Contemporary World

Chapter 1: What is Globalization?

A Story of Gio and Latif:

Sydney, Australia
- The place where Gio and Latif met.
Pangako Sa’Yo
- The ABS-CBN telenovela that both Gio and Latif watched.
Laksa
- A rice noodle soup in a spicy coconut curry sauce.
Orchard Road
- Singapore’s main commercial road.

Facebook
- A global social networking site that provides instantaneous communication across countries
and continents.
Globalization
- The integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified by the increased free
trade.
Anti-globalization
- Resisting the trade deals among countries facilitated and promoted by the global
organizations.
Manfred Steger
- Described globalization as “the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and world-space”
Expansion
- Refers to both the creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic
boundaries.
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
- Are networks that connect a more specific group- social workers and activists- from different
corners of the globe.
Intensification
- Refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.
Steger notes that “Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level but
they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness”
Globalism
- is a widespread belief among powerful people that the global integration of economic markets
is a beneficial for everyone.
Arjun Appadurai
- he stated that there are different kinds of globalization that occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that is called scapes.
Ethnoscape
- Global movement of the people.
Technoscape
- Refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software.
Financescape
- Denotes the global circulation of money.
Ideoscape
- Is the realm where political ideas move around.

Chapter 2: The Globalization of World Economics

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Regards 62 “economic globalization” as a historical process representing the result of human
innovation and technological progress.
According to the IMF, the value of trade as a percentage of world GDP increased from 42.1
percent in 1980 to 62.1 percent in 2007.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
- According to them, the amount of foreign direct investments flowing across the world was US$
57 billion in 1982. By 2015, that number was $1.76 trillion.
Silk Road
- A network of pathways in the ancient world that spanned from China to what is now the Middle
East and to Europe.
- It was called as such because one of the most profitable products traded through this network
was silk.
- It was closed by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 BCE
Dennis O. Flynn & Arturo Giraldez
- The age of globalization began when all populated continents began to exchange products
simultaneously.
Galleon Trade
- Connects Manila to Acapulco
- It was a part of the age of mercantilism
Great Depression
- A global economic crisis that started during the 1920s and extended up to 1930s.
- This depression was the worst and longest recession ever experience by the Western world.
Barry Eichengreen
- Economic historian that argues the recovery of the United States really began when having
abandoned the gold standard.
Fiat Currencies
- Currencies that are not backed by precious metals and whose value is determined by their
cost relative to other currencies.
The Bretton Woods System
- Was inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference to
prevent the catastrophes of the early decades.
John Maynard Keynes
- Believes that economic crisis occurs not when a country does not have enough money, but
when money is not being spent and, thereby not moving.
Two Financial Institutions Bretton Woods System Made:
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or World Bank
- International Monetary Fund
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to free trade.
Keynesianism
- is an economic theory that assumed three things
1. Economic crisis occurs when a country does not have enough money, but when money is not
being spent and, thereby, not moving.
2. If the economies slow down then government should infuse money to reinvigorate the market
3. Proponent argued that as prices increased, companies would earn more, and would have more
money to hire workers.
Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman challenged the Keynesian theory and argued that
government intervention in economies distort the proper functioning of the market.
The Washington Consensus
- advocates for minimal government spending to reduce government debt. They also called for
the privatization of government-controlled services like water, power, communications and
transport, believing that the free market can produce the best result.
Neo-liberalism
- came under significant strain during the global financial crisis 2007-2008 when the world
experienced the greatest economic downturn since the great depression. The crisis can be
traced back to the 1980s when the United State systematically removed various banking and
investment restrictions.
Financial experts wrongly assumed that even if many of the borrowers were individuals and
families who would struggle to pay, a majority would not default.
The crisis spread beyond the United States since many investors were foreign governments,
corporations and individuals. The loss of their money spread like wildfire back to their
countries.
The challenges are countries like Spain and Greece are heavily indebted (almost like Third World
countries).
1. Learn from Greece has been forced by Germany to and the IMF to cut back their social and public
spending.
2. The reduction in government spending has showed down growth and ensured high levels of
unemployment.
3. In Europe, the continuing economic crisis has sparked a political upheaval.
"The world has become too integrated. Whatever one's opinion about the Washington Consensus is,
it is undeniable that some form of international trade remains essential for countries to develop in the
contemporary world”
Export, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at present. In
the past, those that benefited the most from free trade were the advanced nations that were
producing and selling industrial and agricultural products...
In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increased export, economic globalization has
ushered in an unprecedented spike in global growth rates...
Economic globalization remains an uneven process, with some countries, corporations and
individual benefiting a lot more that others". (Claudio et al. 2018)
The beneficiaries of global commerce have been mainly transnational corporations (TNCs) and not
government. 

