 63.41 86.43 45.9
as % of Total
Population
% of Emergency 7.75 11.93 6.5
Visits Among
Total OPD Visits
Average length of 3.46 3.24 2.31
Stay
Bed Occupancy 8.95 27.95 2.87
Rate
Number of CAC 5 0 0
Services Provided
Death Rate 0 0 0
among Surgery
(%)
Death Rate 0 0 0
among In-patients
% of Major 0 0 0
Surgery among
Total Surgery
Cases
% of Intermediate 0 0 0
surgery among
Total Surgery
Cases
% of Minor 100 100 100
surgery among
Total Surgery
Cases
Doctor: In-patient 1:229 1:236 1:53
Ratio
Doctor: OPD 1:24073 1:12399 1:5625
Ratio
Top Ten Diseases
1. Unknown and unspecified causes of morbidity 2. Unspecified intestinal parasitism

3. Headache 4. Gastritis
5. Conjunctivitis 6. Acute \ respiratory infections
7. Abdominal and pelvic pain 8. Scabies
9. Amoebiasis 10. Dental caries
55
Laboratory services in district hospital:
Diagnostic Services in the Hospital

Indicators Number
X-ray 909
Ultrasonogram 160
(USG)
Electro 5
Encephalo
Gram(EEG)
Electrocardiogra 20
m (ECG)
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;DalGw ljj/0f

cf=j= )&!.&@ sf] c;f9 d;fGt ;Ddsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ljleGg uf=lj=;=sf] ;/;kmfO{ ljj/0f
qm= uf=lj=;= hDdf vfg]kfgLaf6 Jojl:yt rkL{ k|of]u uf=lj=;=v'nf
;+= 3/w'/L nfeflGjt ug]{ lb;fd'Qm If]q
3/w'/L k|ltzt 3/w'/L ;/;kmfO{ 3f]if0ff ldlt
-rkL{_Ü
! b'g} @)&@.!!.@!
@ h'kmfn @)^*.)!.@^
# dfemkmfn @)^*.)!.@(
$ ;'+ @)^(.)#.@(
% lqk'/fsf[6 @)^(.!@.)$
^ Kfxf8f @)^(.!).@*
& lns' @)^(.!@.)#
* Nxf+ @)^&.)!.@!
( ;dL{ @)&!.)#.!$
!) gs'{ @)&!.)#.!^
!! sflnsf @)&!.)#.!&
!@ l/dL @)&!.)#.!@
!# sfO{ufp @)^&.)!.!$
!$ /x @)&@.)#.#)
!% kmf]S;'G8f] @)&@.)^.!^
!^ ;fNbfªu gePsf]
56
!& leh]/ gePsf]
!* ltGh] gePsf]
!( wf] gePsf]
@) Nffjg @)&@.)(.!$
@! zx/tf/f gePsf]
@@ d'sf]6 gePsf]
@# 5fsf{ gePsf]
@$ hDdf
;|ft] M vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;=l8=sf= , 8f]Nkf
kl/jf/n] lkpg] kfgLsf] d'Vo ;|f]t
;fj{hlgs zf}rfnosf] ;+Vof M #

Gofo / sfg'g ;DalGw ljj/0f
sf/fuf/
s}bL / y'g'jf /fVg ;lsg] Ifdtf M -!) dlxnf, !% k'?if_
xfn sf/fuf/df /x]sf y'g'jf ;+Vof M -) dlxnf & k'?if_
y'g'jf / s}bL ljj/0f
;|f]t M sf/fuf/ zfvf, 8f]Nkf

y'g'jf / s}bLsf] pd]/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f
57
lhNnf k|x/L sfo{nodf btf{ ePsf d'2f ;DalGw ljj/0f
cf=j= )^(.&), )&).&! / )&!.&@ df lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f
;|f]t M lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, 8f]Nkf
cf=j= )^(.&), )&).&! / )&!.&@ df lhNnf cbfntdf btf{, km5\of]6{ / afFsL ePsf d'2f ;DaGwL ljj/0f
;|f]t M lhNnf cbfnt, 8f]Nkf
58
;~rf/ ;DaGwL ljj/0f
;xsf/L ;:yfx? ;DalGw ljj/0f

qm=;= lsl;d ;+Vof -@)&# h]i7 ;DDf_
!= Afrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ^
@= ax'p2]ZoLo ;xsf/L (
#= s[lif ;xsf/L !@
$= pkef]Qmf ;xsf/L !*
%= h8La'6L ;xsf/L (
;|f]t M lhNnf ;xsf/L sfof{no, h'Dnf
a}s tyf lalQo ;+:yfx? ;DalGw ljj/0f

8f]Nkf lhNnfdf laut s]xL aif{b]lv a}+s tyf lalQo ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof tyf sf/f]af/df pNn]vlgo ?kdf
a[l4 ePsf] 5 . h;dWo] jfl0fHo a}+sx? @ j6f, ljsf; a}+s ! j6f, n3'ljQ sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yf ! /x]sf] 5 .
59
JolQmut 36gf btf{ ;DalGw ljj/0f
;|f]t M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, 8f]Nkf

jg h+un M
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] s"n jgIf]qsf] s/Lj #) k|ltzt If]q z]–kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h leq kb{5 eg] afFls jgIf]q
/fli6«o jgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf] ufpmj:tL glhs /x]sf jgIf]qx? ;fd'bflos jgsf] ?kdf :yfgLo
pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k xfn;Dd o; lhNnfdf %! j6f ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmmf ;d'xx? u7g eO{ (^)%=&! x]S6/ jgIf]q ;fd'bflos jgsf] ?kdf x:tfGt/0f eO{ jgsf] ;+/If0f,
;Daw{g, Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;b'kof]u :yfgLo pkef]Qmf dfkm{t eO{ /x]sf] 5 . h;af6 $@(& 3/w'/Lx? k|ToIf
?kdf nfeflGjt eO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
To:t} u/LjLsf] /]vfd"gLsf hg;d'bfonfO{ x}l;ot ljlu|Psf] emf8Lo"Qm jgIf]q sj'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf lbO{
pgLx?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] g]kfn /sf/sf] gLlt cg'?k o; lhNnfdf klZrd pRr kxf8L u/LjL
lgjf/0f cfof]hgf dfkm{t sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L xfn;Dd ^^ j6f sj'lnotL jg ;d'xx? u7g u/L To;af6
(@! 3/w'/L k|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt eO{ /x]sf 5g\ .
lhNnfdf kfOg] jgsf] jlu{s/0f M

o; lhNnfsf] jgnfO{ prfO{ tyf xfjfkfgL / oxfF kfOg] k|d'v jg:klt÷?v k|hfltsf cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhd
jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ prfO{ tyf xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df jgsf] jlu{s/0f M

-!_ pkf]i0f vf]6];Nnf]sf] jg (Sub-Tropical coniferous Forest) M
60
nueu %)))—%%)) lkm6sf] prfO{ e]/L gbL tl6o If]qx? cf;kf; ;fdfGotof blIf0fL tyf blIf0f–k"jL{
df]x8fdf Lower Dolpa If]qdf o; k|sf/sf] jg kfOG5 . t/ o; k|sf/sf] jg Hofb} sd If]qdf kfOG5 . cGo
k|hfltx?df sfs8l;+uL, dnftL cflb kfOG5g\ .
-@_ tNnf] ;dzLtf]i0f jg (Lower Temperate Forest) M

;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 nueu %))) lkm6 b]lv *))) lkm6 ;Ddsf] prfO{df o; lsl;dsf] jg kfOg5 . o;
jgIf]qdf kfOg] k|dv
' k|hfltx?df uf]j;| Nnf] (Pinus wllichiana), l7+u/' ] ;Nnf] (Abies pindrow), w'kL
(Juniperus spp), b]j bf/ (Cedrus deodara), e' mn]; Nnf] , ef]h kq (Betula utilis), nfnL u'/ fF ;
(Rhododendron arboreum), v:o"{ (Qurecus semecarpifolia), vf]N;fvf]N;L tyf cf]l;nf] efudf ef]6]
lkkn (Populus ciliata) cflb kb{5g\ .
-#_ pRr ;dzLtf]i0f jg (Upper Temperate Forest) M

