IIIT-H Monsoon2020

Network Theory
HW2:
(Time: 1 Week)

List any assumptions you make in your calculations.

Discussions are ok but submitted work should be your own. Copied HW will be marked negatively.

1. From text book , chapter 3 (Ed 8)

Solve the following problems:
12, 19, 24, 28, 34, 41, 47, 50, 53, 58.
 EXERCISES 67

❑ Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the
currents entering any node is zero. (Examples 3.1, 3.4)
❑ Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the
voltages around any closed path in a circuit is zero. (Examples 3.2, 3.3)
❑ All elements in a circuit that carry the same current are said to be
connected in series. (Example 3.5)
❑ Elements in a circuit having a common voltage across them are said to
be connected in parallel. (Examples 3.6, 3.7)
❑ Voltage sources in series can be replaced by a single source, provided
care is taken to note the individual polarity of each source.
(Examples 3.8, 3.10)
❑ Current sources in parallel can be replaced by a single source,
provided care is taken to note the direction of each current arrow.
(Examples 3.9, 3.10)
❑ A series combination of N resistors can be replaced by a single resistor
having the value Req = R1 + R2 + · · · + R N . (Example 3.11)
❑ A parallel combination of N resistors can be replaced by a single
resistor having the value
1 1 1 1
= + + ··· +
Req R1 R2 RN
(Example 3.12)
❑ Voltage division allows us to calculate what fraction of the total
voltage across a series string of resistors is dropped across any one
resistor (or group of resistors). (Example 3.13)
❑ Current division allows us to calculate what fraction of the total current
into a parallel string of resistors flows through any one of the resistors.
(Example 3.14)

READING FURTHER
A discussion of the principles of conservation of energy and conservation of
charge, as well as Kirchhoff’s laws, can be found in
R. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. L. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on
Physics. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1989, pp. 4-1, 4-7, and 25-9.
Detailed discussions of numerous aspects of grounding practices consistent
with the 2008 National Electrical Code® can be found throughout
J. E. McPartland, B. J. McPartland, and F. P. Hartwell, McGraw-Hill’s
National Electrical Code® 2008 Handbook, 26th ed. New York,
McGraw-Hill, 2008.
1.5 ! 2! 5!

EXERCISES
5A 14 ! 4! 2A
3.1 Nodes, Paths, Loops, and Branches
1. Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.44, count the number of (a) nodes;
(b) elements; (c) branches. ■ FIGURE 3.44
68 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

2. Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.45, count the number of (a) nodes;
(b) elements; (c) branches.

1.5 ! 2! 5!

2A 4! 4! 5A

■ FIGURE 3.45

A B C F 3. For the circuit of Fig. 3.46:

G (a) Count the number of nodes.
+
(b) In moving from A to B, have we formed a path? Have we formed a loop?
– (c) In moving from C to F to G, have we formed a path? Have we formed a
E D loop?
4. For the circuit of Fig. 3.46:
■ FIGURE 3.46
(a) Count the number of circuit elements.
(b) If we move from B to C to D, have we formed a path? Have we formed a
loop?
(c) If we move from E to D to C to B, have we formed a path? Have we
formed a loop?
A C
5. Refer to the circuit of Fig. 3.47, and answer the following:
(a) How many distinct nodes are contained in the circuit?
(b) How many elements are contained in the circuit?
B E
(c) How many branches does the circuit have?
D (d) Determine if each of the following represents a path, a loop, both, or
■ FIGURE 3.47 neither:
(i) A to B
(ii) B to D to C to E
(iii) C to E to D to B to A to C
(iv) C to D to B to A to C to E

3.2 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

6. A local restaurant has a neon sign constructed from 12 separate bulbs; when
a bulb fails, it appears as an infinite resistance and cannot conduct current. In
wiring the sign, the manufacturer offers two options (Fig. 3.48). From what
you’ve learned about KCL, which one should the restaurant owner select?
Explain.

– EAT AT RALPH’S
+

–
EAT AT RALPH’S
■ FIGURE 3.48
 EXERCISES 69

7. Referring to the single node diagram of Fig. 3.49, compute:

(a) iB, if iA = 1 A, iD = !2 A, iC = 3 A, and iE = 0;
(b) iE, if iA = !1 A, iB = !1 A, iC = !1 A, and iD = !1 A.

iA iB

iD iC

iE

■ FIGURE 3.49

8. Determine the current labeled I in each of the circuits of Fig. 3.50.

7A I
1!