Chapter 3: A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order

What is the difference between internationalization from globalization of politics?
Internationalization
- refers to state to state relation or interaction while Globalization of politics is a multiple
interactions or relations between states. 
According to Claudio et al. (2018, p. 27), there are four attributes of today's global system.

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
2. Countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN) that facilitate the interactions.
4. International organizations also take on lives of their own.
How does the global system originate?
1. Village/Tribe - People in various regions of the world have identified exclusively with units.
2. Christian world - was started by apostles of Jesus Christ until Christianity became a state religion.
3. Nation-State - refers to state governing a nation.
What is the distinction between nation and state?
3.1 State - refers to a country and its government. It has four attributes known as
- It exercises authority over a specific population (citizens).
- It governs a specific territory
- It has a structure of government
- It has sovereignty over its territory.  
3.2 Nation is defined as "imagined community' or group of people shared a common culture
language, history etc. (Benedict Anderson)
"After the brutal religious war between Catholics and Protestants, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain,
France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future by
recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each other's affairs" (Claudio, p.30, 2018).

1. Westphalian system - is a system that gives a stability for European nations through direct
control to their domestic activities free from interference of other nations.
2. Napoleonic Code - is a principle that spread "liberty", "equality" and "fraternity" as themes for
creation of new form of government in France.   
3. Metternich system - is an alliance of great powers; United Kingdoms, Austria, and Prussia and
etc. that restored monarchical, hereditary, and religious privileges of rulers.

"Internationalism is an imagined system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states...

for unity and cooperation among states and people - comes from different forms... liberal
internationalism and socialist internationalism" (Claudio et al. p. 32, 2018)
Liberal internationalism.
Achievement: Foundation of United Nation
Proponents:

1. Immanuel Kant - argued that citizens in the state must give up some freedom and establish a
continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of
the world".   Since, if there is no form of world government then international system will be
chaotic. 
2. Jeremy Bentham - says that the objectives of the global legislators should aim to propose
legislation that would create " the greatest happiness of all nations taken together".
3. Giuseppe Mazzini - believes that free, unified nation-state should be the basis of global
cooperation.
4. Woodrow Wilson - forwarded the principle of self-determination and advocate for the creation of
League of Nations to prevent a world war II. 

Socialist internationalism
Achievement:  Declaration of International women's Day and Labor Day

1. Karl Marx -claimed a premium economic equality among the classes of citizens in the world. 
2. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx established a socialist revolution through a battle cry "Workers
of the world, Unite! you have nothing to lose but your chains."     
3. Vladimir Lenin - established the Communist International (COMINTERN) in 1919 to serve as
central body for directing communist parties all over the world. 
4. Stalin re-stablished the Comintern as Communist Information Bureau (COMINFORM) in order
to direct the various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe.

Chapter 4: The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

 "After the collapse of the League of Nations at the end of World War II, countries that worried about
another global war to push for the formation of a more lasting international league. The result was the
creation of the UN...  its primary goal of averting another global war" (Claudio, p.42, 2018)  
Five active Organs of UN
- General Assembly (GA)
- Security Council (SC)
- Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
- International Court of Justice (ICJ)
- Secretariat -UN Admin
 Challenges of the United Nations

1. The need to respect state sovereignty.

2.  UN security Council is tasked with authorizing international acts of military intervention.

- Kosovo War in late 90s

- Civil war in Syria
- 2001 War in Iraq

Chapter 5: A World of Regions

Regionalism
- is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon. It examines the relation of
identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health. Regions are constructed
and defined by policy makers, economic actors and even social movements. (Claudio,
et al p. 50) 

Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Miller state that economic and political definitions of regions vary.

1. Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways.

2. Countries form regional associations for several reasons.
3. Countries also form organization to pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well as
expand their leverage against trading partners.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

- Formed during the cold war when several Western European Countries plus the US
agreed to protect Europe against threats such as the Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
- Consisting of the Eastern European countries under Soviet domination.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
- Was established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate
the production and sale of oil.
Non-Aligned Movement
- Created by the presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia to pursue
world peace and international cooperation, human rights, and national sovereignty.

Non-State Regionalism 

- It is not only states that agree to work together in the name of single cause or causes.
- The concept of "new regionalism" varies in form.
- New regionalism differs significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism when it comes to
identifying problems.
- One of the challenges encountered by new regionalists are the discord that may emerge among
them.

Regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which is the resurgence of militant nationalism and
populism.

ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which member countries should sacrifice their
sovereignty for the sake of regional stability.

A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what regionalism should be for.

Western governments may see regional organizations not simply as economic formations but also as
instruments of political democratization.

Singapore, China, and Russia see democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and deepening of
economic globalization because constant public inquiry about economic projects and lengthy debate slow
down implementation or lead to unclear outcomes.

Chapter 6: The Globalization of Region

 In actuality, the relationship between religion and globalization is much more complicated. Peter
Burger argues that far from being secularized, the "contemporary world is... furiously religious.”

Religions

- Are the foundations of modern republics.

- Do not hesitate to appropriate secular themes and practices.
- Was the result of a shift in state policy.

There is hardly a religious movement today that does not use religion to oppose "profane" globalization. Yet,
two of the so-called "old world religions" - Christianity and Islam - see globalization less as an obstacle and
more as an opportunity to expand their reach all over the world.
Religious fundamentalism may dislike globalization's materialism, but it continues to use "the full range of
modern means of communication and organization" that is associated with this economic transformation.

Major Religions

- Christianity
- Judaism
- Islam
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
- Confucianism

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

- Bragged about the superiority of the Islamic rule over its secular counterparts.

Nahdlatul Ulama

- The moderate Islamic association that teaches not only Islam

Alexis de Tocqueville

- French historian and diplomat that wrote “not only do Americans practice their religions
out of self-interest”

Jose Casanova

- Stated that “historically, religion has always been the very center of all great political
conflicts”

Chapter 7: Media and Globalization

Jack Lule

- describes media as "a means of conveying something such as a channel of

communication."

When commentators refer to "media", they mean the technologies of mass communication.

Marshall McLuhan

- once declared that "the medium is the message." His statement was an attempt to
draw attention to how media, as a form of technology, reshape societies.

Television is not a simple bearer of messages it also shapes the social behavior of users and
reorient family behavior.

Smart phones allow users to keep in touch instantly with multiple people at the same time.

A lot of these early thinkers assumed that global media had a tendency to homogenize culture.
 Commentators believed that media globalization coupled with American hegemony would create
a form of cultural imperialism.

Herbert Schiller

- argued that not only was the world being Americanized, but this process also led to the
spread of "American" capitalist values like consumerism.

Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism ignored the fact that media messages are not just
made by producers, they are also consumed by audiences.

Media scholars began to pay attention to the ways in which audiences understood and interpreted
media messages.

The field of audience studies emphasizes that media consumers are active participants in the
meaning-making process, who view media "texts" (in media studies, a "text" simply refers to the
content of any medium) through their own cultural lenses.

As with all new media, social media have both beneficial and negative effects. This form of
communication has democratized access. Anyone with an internet connection or a smart phone can
use Facebook and Twitter for free. These media have enabled users to be consumers and producers
of information simultaneously.
The dark side of social media shows that even a seemingly open and democratic media may be co-
opted towards undemocratic means. Global online propaganda will be the biggest threat to face the
globalization of media deepens.
As consumers of media, users must remain vigilant and learn how to distinguish fact from falsehood.
People must be critical of mainstream media and traditional journalism that may also operate based
on vested interest.