;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 *))) lkm6 b]lv !@))) lkm6;Ddsf] prfO{df o; k|sf/sf] jg kfOG5 . o; jgdf kfOg]
k|d'v k|hfltx?df w'kL, uf]a];
| Nnf], l7+u'/] ;Nnf], ef]hkq, P;/ k|hflt, cf]v/, uf]a|;Nnf] / o;;Fu kfOg] cGo
P:;f]l;o6 k|hfltx? h:t} Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Tsuga dumosa, Taxus baccata cflb
x'g .
-$_ lxdfnL jg
of] jg !@))) lkm6 eGbf dflysf] prfO{df kfOG5 . o; If]qdf k|foM lxp hld/xg] x'gn] xf]rf], sfF8b] f/,
af+uf]l6+uf] lsl;dsf k|hfltx?, xf]rf] u'/fF; k|hfltx? kfOG5g\ .
-v_ k|hfltsf cfwf/df jgsf] jlu{s/0f M

-!_ sf]0fwf/L jg (Coniferuus Forest) M
o; lsl;dsf] jgdf d"VotofM vf]6];Nnf], uf]j|];Nnf], e'mn];Nnf], l7+u'/] ;Nnf], b]jbf/, w'kL;Nnf] cflb k|hfltx?
kb{5g\ .
-@_ ldl>t jg (Mixed Broad leaved and conifer Forest) M

o; lsl;dsf] jgdf rf}8fkft] / sf]0fwf/L k|hfltsf] ldl>t jg h+un kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] jgdf kfOg] k|d'v
k|hfltx?df uf]j];
| Nnf], e'mn];Nnf], nfnL u'/fF;, v:o"{, lkm/lkm/] -ltnfOnf]_, cf]v/, afFem cflb kfOG5g\ .
-#_ s8f sf7sf] jg (Hardwood Forest) M

o; lsl;dsf] jg o; lhNnfdf w]/} sd kfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] jgdf kfOg] k|d'v k|hfltx?df cf]v/, v:o"{,
afFem, h}t'g -nf]6L_ cflb kb{5g\ .
LRMP -!(*(_ åf/f lnOPsf] xjfO{ kmf]6f]af6 lgsflnPsf] k|fKt tYof+s cg';f/ jg h+undf kfOg] k|hfltsf
cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] If]qkmn / df}h'bf cfotg /x]sf] kfOG5 M
61
lhNnfdf kfOg] k|hfltut cfotgsf] ljj/0f M
qm=;+= k|hfltsf] lsl;d If]qkmn -x]S6/_ cfotg -So"=lkm6_ k|ltzt
!= sf]0fwf/L jg #&(#!=%) *#*%)#%=&) %*=!)
@= s8f sf7sf] jg $$(%=() %(#&!@=%) ^=**
#= ldl>t jg !(!&*=@) @@@!#$#=#) @(=#*
$= emf8Lo'Qm jg #^&&=^) — %=^#
hDdfM– ^%@*#=#) !!@)))(!=%) !))
;DefJo sj'lnotL jg If]q (Potential Leasehold Forest) M

DEPROX-NEPAL (2007) sf cg';f/ o; lhNnfsf] @# j6f uf=lj=;=x?df b]xfo adf]lhd ;DefJo sj'lnotL
jgIf]q /x]sf] kfOG5 M
uf=lj=;= cg';f/ 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf /x]sf] ;DefJo sj'lnotL jgIf]qsf] ljj/0f M
qm=;+= uf=lj=;= sf] ;DefJo sj'lnotL xfn;Dd x:tfGt/Lt s}lkmot
gfd jgIf]q -x]S6/_ If]qkmn -x]S6/_
!= 5fsf{
@= wf]
#= b'g}
$= h'kmfn —
%= sfOufp —
^= Sflnsf
&= NxfF —
*= Nfjg
(= lns'
!)= Dfemkmfn
!!= d'sf]6
!@= gs'{
!#= kxf8f
!$= /x
!%= l/dL
!^= zx/tf/f
!&= ;dL{
!*= ;'F —
!(= ltGh]
@)= lqk'/fsf]6
@!= leh]/ —
@@= ;fNbfª —
@#= kmf]S;'08f] —
hDdfM
62
h8La'6L tyf cGo u}x|sffi7 jg k}bfjf/x?sf] ljj/0f M
ef}uf]lns cj:yfdf ePsf] ljljwtfsf sf/0f of] lhNnf h8La'6L tyf cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/df wgL 5 . oxfF
k|z:t dfqfdf h8La'6L tyf cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? kfOg] / ltgLx? clwsf+z High Value low Volume
cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o;y{ klg of] lhNnf Herbal Zone sf] ?kdf kl/lrt 5 . oxfF kfOg] k|d'v h8La'6L tyf cGo
u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv
' h8La'6L Pj+ cGo u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x? M
63
jGo hGt' (Wild Life) M
8f]Nkf lhNnf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] wgL lhNnf xf] . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf lxdfnL tyf cGo jGohGt'x?
kfOG5g\ . h;nfO{ tflnsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kfOg] jGohGt'x? M
64
(Aves) (Milvus migans) (Neophron percnopterus)
(Lophophorus impejanus), (Tragopan satyra)
(Lophura leucomelana) (Catreus wallichii)
(Megalaima virens) (Francolinus fracolinus)
(Orthotomus sutorius) (Streptopellia chinensis)
(Pycnonotus leucogenys) (Bubo bubo)
(Corvus macrohynchos)
(Streptopelia senegalensis)
(Himalayan Pit Viper)
(Reptiles) (Himali Rock Lizard)
(Amphibians)
(Pises) (Schizothorax nepalensis) (Acrossocheilus
hezagonolepsis)
(Apis dorsata) (Peiris brassica)
(Julus sps
jgsf] jt{dfg cj:yf M
! ;fd'bflos jg M
o; lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos jg x:tfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof z'?sf jif{x?df ;+VofTds lx;fjdf b|'t ultdf a9]klg
jgsf] cj:yf, x}l;ot tyf u'0f:t/df eg] cfzfltt pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fd'bflos jg x:tfGt/
0f kZrft\ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?sf] ;b'kof]usf] If]qdf ;xhtf cfPklg clwsf+z ;fd'bflos jgx?df jg
Joj:yfkgsf] kIf eg] Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . o; lhNnfdf xfn;Dd %! j6f ;fd'bflos jgx?
x:tfGt/0f eO{ ;s]sf 5g\ . xfn cfP/ gofF ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x u7g tyf jg x:tfGt/0fsf] dfu
g/x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn cfP/ ljBdfg ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg' ckl/
xfo{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 / lhNnf jg sfof{no, 8f]Nkf o;} lbzfdf cu|;/ ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jg ;DalGw lj:t[t
ljj/0f cg';"rL–=== df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f/f+z ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M
-s_ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d'x u7g ;+Vof M %! uf]6f
-v_ xfn;Dd x:tfGt/Lt ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+Vof M %! uf]6f
-u_ x:tfGt/L jgsf] s"n If]qkmn M (^)%=&( x]S6/-@)&@ ciff9 d;fGt ;Dd gljs/0f x'bf_
-3_ lhNnfsf] s"n If]qkmnsf] M !=@! k|ltzt
-ª_ lhNnfsf] s"n jg If]qsf] M !%=(^ k|ltzt
-r_ ;fd'bflos jgaf6 nfeflGjt 3/w'/L ;+Vof M $@(&
-5_ dlxnf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+Vof M ^ uf]6f
@ ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jg M
o; lhNnfdf a;f]jf; ug]{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?sf] kxF'r gePsf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qx? ;/sf/åf/f Jojl:yt jgsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 . ;'Vvf Pjd\ Cold Desert sf] ?kdf /x]sf o; If]qdf s'g}klg ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k"jf{wf/x?af6 jl~rt
65
/x]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] w]/} If]qx? kf6g -3fF;] d}bfg_ sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . kf6g If]qx?af6 jif]{gL 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
of;f{u'Daf nufotsf cgo jx'dN" o h8La'6Lx? ;+sng ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h'g 8f]Nkf lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]
k|d'v /fhZjsf] >f]t xf] . hg r]tgfsf] sld, jgIf]qx?df x'g] cTolws r/Lr/0f, nfkjf{xLk"0f{ pkef]u,
lgoldth;f] cfunfuL h:tf sf/0f jgsf] cj:yfdf s]lx x|f; cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
# sj'lnotL jg M
cf=j= @)^@÷)^# b]lv s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if (International Fund For Agricultural
Development) sf] C0f ;xof]udf bf];|f] r/0faf6 o; lhNnfsf !) j6f uf=lj=;=x?df ;+rflnt klZrd pRr
kxf8L u/LjL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf cGtu{t sj'lnotL jg tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ ;+efu tkm{ sj'lnotL jg
ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lyof] h; cGtu{t xfn;Dd ^^ uf]6f sj'lnotL jg ;d'xx? u7g eO{
#$%=%) x]S6/ jg If]q sj'lnotL jgsf] ?kdf k§f x:tfGt/0f eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . h;af6 (@! 3/w'/L nfeflGjt
ePsf 5g\ .
$ gLlh jg M
oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/sf] cefj, l;+rfO{sf] c;'ljwf, ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL, Go"g s[lifof]Uo hldg cflbsf sf/0f o;
lhNnfdf gLlh jg k|lt oxfFsf jfl;Gbfx? Tolt pT;flxt b]lvb}gg\ . sfof{nosf] tYof+s cg';f/ xfn ;Dd o;
lhNnfdf @ uf]6f gLlh jgx? btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 h;df b'g} uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! df >L nIdLz/0f pkfWofosf]
gfddf @=%# x]S6/ If]qkmn ePsf] ldlt @)%^÷)!÷@$ df btf{ ePsf] tyf )=)&*^ x]S6/ ePsf] cf=j=
@)^^÷)^& df btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
% wfld{s jg M
8f]Nkf lhNnf wfld{s tyf k'/ftflTjs b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ ePklg xfn;Dd o; lhNnfdf s'g} klg wfld{s jg
btf{ ePsf] b]lvb}g .
cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷)&! b]lv cf=j= @)&$÷)&% ;Dd kfFr jif{df ;+sng ug{ ;lsg] u}x|sfi7 jg
k}bfjf/x?sf] ljj/0f
66
;t"jf
u'lR5Rofp
Sfnfbfgf
laifh/f
sfFs8l;FuL
e'Ts];
Aff]emf]
of;f{u'Daf
8fn]rs '
;]ts lrgL
;f]dntf
;Nnfsf] l;D6f
cNnf]
cdna]b
l6d'/
jg nx;'g
ah|blGt
ljleGg h8La'6Lx?sf] /fhZj b/
qm=;= h8La'6Lsf] gfd /fhZj b/ s}l kmot