3A
I
1.5 V + 6A 2A I 9A 1! 5!
–
3A

(a) (b) (c)

■ FIGURE 3.50

9. In the circuit shown in Fig. 3.51, the resistor values are unknown, but the 2 V
source is known to be supplying a current of 7 A to the rest of the circuit.
Calculate the current labeled i2.
R1

i2 1A
+ R2 R3
2V – 3A

R1
■ FIGURE 3.51
i2 –3 A
10. The voltage source in the circuit of Fig. 3.52 has a current of 1 A flowing out
+
of its positive terminal into resistor R1. Calculate the current labeled i2. –2V –
R2 R3 7A
11. In the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.53, i x is determined to be 1.5 A, and the 9 V
source supplies a current of 7.6 A (that is, a current of 7.6 A leaves the positive
reference terminal of the 9 V source). Determine the value of resistor RA. ■ FIGURE 3.52
12. For the circuit of Fig. 3.54 (which is a model for the dc operation of a bipolar
junction transistor biased in forward active region), IB is measured to be IC
100 µA. Determine IC and IE.
1 k!
–1.6 A R1 IB 150IB
+ + – +
5! V1 – IE – V2
+ RA + vx
9V – 6! –
ix R2 1 k!

■ FIGURE 3.53 ■ FIGURE 3.54

70 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

13. Determine the current labeled I3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.55.

1! I3
+
2 mA 4.7 k! Vx 5Vx 3!
–

■ FIGURE 3.55

14. Study the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.56, and explain (in terms of KCL) why the
voltage labeled Vx must be zero.

R + Vx –

R
Vs +
–
R

■ FIGURE 3.56

15. In many households, multiple electrical outlets within a given room are often
all part of the same circuit. Draw the circuit for a four-walled room which has
a single electrical outlet per wall, with a lamp (represented by a 1 ! resistor)
connected to each outlet.
3.3 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
16. For the circuit of Fig. 3.57:
(a) Determine the voltage v1 if v2 = 0 and v3 = !17 V.
(b) Determine the voltage v1 if v 2 = !2 V and v3 = "2 V.
(c) Determine the voltage v2 if v1 = 7 V and v3 = 9 V.
(d) Determine the voltage v3 if v1 = !2.33 V and v2 = !1.70 V.

A 2 C

+ + v2 –
–
v1 1 3 v3
– +

B
■ FIGURE 3.57

17. For each of the circuits in Fig. 3.58, determine the voltage vx and the current ix.

4V –7 V
+ – + –
+ +
– –
9V + ix 7! vx 2V + ix 8! vx
– –

(a) (b)
■ FIGURE 3.58
 EXERCISES 71

18. Use KVL to obtain a numerical value for the current labeled i in each circuit
depicted in Fig. 3.59.
2V 1.5 V 1.5 V
2! 2! 2! 2!
+ – – + – +

+ i – – +
1V – + 5V 10 V + i – 2V
1V
10 ! 2!
+ –
(a) (b)
■ FIGURE 3.59

19. In the circuit of Fig. 3.60, it is determined that v1 = 3 V and v3 = 1.5 V. Calcu-
late v R and v2 .

23 V + 12 V – a
– +
+
+ v3 – –
+ – v2 + 1.5 V
– +

4V R2 vR vx +
+ – R1 v1
– –
c b
■ FIGURE 3.60

20. In the circuit of Fig. 3.60, a voltmeter is used to measure the following: v1 = 2 V
and v3 = !1.5 V. Calculate vx .
21. Determine the value of vx as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 3.61.
500 mA 2!

7.3 !
+
+ vx ix
2.3 V – 1! 2!
–

■ FIGURE 3.61

22. Consider the simple circuit shown in Fig. 3.62. Using KVL, derive the + v1 –
expressions
R1 R2 R1 +
v1 = vs and v2 = vs
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 vs + R2 v2
–
23. (a) Determine a numerical value for each current and voltage (i1, v1 , etc.) in –
the circuit of Fig. 3.63. (b) Calculate the power absorbed by each element and
verify that they sum to zero. ■ FIGURE 3.62

+ v3 –
i3

i1 i2 i4 i5
+ + 5v1 + +
+ +
2V v1 6! v2 5i 2 v4 5! v5
– –
– – – –

■ FIGURE 3.63
72 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

24. The circuit shown in Fig. 3.64 includes a device known as an op amp. This
device has two unusual properties in the circuit shown: (1) Vd = 0 V, and
(2) no current can flow into either input terminal (marked “−” and “+” inside
the symbol), but it can flow through the output terminal (marked “OUT”).
This seemingly impossible situation—in direct conflict with KCL—is a result
of power leads to the device that are not included in the symbol. Based on this
information, calculate Vout . (Hint: two KVL equations are required, both
involving the 5 V source.)