Chapter 8: The Global City

Indicators of Global Cities

1.  They are the centers of economic power

2.  They are the centers of authority
3. They are the centers of higher learning and cultures

Saskia Sassen

- Popularized the term Global City in the 1990s.

- Identified New York, London, and Tokyo as Global Cities

Gentrification

- Driving out the poor in favor of the newer.

Banlieue

- Muslims clustered around ethnic enclaves.

Chapter 9: Global Demography

The use of population control to prevent economic crisis has its critics. For example, Betsy
Hartmann disagrees with the advocates of neo- Malthusian theory and accused governments of
using population control as a "substitute for social justice and much needed reforms - such land
distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education and health care, and emancipation.
Others pointed out that the population did grow fast in many countries in the 1960s, and this
growth :aided economic development  by spurring technological and institutional innovation and
increasing the supply of human ingenuity."
This topic focused on the Nature and definitions of Active Citizenship.
Active citizenship has been a popular topic for researches across several disciplines. It includes
“structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of participation
in society”.
Active citizenship is anchored on our cognitive and behavioral engagement to participate in formal
political activities.
Active citizenship enables democracy. Democracy should not only be thought of as a form of
government; it is a communal system that allows volitional freedom of citizens to make
informed choices that allows them to be heard.
Active citizenship is a social construct. It fosters social relatedness and belongingness.

              Most adolescents would say that “we do not have the power to inspire change” or
that “we are not heard so why should we speak up”. However, let us not forget that you are the
future leaders of our country. The advantage of youth is their zeal and optimism in effecting change
for the country. Youth participation should not be the exception, but rather the norm. In politics where
cynical attitudes dominate among older individuals, youth participation provides a breath of fresh air
in raising issues and concerns that impact society in general.
Active citizenship is also associated with “sense of community.” People, including
adolescents, participate in communal activities because it is their way of “giving back”. The sense of
community they feel with their location also persuades adolescents to do something for their
respective communities, especially those community groups considered to be a minority. Active
citizenship may facilitate ethnic pride and provide a voice to the woes of their social group.

What are the benefits of engaging in active citizenship?

                For the younger generation, it has significant impact on positive youth development.
Opportunities to participate in such activities can make adolescents aware of issues, challenges,
and concerns that plague communities and states, which may in turn lead to advocacies for
reforms. Engaging in such behaviors can also enhance efficacy and competence of the young
generation, as they are considered to be “future leaders” of society. The millennial generation
has several tools at their fingertips to initiate change reforms, which poses a disadvantage to the
older generation, given that these millennial youths are technology-savvy. The participation of the
adolescents to nation-building activities enhances their value orientation and fosters integrity,
compassion, and sense of justice, which is crucial for the holistic development of present
learners.
The Self

      The Self is a dynamic construct in that it is shaped by external forces and personal factors. Active
citizenship embraces one’s individuality through the choices a person make and the behaviors they
manifest. Early exposure to politics and political systems may augment adolescent’s development of
their self. It fosters critical thinking, formation of advocacies, comprehension and understanding, and
genuine concerns for the environment and communities. Such exposure may lead to successful
adaptation of a particular advocacy and ensuring everyone benefits in the long run.
         Our political self is a result of various personal and environmental factors that impact
the individual. Our political identity doesn’t begin at the age of voting; together with active citizenship,
our awareness of community concerns may lead to optimal development of strong, intelligent, and
passionate community leaders and youth participants. Thus, there is no such thing as a right time to
start becoming involved; adolescent participation in political activities can strengthen their
standpoints, allowing them to be heard by the general public, and ensuring a strong, stable state,
shaped by a strong, stable citizenry. As adolescence is a time of searching for identity and
establishing a core Self, imbibing active citizenship, becoming aware of issues pervading society,
engaging in political discourse, and other similar behaviors can shape the millennial generation to
become effective agents of change.