! e'Ts]; %
@ h6fd;L
# ah|blGt %
$ s'/Lnf]
% ;'uGwjfn !%
^ kbdrfn
& kfif0fa]b %
* clQ;
( s6'sL
!) cdna]b
!! l;nflht
12 lr/fO{tf]
67
jg h+un ;DaGwL ljj/0f
lhNnf jg sfof{no 8f]Nkf cGtu{t b'g,} h'kmfn, zx/tf/f / lqj]0fL u/L rf/j6f Onfsf jg sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\ .
;|f]t M lhNnf jg sfof{no, 8f]Nkf

e'pkof]usf] t'ngfTds l:ylt
68
8f]Nkfdf xfn;Dd x:tfGtl/t sa'lnotL jgsf] ljj/0f
Hfg;+Vof
s|=;++ sa'l notL jg pkef]Q mf ;d"x 7]ufgf 3/w'/ L ;+Vof
d= K'f= hDdf
1 b]p/fnL sa'lnotL j=p= ;d"x Nffjg – & !$ ## #) ^#
2 l6lnsf sa'lnotL j=p= ;d"x Nffjg – * ( @) !$ #$
3 KffF;/ sa'lnotL j=p= ;d"x Nffjg – * ( @@ !& #(
4 l5ldvf]nf sa'lnotL j=p= ;d"x Nffjg – % !@ #) #$ ^$
5 g]n'u+jf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – % !@ #$ @* ^@
6 t]sL{ sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – % !@ #! @& %*
7 Tffl5dL sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – #,$ @) %$ %^ !!)
8 Tffhd sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – #,$ @! ^% %( !@$
9 Gffn} sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – #,$ @) %^ %# !)(
10 o'N;f sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – ( !@ #& @* ^%
11 cfs] sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – ( !@ @^ @# $(
12 Nffn'u+jf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Nffjg – ( !@ @* #) %*
13 u}f/Lkfvf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – ( & @) #! %!
14 Dffemvf]nf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – ( & !( !* #&
15 9'u+]vf]nf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – ( !! #! #% ^^
16 afUb'nf sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – $ !% $) $! *!
17 lgkfg] sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – ^ !! #! #! ^@
18 >Lb]jL sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – !,# !! ## @$ %&
19 eL/k}/L sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x sflnsf – & !! #& #) ^&
20 t]5ggkfN/L sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Zfx/tf/f – ! * @& !* $%
21 R5'd'n'u+ sa'lnotL j=p=;d"x Zfx/tf/ – ! * #@ @$ %^
69
70
Hfg;+Vof
s|=;++ sa'l notL jg pkef]Q mf ;d"x 7]ufgf 3/w'/ L ;+Vof
d= K'f= hDdf
71
72
73
74
Hfg;+Vof
s|=;++ sa'l notL jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x 7]ufgf 3/w'/ L ;+Vof
d= K'f= hDdf
75
76
77
lhNnfsf] cf= j= @)&!. &) sf] d'Vo k|hftLsf] /fh:j b//]6
78
79
lgjf{rg ;DalGw ljj/0f

hDdf dtbftf ;+Vof – !$,*^)
v;]sf] dt – !#,@((
;b/ dt – !@,*^*
ab/ dt – $#!
ljho pDd]bjf/
;+ljwfg ;dfg'k flts
qm=;+= /fhg}lts bnsf] gfd ;dfg'k flts lgjf{rg lrGx k|ToIf dt
;ef ;b:o k|ToIf tkm{ dt
tkm{
!= g]kfnL sfu|]; ! – ?v (&$ @@^^
@= g]=s=kf= Pdfn] ! wg axfb'/ a'9f ;"o{ ^(*& %#!(
#= Plss[t dfcf]jfbL ! – Uff]nfsf/leq @&&$ #!*(
x+l;of xyf}8f
$= g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ ! – Dfbn ) &
%= g]=s=kf= dfn] – – x+l;of / tf/f !^) @^&
^= /f=k|=kf= – – – xnf] !%#
&= /f=k|=kf= -g]kfn_ – – – ufO{ #@@ *)$
*= /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ – – – lunf; @( **
(= d=h=kmf]=g]=-nf]stflGqs_ – – – gd:sf/ u/]sf] #* !#@
xft
!)= t/fO{ dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{ – – – hf]8f uf]? ) ^*
;|f]t M lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no, 8f]Nkf

s[lif ;DalGw ljj/0f
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no cGt{ut $ j6f s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
sfof{non] % uf=lj=;= x]g]{ ub{5 To;}ul/ zx/tf/f ;]jf s]Gb|n] * uf=lj=;=, sfO{ufp ;]jf s]Gb|n] @ uf=lj=;=,
gs'{ ;]jf s]Gb|n] # uf=lj=;= / lqk'/fsf]6 ;]jf s]Gb|n] % uf=lj=;=df ;]jf lbPsf] 5 .
e"–pkof]u M
80
l;lr+t If]q !*#$ x]=
jif{ e/L l;rfO[ x'g] !%&% x]=
df};dL -vf]nfkfg]_ @^) x]=
r/g If]qn] 9fs]sf] @$(&#! x]=
cGo glb, vf]nf $#%!*$ x]=
e"–pkof]u M
lhNnfsf] s'n If]qkmn M &((*)) x]=
s'n s[lif of]Uo e'dL M (#)) x]=
s'n v]tL ul/Psf] hldg M ^%^) x]=
l;lr+t -v]t_ M @)! x]=
cl;lr+t -kfvf]_ M ^#%( x]=
l;lr+t If]q M !*#$ x]=
jif{ e/L l;rfO[ x'g] M !%&% x]=
df};dL -vf]nfkfg]_ M @^) x]=
r/g If]qn] 9fs]sf] M @$(&#! x]=
cGo glb, vf]nf M $#%!*$ x]=
lhNnfsf] d'Vo afnL rqm

wfg – hf} – wfg
wfg – vfnL – sf]bf]
sf]bf] – hf} – wfg
wfg – ux'F – lrg'
wfg – l;dL –
hf} – lrg' –
hf} – kmfk/ –
cfn' – hf} –
cfn' – ux'F –
vfnL – ds} –
s[lif kfqf]
81
;|f]t MlhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no 8f]Nkf
t/sf/L afnLsf] If]qkmn tyf pTkfbg
82
;|f]t MlhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no 8f]Nkf
s[lifrng sf] ;+Vof tyf If]qkmn
;|f]t M /fli6«o s[lifu0fgf @)^*

s[lifrng cGtu{t If]qkmn tyf lsQfsf] ljj/0f
83
hUufsf] pkof]u cg';f/ hUufsf] If]qkmn hgs
;|f]t M /fli6«o s[lifu0fgf @)%* / @)^*
84
:jfldTj cg';f/ hUufsf] If]qkmn
>f]t M /f=s[lif u0fgf @)%* / @)^*