470 !

100 !
OP AMP
+ –
Vd OUT
+ +
5V – – + Vout
–
■ FIGURE 3.64

3.4 The Single-Loop Circuit

25. The circuit of Fig. 3.12b is constructed with the following: vs1 = !8 V,
R1 = 1 !, vs2 = 16 V, and R2 = 4.7 !. Calculate the power absorbed by each
element. Verify that the absorbed powers sum to zero.
26. Obtain a numerical value for the power absorbed by each element in the circuit
shown in Fig. 3.65.
2!
+ –
+ 8vA –
4.5 V 5! vA
– +

■ FIGURE 3.65

27. Compute the power absorbed by each element of the circuit of Fig. 3.66.
28. Compute the power absorbed by each element in the circuit of Fig. 3.67 if the
mysterious element X is (a) a 13 ! resistor; (b) a dependent voltage source
labeled 4v1 , “"” reference on top; (c) a dependent voltage source labeled 4ix,
“"” reference on top.
+ v1 –

2V 1 k! 33 !
– + X
27 !
+ +
3vx
500 ! vx –
+ +
– 12 V – – 2V

ix 19 !
2.2 k!
■ FIGURE 3.66
■ FIGURE 3.67

29. Kirchhoff’s laws apply whether or not Ohm’s law applies to a particular
element. The I-V characteristic of a diode, for example, is given by
! "
I D = I S e VD /VT − 1
 EXERCISES 73

where VT = 27 mV at room temperature and I S can vary from 10−12 to 100 !

10−3 A. In the circuit of Fig. 3.68, use KVL/KCL to obtain VD if I S = 29 pA.
(Note: This problem results in a transcendental equation, requiring an iterative +
approach to obtaining a numerical solution. Most scientific calculators will 3V +
ID VD
–
perform such a function.)
–
3.5 The Single-Node-Pair Circuit
■ FIGURE 3.68
30. Referring to the circuit of Fig. 3.69, (a) determine the two currents i1 and i2;
(b) compute the power absorbed by each element.

3A v 4! R1 7A 2! R2
i1 i2
–

■ FIGURE 3.69

31. Determine a value for the voltage v as labeled in the circuit of Fig. 3.70, and
compute the power supplied by the two current sources.

–2 A v 10 ! R1 3A 6! R2
i1 i2
–

■ FIGURE 3.70

32. Referring to the circuit depicted in Fig. 3.71, determine the value of the voltage v.

+
1A 5! v 5A 5! 2A
–

■ FIGURE 3.71

33. Determine the voltage v as labeled in Fig. 3.72, and calculate the power
supplied by each current source.
34. Although drawn so that it may not appear obvious at first glance, the circuit
of Fig. 3.73 is in fact a single-node-pair circuit. (a) Determine the power
absorbed by each resistor. (b) Determine the power supplied by each current
source. (c) Show that the sum of the absorbed power calculated in (a) is equal
to the sum of the supplied power calculated in (c).

ix 1 k! 3 mA

+
2.8 k!
1! 3ix v 2A 3!
5 mA 4.7 k!

–
■ FIGURE 3.72 ■ FIGURE 3.73
74 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

3.6 Series and Parallel Connected Sources

v1 + 35. Determine the numerical value for v eq in Fig. 3.74a, if (a) v1 = 0, v2 = !3 V,
– and v3 = "3 V; (b) v1 = v2 = v3 = 1 V; (c) v1 = !9 V, v2 = 4.5 V, v3 = 1 V.
36. Determine the numerical value for ieq in Fig. 3.74b, if (a) i1 = 0, i2 = !3 A,
v2 + + veq and i3 = "3 A; (b) i1 = i2 = i3 = 1 A; (c) i1 = !9 A, i2 = 4.5 A, i3 = 1 A.
– = –
37. For the circuit presented in Fig. 3.75, determine the current labeled i by first
– combining the four sources into a single equivalent source.
v3 + 38. Determine the value of v1 required to obtain a zero value for the current la-
beled i in the circuit of Fig. 3.76.
(a)
1 k! 7!