Chapter 10: Global Migration

What is Global migration?
Cambridge English Dictionary defines global migration as " a situation in which people go to live in
foreign countries, especially in order to find work. Most global migration is from developing countries
to developed ones."
There are two types of migration: internal migration, which refers to people moving from one area to
another within on country; and international migration, in which people cross borders of one
country to another.
International migration can be broken down into five groups. First are those who move permanently
to another country (immigrants). The second refers to workers who stay in another country for a
fixed period (at least 6 months in a year). Illegal migrants comprise the third group, while the fourth
are migrants whose families have "petitioned" them to move for the destination country. The fifth
group are refugees (also known as asylum seekers), i.e., those "unable or unwilling to return
because of  a well- founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, or political opinion."

Benefits and Detriments for the sending countries

Even if 90 percent of the value generated by migrant workers remains in their host countries, they
have sent billions back to their home countries. These remittances make significant contributions to
the development of small- and medium-term industries that help generate jobs.
Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of migrants, as shown by new or
renovated homes and their relatives' access to new consumer goods. The purchasing power of a
migrant's family doubles and makes it possible for children to start or continue their schooling.
Yet, there remain serious concerns about the economic sustainability of those reliant on migrant
monies. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) observes that in countries like the Philippines,
remittances "do not have a significant influence on other key items of consumption or investment
such as spending on education and health care.
More importantly, global migration is "siphoning qualified personnel' (and) removing dynamic young
workers. This process has often been referred to as "brain drain."
Problems of Human Trafficking and Integration
On top of the issue of brain drain, sending states must likewise protect migrant workers. Human
trafficking has been very profitable, earning syndicates, smugglers, and corrupt state officials profits
as high as $150 million a year in 2014. Governments, the private sector, and civil society groups have
worked together to combat human trafficking, yet the results remain uneven.
Integration
There is considerable variation in the economic integration of migrants. In the United States and
Singapore, there are blue-collar as well as white-collar Filipino workers (doctors, engineers, even
corporate executives), and it is the professional, white-collar workers that have oftentimes been
easier to integrate.