s[lif pkhsf] ck|ofKttf tyf ck|ofKttf k'lt{ ug]{ dfWod
>f]t M /f=s[lif u0fgf @)%* / @)^*
s[lif C0fsf] ;|ft] / C0f lng'sf] p2]Zo M

s[lif C0f lnPsf yk s[lif C0fsf] yk C0f cfjZos ePsf
l;=g+= C0fsf] ;|f]t k|ltzt k|ltzt
kl/jf/ ;+V of p2]Zo s[lif kl/jf/ ;+Vof
;xsf/Laf6 kz' tyf k+lIfkfng

s[lif ljsf; a}+sjf6 s[lif cf}hf/
cGo a}+s tyf ljlQo ;+:yf l;+r fO{
s[ifs ;d'x df5fkng
dlxnf ;d'x dn tyf aLpm
gft]bf/af6 cGo
cGo hDdf s[lif qm0f rfxg] s[ifs
s[lif C0f lnPsf
s[lif C0f glnPsf
hDdf
>f]t M /f=s[lif u0fgf @)%* / @)^*
85
kz'kIfL ;DalGw ljj/0f
kz';j] f s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x?
kz'hGo kbfy{ pTkfbg ljj/0f
86
;|f]t M lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, 8f]Nkf
kz'kIfL tyf kz'hGo kbfy{sf] lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L

cf=j= )&!.&@ sf] d;fGt ;Dd 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kz'kIfL tyf kz'hGo kbfy{sf] lgsf;L tyf k}7f/L ljj/0f
qm=;+= kz'hGo kbfy{ Cfoft lgof{t s}l kmot
O{sfO kl/df0f O{sfO kl/df0f
! ;f9] j6f j6f
@ e};L ,,
# Jffvf| ,,
$ y'df ,, j6f
% 3f]8f ,,
^ J+fu/' ,,
& s'v'/f ,,
* v/fof] ,,
( df;' -e]8fafv|fsf]_ s]=hL=
!) df;' -s'v'/fsf]_ d]=6=
!! b'w s]=hL
!@ Wo" ,, s]=hL
!# 5fnf j6f
!$ pg s]=hL
!% lnp j6f
!^ km]?jf j6f
!& /f8L j6f
!* km'n j6f
kz'kfng;+u ;DaGwLt ljljw laa/0f
qm=;+= ljj/0f ;+Vof s}l kmot
! 8]/L ! cf=j= )&).&! sf] d;fGt ;Dd
@ e]8f kfng pBf]u #& Æ
# Dff;' k;n !) Æ
87
lhNnfdf ;lqmo ?kdf sfo{/t /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ljj/0f
laB't phf{ / gjLs/0fLo phf{ ;DalGw ljj/0f

qm=;= cfof]hgfsf] lsl;d u|fxs ;+Vof k|d'v uf=lj=;=x?
! :yfgLo pTkfbLt ljh'nL !,&@) b'g}, h'kmfn, ;' / lqk'/fsf]6
@ dfO{qmf] xfO{8«f]
# jfof]Uof; ! ! ;fNbfª
$ ;f]nf/ #,&&) b'g} / h'kmfn jfx]ssf

#,&&) uf=lj=;=
lh=lj=;= 8f]Nkf
88
hn laB't cfof]hgfx?
o; lhNnfdf xfn ;Dd ;~rflnt n3' hnljB'tx? tn tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; afx]s lhNnfsf
ljleGg gbLgfnfaf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf ;DefAotf cWoog eO{ lgdf{0fsf] tof/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfdf
;~rflnt n3' hnljB'tx?
cfof]h gf :yn pTkfbg Ifdtf -
s|=;= cfof]h gfsf] gfd 3/w'/ L ;Vof+
-uflj;_ ls=jf=_
! 3§]vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf dfemkmfn #) @^&
@ sfl;nvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf sflnsf @% #)$
# bf]rfn3f6 n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf kmf]S;'G8f] !% *$
$ km]bLvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf gs'{ !* !*$
% vfnL 5x/fvf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf kfxf8f !)) !))*
^ /f]nfuf8 n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf dfemkmfn @& @%@
& cfv] vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf /x %! #@&
* vftL vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf Nxf *) &(@
@)&#÷&$ :jLs[t x'g] cfof]hgf
! kmf]S;'G8f] vf]nf hnljB't cfof]hgf kmf]S;'G8f] @) !!)
@ Dfukf]/Ë vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf leh]/ !% (!
# s'df; vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf ;fNbfË *) %!&
$ d]x] vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf ltGh] %@ @^)
% gf;] vf]nf n3' hnljB't cfof]hgf wf] $@ @)@
;|f]t M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, 8f]Nkf
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] Hofnf b//]6 ;DalGw ljj/0f
89
cf=j=&!÷&@ b/ cf=j=&@÷&# b/
qm=;= ljj/0f OsfO{
tNnf] If]q ef]6 If]q tNnf] If]q ef]6 If]q
!# Uofljg a'Gg] ld:qL k|lt >dlbg *!) (^) *(! !)%^
!$ :6f]g s6/ k|lt >dlbg &)) *#) &&) (!#
!% El/of 3f]8fjfnf k|lt >dlbg ^%) *@% &!% ()&
;|f]t M lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, 8f]Nkf
8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] uf=lj=;= cg';f/ kl/jf/ ;+Vof / hg;+Vof ljj/0f

leh]/ uf=lj=;
5fsf{ uf=lj=;=
90
wf] uf=lj=;=
b'g} uf=lj=;=
h'kmfn uf=lj=;=
91
sfO{ufpF uf=lj=;=
sflnsf uf=lj=;=
Nffjg uf=lj=;=
Jf8f kl/jf/ ;+Vof hDDff k'?if Dflxnf
92
Nxf+ uf=lj=;=
lns'+ uf=lj=;=
Dffemkmfn uf=lj=;=
93
d'sf]6 uf=lj=;=
gs'{ uf=lj=;=
kxf8f uf=lj=;=
94
kmf]S;'G8f] uf=lj=;=
/x uf=lj=;=
l/dL uf=lj=;=
95
zx/tf/f uf=lj=;=
zfNbfË uf=lj=;=
;ld{ uf=lj=;=
96
;' uf=lj=;=
ltGh] uf=lj=;=
lqk'/fsf]6 uf=lj=;=
97
;+:yfut
Jf8f kl/jf/ ;+Vof hDDff k'?if Dlxnf
8f]Nkf lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ;+3;+:yfgx?sf] ;Dks{ gDa/x? M
98
8f]Nkf lhNnfdf btf{ ePsf ;+3 ;:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f
.स. सं थाको नाम ठेगाना उ ेय स पक य ी कैिफयत
१ रा सेवक पुर कार कोष डो%पा सवा&ीण िवकास शे

रवहादुर ढु &ाना
२ वण ज.मो/सव मेिडवैक डो%पा वा 1य स वि.ध काम गन4 अजुन वहादुर शाही
वहु आयािमक सामािजक तथा वातावरण सं र9ण मोितपुर िश9ा, वा 1य <कोप यव थापन ई.:वहादुर कठायत
३
िवकास के.: स व.धी काम गन4
४ डो%पा िवकास सं गठन स.तती अनी पयटन दुनै स.तराम थकाली
५ सामािजक िबकास एवं पयावरण सं र9ण काय म दुनै
६ िEपुरा साँि त िवकास सिमित िEपुराकोट
७ िप की िसचाई जल उपभो ा सं था मुकोट िसचाई स व.धी काम गन4 Kा%जन गुL&
८ भानु सािह/य पिरषद दुनै सािहि/यक िवकासका लािग काम गन4 अशोक कुमार हमाल
९ मिहला िश9ा तथा वातावरण िवकास काय म डो%पा वा 1य िश9ा जनचेतना भ वहादुर थापा
१० Qािमण िवकास सामािजक सेवा पिरयोजना डो%पा डो%पा Qािमण िवकासमा काम गन4 <ताप हमाल
साझेदारी वावल वन पिरयोजना माझफाल िश9ा वा 1य, जनचेतना र वातावरण च.:वहादुर रोकाया
११
स वि.ध काम गन4
डो%पो शैि9क सामािजक तथा पयावरण सं र9ण डो%पा िश9ा, वा 1य, जनचेतना, जिडवुिट हं सवहादुर शाही
१२
काय म स व.धी काय गन4
बहु आयािमक सामािजक तथा वातावरण संर9ण मोितपुर िश9ा वा 1य <कोप यव थापन ई.: बहादुर कठायत
१३
के.: स बि.ध काम गन4
१४ िडिब वSयान <ितTान िEपुराकोट िदल बहादुर िबV
वातावरण संर9ण तथा वा 1यसं घ ने
पाल डो%पा िश9ा, वा 1य, जनचेतना, जिडवुिट युवराज शाही
१५
स व.धी काय गन4
१६ डो%पा सवाि&ण िवकास समाज दुन-ै १ सामुद ाियक कायहL गन4 पदमकुमारी शाही
१७ बाला िEपुरा सु.दरी िबकास अ9य कोष िEपुराकोट २ धािमक कायहY गन4 ओम बहाद रु बुढा
आदश समाज सुधार मिहला समूह जुफाल िश9ा, वा 1य, कृषी जिडवुिट स वि.ध ई.:कुमारी शाही
१८
काम गन4
99
100
101
102
103
104
.स. सं थाको नाम ठेगाना उ ेय स पक य ी कैिफयत
१८६ दाजुभाई युवा ]लव िEपुराकोट प^ वहादुर उखे

डा
१८७ सामुदाियक सं र9ण तथा िवकास के.: आङवहादुर लामा
१८८ पिरवतनकारी यूवा ]लव पाहाडा कणच.: रोकाया
१८९ पु-गु बा समाज सेवा सिमित ित.जे Kा%जन गुYङ ित.जे ८
१९० शे
-पयटन सं र9ण िबकास उपभो ा सिमित सा%दाङ ५ टासी तुaडुप गुYङ सा%दाङ ५
१९१ लकुद <ितTान
युवा खे दुनै १ जंग बहादुर रोकाया
१९२ गायिE पिरवार , डो%पा दुनै िbलाल ब ने
त
१९३ खसुडािल युबा ]लब माझफाल केशेबुढा माझफाल ९
१९४ महाकाल िसजनिशल युवा ]लव िEपुराकोट लाल<साद वोहोरा
पयटन िवकासका लािग कणाली उपभो ा सिमित दुनै पयटन, धािमक थलको सं र9ण, लdमी वोहोरा
१९५
भौितक पुवाधारको िवकास
काि.जरोवा Qािमण िवकास समूह िरिम १ पयटन, िश9ा, वा 1य, तथा जलवायु िवरवहादुर शाही िरमी १
१९६
पिरवतन स व.धी काय गन4
१९७ यासऋिष नाउरपानी युवा ]लव लावन अं गत वुढा लावन ७
१९८ धनषु युवा ]लव छाका छोटा गुL& छाका २
१९९ कृVल िड काईगाँउ राजवहादुर थापा, काईगाँउ ८
२०० लकूद <ितTान सं था
युवा खे डो%पा लकुद
खे जंगवहादुर रोकाया %हाँ ५
फो]सु.डो पुSमो कागमारा पयटकीय माग िनमाण डो%पा पयटकीय माग झोलु&ेपुल िनमाण सेरgक लामा
२०१
उपभो ा सिमित
२०२ दुनै hयाली ]लव दुनै १ लकूद, सचेतना
िश9ा, खे हरी <साद रोकाया
२०३
२०४ हे खोला लघु जलिवiुत आयोजना ित.जे कामा छोईवे
ल गुL& ित.जे १
२०५ िवकास र स वृि jका लािग कणाली सं गठन डो%पा हक वहादुर रोकाया दुनै १
२०६ यूनभ छोभा युवा ]लव ित.जे Kालज& गुL& ित.जे
२०७ मिहला सशि करण के.: डो%पा उिमला िव.क. सुँ ६
२०८ डो%पो टुमरो छाका छाका िछिर& स डुप गुL&
समु^ती र सुशासनका लािग नागिरक पहल-समु^त डो%पा होम वहादुर रोकाया
२०९
कणाली
२१०
२११ रािk भे
री सेवा समाज दुनै १ धनीराम म%ल
२१२ Qािमण शैि9क सामािजक तथा वातावरणीय सं र9ण दुनै १ सुमन थापा lqk'/fsf]6 $ 8f]Nkf .
२१३ छाका भोट आमा समूह छाका सोनाम िकजो& गुL& छाका ५
दुध दह िसमताल िनमाण तथा सं र9ण सिमित िEपुराकोट प.नवहादुर उखे
डा िEपुराकोट ३
२१४
२१५ छ कुनी ताल सं र9ण उपभो ा िनमाण सिमित रह ३ भोगे

.: <साद महत
२१६ छाका युवा क%याण ]लव छाका १ ु &
युङडुङ छेवाङ ग L
२१७ िमिलजुली समाज सेवा युवा ]लव लावन ५ म.डुक रोकाया
२१८ िहमाली समाज वृjाbम दुनै १ मनकुमारी वुढा
२१९ फो]सुaडो िवकास समाज फो]सुaडो
२२० घlेखोला युवा ]लब मझफाल
२२१ समावे
शी युवा ]लब माझफाल
२२२ डो%पो अगािनक कृिष यव थापन सिमित
२२३ छाका पयटन िवकास सिमित
२२४ डो%पो िवकास मm
२२५ dGdf ljsf; d~r h'kmfn z+s/ ljqmd zfxL
105
tYofÍ ;DaGwL P]g, lgod
tYof+s P]g, @)!%

nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldlt g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)!%÷*÷!) @)!%÷*÷!*
;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
!= tYofÍ -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)!* @)!*÷(÷!#
@= s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg / k'gMJofj:yfkg_, P]g, @)@) @)@)÷!!÷!^
#= ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* @)@*÷!@÷!^
$= tYofÍ -bf]If] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)#) @)#)÷!@÷!!
%= Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! @)#!÷$÷*
^= Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$# @)$#÷&÷@$
&= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* @)$*÷@÷!^
tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{sf] lgldQ ag]sf] P]g

hgtfnfO{ clws dfqfdf 7f]; lxt x'g] gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{, ;/sf/L ljefux?sf k|zf;sLo lgk'0ftf a9fpg /
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] oyfy{ 1fg k|fKt ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ oyfy{ cfwf/ rflxPsf] / To:tf] cfwf/
h'6fpg tYofÍ ;+sng;DjGwL ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{ / tYofÍ ;ª\sng, ;u|x, k|sfzg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfdsf]
lgldQ Ps s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] :yfkgf u/L zflGt / Joj:yf Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf / cfly{s lxt sfod
/fVg jf~5gLo ePsf]n] >L % dxf/fhflw/fhjf6 dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ of] P]g agfO{ hfl/ul/aS;]sf] 5 .
!= ;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/De M

-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd …tYofÍ P]g, @)!%Ú /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g g]kfn e/d'ns' df nfu' x'g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M– laifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf –

-s_ …clwsf/ k|fKt clws[tÚ eGgfn] of] P]g cGtu{t ;ª\sng ug'{kg]{ tYofÍ / vj/sf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng
ug{ ;'lrt cfb]z4f/f clwsf/ lbOPsf] clws[t ;Semg' k5{ .
-v_ …dxflgb]z{ sÚ eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/jf6 lgo'Qm s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ …;'lrt cfb]zÚ eGgfn] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt cfb]z ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ …ljefusf] clws[tÚ eGgfn] tf]lsPasf]lhd s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] clws[t egL lgo'Qm ePsf] JoflQm
;Demg' k5{ .
-ª_ …tf]sLPsf]Ú jf …tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]Ú eGgfn] of] P]g cGt{ut ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] ;Demg'k5{ .
106
#= ljj/0f bflvnf u/fpg] clwsf/L M– >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]z4f/f s'g}ju{sf] JolQmx?sf] ef]u rng
jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] ;f]xL cfb]zdf tf]sLPsf] s'/f;DjGwL tf]sLPsf] vj/, nfut / tYofÍsf] tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf]
ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf dxflgb]{zs 5]p bflvnf ug{ To:tf] JolQmnfO{ cfb]z ug{ ;S5 .
$= tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{ lgb]z { ug]{ clwsf/ M–