Chapter 10: Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development

The massive environmental problems are difficult to resolve because governments believe that for
their countries to become fully developed, they must be industrialized, urbanized and inhabited buy a
robust middle class with access to the best of modern amenities.
A developed society, accordingly, must also have provisions for the poor - jobs in the industrial
sector, public transport system, and cheap food. Food depends on a country's free trade with other
food producers. It also relies on a "modernized" agricultural sector in which toxic technologies (such
as fertilizers or pesticides) and modified crops (e.g., high-yielding varieties of rice) ensure maximized
productivity.
Governments have their own environmental problems to deal with, but these states' ecological
concerns become worldwide due to global warming, which transcends national boundaries. Global
warming is the result of billions to tons on carbon dioxide, various air pollutants, and other gases
accumulating in the atmosphere.
These pollutants trap the sun's radiation causing the warming of the earth's surface. With the current
amount of carbon dioxide and other gases, this "greenhouse effect" has sped up the rise in the world'
temperature.
The greenhouse effect is responsible for recurring heat waves and long droughts in certain places, as
well as for heavier rainfall and devastating hurricanes and typhoons in others.
Combating global warming
More countries are now recognizing the perils of global warming. In 1997, 192 countries signed the
Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases, following the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit where
a Framework Convention for Climate Change was finalized.
Social movements have had success working together, with some pressure on their governments to
regulate global warming. When local alliances between the state, schools, and communities are
replicated at the national level, the success becomes doubly significant.
Chapter 11: Global Filipino
In this lesson, you will see how the lives of Filipinos have always been tied to global processes.
Economically, our country depends largely on incomes from jobs with global connections. First is the
migrant labor. In recent years, the number of Filipinos leaving the country to work overseas is fast
rising with 2.4 million in 2016. They sent back $25.8 billion in 2015.
The second is business process outsourcing (BPO) that the Philippines provides for foreign
clients. In 2015, BPO operations yielded $24 billion. The third is our country's exports which earned
$56.3 billion in 2016. Tourism is next which reached about $6.05 billion by the end of 2016.
Politically, there has never been a time in the long life of the Philippines that it existed in isolation from
the Asian region as well as the world. In pre-colonial times, we engaged in extensive trade with our
neighboring countries. Then we became a colony of two empires - the Spanish and then the
American. When the Philippines regained its independence, it took sides in global conflicts like the
Cold War, and the Vietnam War. The Philippines helped form the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO).
Filipinos really have very little choice but to accept the globalized state as a country and a people.
Globalization's impact has, admittedly, been uneven and often does not benefit most Filipinos. Yet,
there is some movement; there is progress when the Philippines at the end of the 20th century is
analyzed. And part of that is because Philippine political leaders decided to open up the country to
the world.
Who are global Filipinos?
What does it mean to be a Filipino? In an attempt to strengthen a unified national identity amid strong
regionalism, education policymakers of the Commonwealth period tried to push various markers of
Filipino identity: a Filipino language; a Filipino "race" of kayumanggi-skinned people; a common
historical national narrative of freedom-loving heroes who fought colonial rule.
This push for a common identity might have hastened the development of a shared Filipino identity.
But it also had the unfortunate effect of creating a limited, narrow concept of "Filipino-ness,"
prioritizing those with "pure" Filipino ethnicity who have never set foot outside the Philippines, whose
roots and identity are exclusively Filipino.
Yet there are many ways of being Filipino. Simply look at its legal definition – anyone who has Filipino
citizenship – and we immediately see that Filipinos are not just kayumanggi-skinned people, but also
Filipinos of many different ethnicities: Chinese-Filipinos, Indian-Filipinos, Australian-Filipinos, and so
forth. It includes not only those whose ancestors have lived on Philippine soil since time immemorial,
but also those whose families have only been Filipino for 3 or 4 generations, as well as those who
have been naturalized in their lifetimes.
The distinction among Filipinos in our law is only between naturalized and natural-born Filipinos. Our
law does not create a hierarchy of Filipino-ness based on language, skin color, or religion. The word
"Filipino" fully includes, therefore, those who are Filipino by accident as well as those who are Filipino
by choice. It fully includes those whose ancestors are part of the national narrative of Filipino history
as well as those who identify with alternative narratives of migration: both immigration and emigration.
More and more of us are global Filipinos. For some of us, it is our family history that made us "global":
Filipinos with non-Filipino ancestry; naturalized Filipinos who were formerly foreigners; and dual
citizens from birth. For others, it is the choices we have made in our lifetimes that have made us
"global": these are the documented and undocumented OFWs; permanent residents of another
country; former Filipinos who renounced but subsequently reacquired Filipino citizenships.
As we become more global, we must learn to challenge our own narrow conceptions of Filipino-ness,
and learn to fully embrace each and every Filipino.
Beyond the legalistic definition of Filipino, we can also speak of Filipino identity, which is even
broader and more inclusive, as it includes even more global Filipinos: the American child with Filipino
parents who goes to Tagalog school on Saturdays to learn his parents' language; the young
European mestiza with a Filipino mother who visits the Philippines to learn more about her roots; the
Japanese husband who has lived in the Philippines for decades, building his life here with his Filipina
spouse: as long as they identify as such, they are Filipinos too.

Concept and Meaning of Population Education

Most people agree 'Population Education is an educational process which helps people to
understand the nature, the causes, and consequences of population events. It is a factual
knowledge about population dynamic.
Population education is the term used internationally to refer to educational. programmes : To
assist learners to acquire the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. that will enable them to make
informed decisions about population. events and issues which will affect their quality of life.
The main objective of populations education is to educate the people about
the population situation ideal for the family for the community and for the country. Population
education motivates the people to have small families it gives the message of a small family and
informs the people about pre-natal care .
The scope of population studies is quite wide. On the one hand, this subject is concerned with a
quantitative study of the size, structure characteristics and territorial distribution of
human populations and the changes occurring in them.
Characteristics of Population Education
 1. Studies the impact of the increase in population of different age groups.
 2. Studies the impact of the total population on the economic development of a country.
3. Helps students to investigate and explore the interaction between population and environment.
4. Helps students to be aware of the process and consequences of the population growth on the
quality of our lives.
5. Enables the students to describe the causes and consequences of population growtrh at the local,
national and global levels.
6. Provides solutions to population problems and makes human life happy.