-!_ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] ;"lrt cfb]z2f/f o; bkmfdf n]lvPadf]lhd s'g} s'/fsf ;DjGwdf tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{
lgb]z
{ ug{ ;S5 ,
-@_ pk–bkmf -!_ cGt{ut lgsflnPsf] cfb]zåf/f b]xfoadf]lhd ug{ ;lsg]5 –
-s_ ;ª\sng ug'{ kg]{ va/sf] nfut tf]Sg],
-v_ To:tf] va/ ;ª\sng ug]{ sfdsf] lgldQ clwsf/ k|fKt clws[tx? lgo'Qm jf dgf]gLt ug]{, ltgLx?sf sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/x? tf]Sg] / Tof:tf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x? k|of]u tyf kfng ubf{ ltgLx?n] ckgfpg'
kg]{ sfo{ljlw tf]Sg], /
-u_ To:tf] cfb]zcGt{ut ;ª\sng ug{ kg]{ tYofÍ ;'ljwfk"js
{ ;ª\sng ug{sf] lglfQ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ljrf/
df cfjZos b]vLPsf jf cfsl:ds c? ;a} s'/fx?sf] Joj:yf .
%= ljj/0f bflvnf u/fpg] dxflgb]{zssf] clwsf/ M– dxflgb]{zsn] cfkm} jf c? s'g} clws[t4f/f s'g} JolQm
5]p lnlvt ;"rgf k7fO{ tf]lsPsf] s'/f;DjGwL tf]lsPsf] vj/, nut / tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] ljj/0f tf]lsPsf]
;dodf cfkm" 5]p bflvn ug{ To:tf] JoflQmnfO{ cfb]z ug{ ;S5 .
^= /]s8{ hfFRg] clwsf/ M – dxflgb]z

{ s jf lghsf] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL sfd ug]{ s'g} clwsf/ k|fKt clws[t
jf lgh4f/f bkmf % cGtu{t lnlvt ?kdf clwsf/ kfPsf] s'g} clws[tn] bkmf # jf bkmf $ cGtu{tsf] cfb]z
jf bkmf % cGtu{tsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] s'g} s'/fsf] ;Djgwdf tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug]{ k|of]hgsf] lgldQ jf o:tf]
cfb]z jf ;"rgfcGtu{t bflvn ePsf] s'g} nut, ljj/0f jf vj/ ;fFrf] xf] xf]Og eGg] hfFrsf] lgldQ
b]xfoadf]lhd ug{ ;S5 M–
-s_ s'g} vj/ jf ljj/0f bflvn ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo ePsf] s'g} JoflQmsf] ef]u rng jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] s'g} 3/
hUufdf k"j{ ;"rgf lbO{ dgfl;j dflkmssf] ;dodf k|j]z ug]{,
-v_ To:tf] JolQmsf] ef]u rng jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] s'g} lnlvt jf rLh cfkm" 5]p k]z ug]{ cfb]z lbg /
To;sf] hfFr ug{ /,
-u_ of] P]g cGtu{t ;ª\sng ug'{ kg]{ tYofÍ;DjGwL s'g} vj/ s'g} JolQmnfO{ yfxf 5 eGg] dgfl;j dflkmssf]
ljZjf; ePdf lgh;Fu s'g} k|Zg ;f]Wg] .
&= ljj/0f dfUg] clwsf/ M– dxflgb]{zsn] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf4f/f ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]sLPsf]
s'/f;DjGwL tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] vj/ jf tYofÍsf] tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf cfkm" 5]p
bflvnf ug{ s'g} ju{sf] JolQmnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;S5 .
& s=tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] ;jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{ M–
-!_ s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{no, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] jf o; p2]Zosf] nflu ;/sf/L ;xfotf k|fKt ;+:yf jf
107
ljb]zL JolQm jf ;+:yfn] Joj;flos p2]Zon] s'g} cfly{s s'/fsf] nut, vj/ jf tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{
rfx]df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ k5{ .
-@_ pk–bkmf -!_ adf]lhd tYofÍ ;+sng ug{sf] lgldQm :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{ rflxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] ;DjlGwt
tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f, ;f] ;ª\sng ul/g] Onfsf, ;ª\sng ubf{ ckgfOg] k|0ffnL jf sfo{qmdsf]
;DjGwdf lj:t[t ljj/0f s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pk–bkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{ dgfl;j b]vLPdf s]Gb|Lo tyofÍ ljefun] :jLs[lt lbg]5 /
To;/L :jLs[lt lbFbf ;f] ljefun] tYofÍ ;ª\sng ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ k|0fnL / cfjZos b]vLPsf cGo zt{
;d]t tf]lslbg ;Sg]5 .
& v=tYofÍnfO{ k|of]u jf k|sflzt ug'c{ l3 k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{ M–

-!_ bkmf & s= adf]lhd tYofÍ ;ª\sng ug{ :jls[lt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfn] tYofÍ ;ª\sng u/L To;nfO{
k|of]udf Nofpg jf k|sflzt ug'c{ l3 s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefujf6 k|df0fLt u/fpg'k5{ .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd tYofÍ k|df0fLt ubf{ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] s'g} vr{ Joxf]{g' kg]{ eP To:tf] vr{
;d]t tYofÍ k|df0fLt u/fpg rfxg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefunfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/L s'g} tYofÍ ljb]zL JoflQm, ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfnfO{
pknAw u/fpg' x'bF }g .
*= va/ jf ljj/0fsf] k|sfzgdf k|ltaGw M

-!_ bkmf # jf bkmf $ jf bkmf % jf bkmf ^ jf bkmf & cGt{ut bflvn ePsf] jf k|fKt ul/Psf] jf tof/ ePsf]
s'g} JolQmut jf s'g} kl/jf/ jf kmd{ jf sDkgL ;DaGwL ljj/0f jf vj/ jf To;sf] s'g} c+z ;f] vj/ jf
ljj/0f lbg] JolQmsf] jf lgh4f/f clwsf/ k|fKt k|ltlglwsf] lnlvt :jLs[lt ljgf dxflgb]{zs jf ljefusf]
clws[t jfx]s x? s;}nfO{ k|ToIf ?kjf6 b]vfpg jf k|sflzt ug{ x'b}g .
-@_ of] P]g cGt{ut d'2f rnfpg] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ To:tf] ljj/0f cbfntdf k]z ug{df pk–bkmf -!_ n] afwf
k'¥ofpg] 5}g .
(= ;hfoM–
;hfo -!_ bkmf # jf bkmf $ jf bkmf % cGt{ut s'g} vj/ jf ljj/0f lbg' kg]{ st{Jo ePsf s'g} JolQmn]
b]xfosf] s;"/ u/]df lghnfO{ To:tf] k|To]s s;'/sf] lgldQ ?=@)).– b'O{;o;Dd jf b'O{ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j}
;hfo x'g]5 .
-s_ hfgL hfgL To:tf] vj/ jf ljj/0f tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq glbPdf jf lbg OGsf/ u/]df, jf
-v_ hfgL hfgL s'g} em'§f vj/ jf ljj/0f lbPdf jf lbnfPdf, t/ o; pkbkmf cGt{ut ;hfo x'g] s;"/ s'g}
sDkgL jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] u/]sf]df ;f] s;"/ ePsf] s'/f cfkm"nfO{ yfxf lyPg jf ;f] s;'/ /f]Sg cfkm"n]
;se/ plrt k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]dfafx]s ;f] sDkgL jf ;+:yfsf] k|To]s
dxflgb]z
{ s, d}gh] /, ;]s6|] /L jf c? clws[t jf k|ltlglwnfO{ ?= #)).– tLg;o;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg
dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-@_ s'g} JolQmn] dxflgb]{zs jf lgh4f/f bkm ^ cGtu{t clwsf/ k|fKt s'g} clws[tnfO{ ;f] bkmfsf] v08 s
cGtu{t s'g} e/ hUufdf k|j]z ug]{ clwsf/sf] k|of]udf jfwf k'–ofPdf jf ;f] bkmfsf] v08 v cGtu{t k]z
ug{ lbOPsf] s'g} lnvt jf rLh hfgL hfgL k]z ug{ OGsf/ u/]df jf ;f] bkmfsf] v08 u cGtu{t ;f]lwPsf]
108
s'g} k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg OGsf/ u/]df jf hfgLhfgL em'§f pQ/ lbPdf lghnfO{ ?= !)).– Ps;o;Dd
h/Ljfgf jf Ps dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo xg]5 .
@ s bkmf & s adf]lhd :jLs[tL k|fKt u/L tYof+s ;+sng ug'{ kg]{df :jLs[tL k|fKt gu/L jf :jLs[tL k|bfg
ubf{ tf]lsPsf] k|0ffnL jf zt{ ljk/Lt x'g] u/L tYof+s ;+sng u/]df jf bkmf & v adf]lhd s'g} tYof+snfO{
k|of]udf Nofpg' jf k|sflzt ug'{cl3 k|dfl0ft u/fpg' kg]{df ;f] gu/fO{ k|ofudf Nofpg] JolQm jf ;+:yf /
k|sfzg ug]{ JolQmnfO{ To:tf] k|To]s s;'/ jfkt kfFrxhf/ ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf x'g]5 . t/ o; pkbkmf cGtu{t
;hfo x'g] s;'/ s'g} ;+u7Lt ;+:yfaf6 ePsf]df To:tf] s;"/ cfkm\gf] hfgsf/L j]u/ ePsf] xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{
;s]df To:tf] s;'/ jfktsf] ;hfo ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf] dxfk|aGws jf k|aGws jf k|dv ' nfO{ x'g]5 .
-#_ dxfk|aGws jf ljefusf] clws[t jf s'g} clwsf/ k|fKt clws[tn] b]xfPsf] s;'/ u/]df lghnfO{ To:tf]
k|To]s s;'/sf] lgldQ ? @)).– b'O;o;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
s_ bkmf * pNn+3g u/L s'g} va/ jf ljj/0f jf To;sf] s'g} c+z k|sfz u/]df jf
v_ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgod cGtu{t lbOPsf] cfb]z kfngf gu/]df jf kfng ug{ OGsf/
u/]df jf cfb]z kfng ubf{ plrt ;fjwfgL jf tTk/tf gb]vfPdf jf
u_ cfkm\gf] lhDdfdf /x]sf tYof+s ;DalGw /]s8{ nfk/jflxn] jf hfgL hfgL gi6 u/]df jf cGo lsl;daf6
To;df gf]S;fgL k'–ofPdf jf unt gtLhf lg:sg] u/L s'g} va/ lst]{ u/]df jf cGo tl/sfaf6 k|of]u
u/]df jf To:tf] /]s8{ cfkm\gf] JolQmut nfe jf cglws[t sfdsf] nflu k|of]u u/]df .
-$_ bkmf * pNn+3g u/L s'g} JolQmn] s'g} clwsf/ k|fKt clws[t jf ljefusf] clws[taf6 s'g} va/ jf
ljj/0f k|fKt u/]df lghnfO{ ? @)).–b'O{;o;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-%_ s'g} JolQmn] hgtfnfO{ of] P]g cGtu{t lbOPsf] s'g} cfb]zsf] kfngf gug'{ egL jf clwsf/ kfPsf s'g}
clws[t4f/f sfg'g adf]lhd dfluPsf] s'g} va/ jf ljj/0f jf ;f]lwPsf] s'g} k|Zgsf] pQ/ glbg' egL k|rf/
u/]df lghnfO{ ? %)).– kfFr;o;Dd h/Ljfgf jf kfFr dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
!)= d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/ / k'g/fj]bgM– -!_ o; P]g cGtu{t b]xfosf] s;'/sf] ;DaGwdf sf/jfxL / ;hfo ug]{
clwsf/ b]xfosf] clwsf/L jf cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 .
s_ bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf !,@,% sf] s;'/ ;+aGwdf k|dv ' lhNnf clwsf/L,
v_ bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf @ s sf] s;'/ ;+aGwdf dxflgb]{zs /
u_ bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf #,$ sf] s;'/sf] ;DaGwdf lhNnf cbfnt.
-@_ /fhkqf+lst clws[tsf] ;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt / s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf sd{rf/Lsf
;DaGwdf dxflgb]z { ssf] cg'dlt geO{ of] P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s'g} s;'/sf] ;DaGwdf s'g} ph'/ nfUg]
5}g .
-#_ pkbkmf ! adf]lhd k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L jf dxflgb]{zsn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg nfUg]5 .
!) s_ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{;Sg]M– bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 v adf]lhd dxflgb]{zsnfO{ ePsf]
clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L s'g} clws[tn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!! >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]M– o; P]g cGtu{t d'2fdf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jfbL x'g]5 .
!@ cfb]zdf k|Zg p7\g g;Sg]M– of] P]g4f/f k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L lbO{Psf] s'g} cfb]zsf ;DaGwdf
s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] 5}g .
109
!# lgod agfpg] clwsf/M– of] P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg ;Sg]5 .
!$ vf/]hLM–hgu0fgf P]g @)!# vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
tYofÍ‚
tYofÍ sfof{no ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
sfof{nosf] kl/ro, cjl:ylt
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] :yfkgf tYofÍ P]g @)!% adf]lhd lj=;+=@)!% ;fn dfu{ !% ut] ePsf] xf] . tYofÍ
P]g, @)!% / lgodjnL, @)$! df Aoj:yf ePadf]lhd s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] h'Dnf, d'u' / 8f]Nkf u/L # lhNnf sfo{ If]q x'g] u/L tYofÍ sfof{no h'Dnfsf] :yfkgf lj=;+=
@)%) ;fndf ePsf] xf] . xfn of] tYofÍ sfof{no h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd rGbgfgfy– # l:yt vf]nLsf]6df
/x]sf] 5 .
tYofÍ sfof{nosf] :yfkgfkl5 :yfgLo:t/df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuaf6 ;~rfng x'g] u0fgf Pj+ ;j]I{ f0fx?df
;xof]uL e"ldsf lgefpg'sf] cltl/Qm tYofÍ sfof{nosf] cfk\mg} jflif{s sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
lhNnf:t/df o; sfof{non] ;]jfu|fxL hgtfx?nfO{ ;j{;'ne?kdf lgMz'Ns tYofÍ ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf]
5 . sfof{no :yfkgfkZrft :yflgo:t/df tYofÍLo ultljlwdf a[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 .
sfof{nosf] sfd M
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] dftxtdf /x]sf] tYofÍ sfof{nosf] sfo{x? b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
s_ ljefuaf6 cfk\mgf] If]qdf ;~rfng ul/g] u0fgf Pj+ ;j]I{ f0fdf ;+nUg x'g] .
v_ ljefuaf6 lhNnf:t/df ;~rfng x'g] tflnd sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] / :yfgLo:t/df sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{ cfjZos kg]{ tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .
u_ ljefun] lhNnfaf6 ;+sng ug{ c¥xfPsf Secondary tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ .
3_ lhNnfsf] tYofÍ Profile tof/ ug]{ .
ª_ lhNnf ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfjZos tYofÍ pknAw eP gePsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
r_ lhNnf:t/Lo tYofÍ ljsf; sfo{qmd agfO{ s]Gb|df k7fpg] .
5_ j8f / u0fgf If]qsf] ;Ldfgf, w/ftn / 3/kl/jf/sf] lglb{i6 :yfg 5'6\ofpg] u/L gS;f+sg ug]{ .
h_ lhNnf:t/Lo tYofÍLo lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;dGjo ug]{ .
sd{rf/L b/aGbL / sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljj/0f
sd{rf/L b/aGbL ;DaGwL ljj/0f
110
tYofª‚
tYofª sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] sfo{x?, k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx? / ;f]sf] k|lqmofx?
-s_ ;~rfng x'g] sfo{x? M
-v_ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx? M

!_ j8f txsf] M hg;+Vof, 3/kl/jf/ / lhNnf txaf6 ;+slnt / k|If]lkt ljj/0f .
@= uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= txsf] M If]qkmn, hg;+Vof, ;fIf/tf, hfthflt, wd{, dft[efiff, s[ifs kl/jf/, u}/s[lif
kl/jf/ / lhNnf txaf6 ;+slnt / k|If]lkt ljj/0f .
#= lhNnf txsf] M hgu0fgf, s[lifu0fgf / cf}Bf]lus u0fgfsf glthfx?, lhNnf j:t'ut ljj/0f / kmf]N8/ cflb .
$= If]qLo tyf /fli6«o txsf] M hgu0fgf, s[lifu0fgf, cf}Bf]lus u0fgf, g]kfn hLjg:t/ / >dzQmL ;j]{If0fsf
glthfx?sf cfjlws k|sfzgx?, lgoldt k|sfzgx? / cGo k|sfzgx?sf] tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg] .
-u_ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof M
!= o; sfof{nosf] hg;Dks{ kmfF6 tyf nfOa|]/Ldf lnlvt jf df}lvs?kdf cfjZos k/]sf] tYofÍ dfu
ug'{kb{5 .
@= nfUg] ;do M tof/L cj:yfdf eP lgj]bg k]z ug]l{ jlQs} / tof/ ug{'kg]{ eP kl/df0fcg';f/ tTsfn .
#= ;]jf tyf cGo b:t'/ z'Ns M lgMz'Ns t/ k':ts vl/b u/]df nfUg] .
$= u'gf;f] tyf ph'/L ;'Gg] lhDd]jf/ AolQm M sfof{no k|d'v
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kl/efiff tyf cjwf/0ffx?
!_ hgu0fgf ljlw / cS;/ a;f]af; M u0fgf ubf{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] u0fgfdf sf]lx JolQm g5'6'g\ tyf sf]lx
gbf]xl/pg\ eGg' xf] . hgu0fgf ug]{ b'O{ j6f ljlwx? 5g\ lt x'gM !_ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De-facto
method): o; ljlwaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ eg]sf] lglZrt ;dodf hf] hxfF 5 Tolxaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{
xf] . of] k4ltdf k|foM lglZrt /ftsf] ;donfO{ ;Gbe{ ;do dflg To; /ft hf] hxfF 5 Tolxaf6 tYof+s ;+sng
ul/G5 . @_=:yfO{ j;f]jf; u0fgf ljlw (De-jure method), o; ljlwaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ eg]sf] Legal
place of Residence cyf{t sfg"gL ?kdf j;f]jf; u/]sf] 7fFpaf6 tYofÍ ;+sng ug'{ xf] .
lj= ;= @))(÷!! b]lv k|To]s bz–bz jif{df ;+rfng x'bF } cfPsf hgu0fgfx? df]l8kmfO8 8] h'/] (Modified
de-jure) k4ltsf] cfwf/df u0fgf x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; ljlw cg';f/ JolQmsf] u0fgf ubf{ JolQm k|foMh;f] h'g
7fpFdf a;f]af; u5{g\, Tof] JolQm÷kl/jf/sf] u0fgf ToxL 7fpFaf6 ug'{kb{5 . u0fgfsf] cjlwdf s'g} JolQm 5f]6f]
111
;dosf] nflu cf}ifwf]krf/ jf tLy{ofqf jf ko{6gsf nflu cfkm\gf] cS;/ a;f]af;sf] :yfg 5f]8L cGoq uPsf]
ePtfklg To:tf JolQmx?sf] u0fgf cS;/ a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt :yfgsf] ePsf] dflg ;f] :yfgaf6}
u0fgf ul/G5 . o:t} o; ljlwdf sfdug]{ dfG5] jf efG;] klg Pp6} kl/jf/df vfg] / a;f]af; ug]{u/]sf] eP
ltgLx?nfO{ ToxL kl/jf/df ;fd]n u/L u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
;fdfGotof JolQmx?sf] u0fgf ubf{ cS;/ a;f]af;sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 g} u0fgf ug'k{ b{5 . t/ cS;/ a;f]af;
olsg ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf s'g} klg JolQm ^ dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;dosf] nflu :jb]zs} cGoq :yfg
jf ljb]zdf uPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] :yfgdf ;dfj]z ul/b}g . To:t} k|sf/n] s'g} klg
JolQm ^ dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;do b]lv :jb]zs} cGoq :yfg jf ljb]zaf6 cfO{ o; If]qdf a;f]jf; ul/
/x]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ u0fgf ul/Psf] If]q jf :yfgdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 .
@_ 3/ kl/jf/ M ;fdfGotof Pp6} cfDbfgL tyf vr{n] Jojxf/ rnfO{ Ps} efG;fdf vfgkfg u/L j;]sf
JolQmx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ kl/jf/ elgG5 . kl/jf/df Psdfq jf w]/} JolQmx? x'g ;Sb5g\ . ltgLx? gft]bf/ klg x'g
;Qm5g\, gx'g klg ;Qm5g\ jf sf]xL c;DalGwt JolQm -h:tf] s[lif sfd ug]{ :yfoL sfdbf/, :yfoL ?kdf sfd
ug]{ sfdbf/_ ldn]/ klg kl/jf/ aGg ;Sb5 . Pp6f 3/df Ps jf PseGbf a9L kl/jf/ klg a;f]jf; u/]sf] x'g
;Sb5 .
#_ kl/jf/ d"nL M kl/jf/sf] ;j} ;b:on] To; kl/jf/sf] d'Vo?kdf dflgcfPsf] JolQm -k'?if jf dlxnf_ nfO{ kl/
jf/sf] d'nL elgG5 . kl/jf/df e}–k/L cfpg] ;j} Jojxf/ rnfpg] clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L kl/jf/ d'nLsf] x'G5 .
$_ ckfËtf M ckfËtf eGgfn] z/L/sf] s'g} Ps jf PseGbf a9L c+ux?n] ;fdfGo ?kdf sfd ug{ g;s]/ b}lgs
sfo{x? ;/ntfk"js { ug{' cK7\of/f] kg]{ cj:yf xf] . o; k|sf/sf] cj:yf :yfoL jf c:yfoL x'g;Sb5 . laleGg
sfg"gL b:tfj]hx? tyf cGo ;j]{If0fx?n] ckgfPsf] kl/efiff cg'[;f/ a'bF fut?kdf ckfËtf eGgfn] M
xftv'§f sdhf]/, n'nf] eO{ s'g} sfdsfh ug{ ;d:of, lx8\8n ' ug{ ;d:of ePsf] .
cfFvfn] b]Vgdf ;d:of eP .
af]Ngdf ;d:of / sfgn] ;'Ggdf ;d:of eP .
pd]/ cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg] / l;Sgdf jf k9\gdf l9nfO{ jf ufx|f] x'g' .
Psf]xf]/f] eP/ a:g], lbSs dfGg] / lbSbf/ eO{ PsfGtdf a:g], 5f]Kg] h:tf cgf}7f] Jojxf/ ug]{ /
cfTdxTof af/] eGg] jf cfTdxTof ug{ sf]lz; ug'{ h:tf] Jojxf/ .
5f/]/f]u jf 5fKg] /f]u÷Joyfn] u|l;t eP .
s'g} bL3{ ;d:of jf /f]u ePsf] eP .
%_ zx/L If]q / u|fld0f If]q M zx/L If]q eGgfn] gu/kflnsfnfO{ a'lemG5 eg] uf=lj=;= nfO{ u|fld0f If]q a'lemG5 .
^_ cfly{s ?kdf ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof (Economically Active Population) M bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] pd]/
sf s'n hg;ª\Vof dWo] ljut !@ dlxgf -u0fgfsf] lbgsf]_ df slDtdf Ps dlxgf cfly{s sfd -s[lif÷cfkm\g}
v]ltkftL, tnj÷Hofnf, cfkm\g} u}/s[lif Jofj;fo, lj:tfl/t cfly{s sfd / sfdsf] vf]hL_ df ;+nUg hg;ª\Vof
g} cfly{s?kdf ;qmLo hg;ª\Vof xf] .
112
&_ cS;/ cfly{s?kdf ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof -Usually Economically Active Population) M bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf
dflyNnf] pd]/sf cfly{s?kdf ;lqmo s'n hg;ª\Vof dWo] ljut !@ dlxgf -u0fgfsf] lbgsf]_ df slDtdf ^
dlxgf jf ;f] eGbf jl9 cjlw cfly{s sfd -s[lif÷cfkm\g} v]ltkftL, tnj÷Hofnf, cfkm\g} u}/s[lif Jofj;fo,
lj:tfl/t cfly{s sfd / sfdsf] vf]hL_ df ;+nUg hg;ª\Vof g} cS;/ cfly{s?kdf ;lqmo hg;ª\Vof xf] .
*_ /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf @)^* kl/ro

/fli6«o s[lifu0fgf @)^* df s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] lhNnf:t/;Ddsf s[lif lqmofsnfk, s[lif pTkfbg tyf ;+/
rgfut ljj/0f ;+sng u/]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)!* ;fndf klxnf] k6s s[lifu0fgf ePsf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 k|To]s
bz–bz jif{df s[lifu0fgf x'b} cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o s[lifu0fgf @)^* 5}6f} s[lifu0fgf xf] . /fli6«o s[lifu0fgfn] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] kl/efiffleq k/]sf s[ifs kl/jf/nfO{ ;d]6L tYofÍ ;+sng ug]{ ub{5 .
(_ u0fgf ljlw
ljutsf] s[lifu0fgfdf h:t} 5gf}6 ljlw ckgfO{ &% j6} lhNnfaf6 s[ifs kl/jf/sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L 5flgPsf
s[ifs kl/jf/x?;Fu cGt/jftf{ lnO u0fgf sfo{ ul/Psf] xf] . 5gf}6 sfo{ b'O{ r/0fdf ul/Psf] lyof] .5gf}6sf]
klxnf] r/0fdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt k|d'v gf} j6f afnLx? -wfg, ds}+, ux',F sf]bf], hf}+, t]nxg, cfn',
pv' / t/sf/L_ sf] tLg jif{sf]] cf}ift If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df &% lhNnfaf6 %@)) u0fgf If]q 5gf}6 ul/Psf]
lyof] . o;/L 5gf}6 ubf{ Pp6f lhNNff af6 a9Ldf !)& / slDtdf %) j6f u0fgf If]qx? 5flgPsf lyP . t/
dgfª lhNnfdf eg] k"0f{u0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
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114

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