– –
6V + 4V
i + i
–
2V +
i1 i2 i3 = ieq +
–
v1
+ –
12 V – 2V 2V + 1V
7!
– + – +

(b) ■ FIGURE 3.75 ■ FIGURE 3.76

■ FIGURE 3.74
39. (a) For the circuit of Fig. 3.77, determine the value for the voltage labeled v,
after first simplifying the circuit to a single current source in parallel with two
resistors. (b) Verify that the power supplied by your equivalent source is equal to
the sum of the supplied powers of the individual sources in the original circuit.

+
7A 2! v 5A 3! 8A
–

■ FIGURE 3.77

40. What value of I S in the circuit of Fig. 3.78 will result in a zero voltage v?

+
1.28 A 1! v IS 1! –2.57 A
–

■ FIGURE 3.78

41. (a) Determine the values for I X and VY in the circuit shown in Fig. 3.79.
(b) Are those values necessarily unique for that circuit? Explain. (c) Simplify
the circuit of Fig. 3.79 as much as possible and still maintain the values for v
and i. (Your circuit must contain the 1 ! resistor.)

–3 A 3A

+
– – –
IX –4 A v 1! + 4V + VY + 3V
– i

■ FIGURE 3.79
 EXERCISES 75

3.7 Resistors in Series and Parallel

42. Determine the equivalent resistance of each of the networks shown in Fig. 3.80.

1!
4!
2!
2!
1!
2!
3!

(a) (b)
■ FIGURE 3.80

43. For each network depicted in Fig. 3.81, determine a single equivalent resistance.

1#

2# 4# 1# 4# 3#

(a) (b)
■ FIGURE 3.81

44. (a) Simplify the circuit of Fig. 3.82 as much as possible by using source and
resistor combinations. (b) Calculate i, using your simplified circuit. (c) To what
voltage should the 1 V source be changed to reduce i to zero? (d) Calculate the
power absorbed by the 5 ! resistor.
i 2! 7! 5!

+ +
3V – – 1V

1!
■ FIGURE 3.82
i3
45. (a) Simplify the circuit of Fig. 3.83, using appropriate source and resistor com- 3! 9!
binations. (b) Determine the voltage labeled v, using your simplified circuit.
(c) Calculate the power provided by the 2 A source to the rest of the circuit.
+ 3!
+
1A vx 3! 5!
2A 5! 5A 5! v 1A
–
– 5!

■ FIGURE 3.83

46. Making appropriate use of resistor combination techniques, calculate i3 in the 3! 6!

circuit of Fig. 3.84 and the power provided to the circuit by the single current
source. ■ FIGURE 3.84
76 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

47. Calculate the voltage labeled v x in the circuit of Fig. 3.85 after first simplify-
ing, using appropriate source and resistor combinations.

i
9!
+
2A vx 3! 15 ! 4i
–
6! 6!

■ FIGURE 3.85

48. Determine the power absorbed by the 15 ! resistor in the circuit of Fig. 3.86.

i
3! 15 !

4A 2i 3A 6! 6! 9A

6!

■ FIGURE 3.86

49. Calculate the equivalent resistance Req of the network shown in Fig. 3.87 if
R1 = 2R2 = 3R3 = 4R4 etc. and R11 = 3 !.
R2 R5 R8

Req R1 R4 R7 R10 R11

R3 R6 R9
■ FIGURE 3.87

50. Show how to combine four 100 ! resistors to obtain an equivalent resistance
of (a) 25 !; (b) 60 !; (c) 40 !.

3.8 Voltage and Current Division

i R1 51. In the voltage divider network of Fig. 3.88, calculate (a) v2 if v = 9.2 V and
v1 = 3 V; (b) v1 if v2 = 1 V and v = 2 V; (c) v if v1 = 3 V and v2 = 6 V;
+ + v1 – + (d) R1/R2 if v1 = v2 ; (e) v2 if v = 3.5 V and R1 = 2R2; (f ) v1 if v = 1.8 V,
R1 = 1 k!, and R2 = 4.7 k!.
v R2 v2
–
52. In the current divider network represented in Fig. 3.89, calculate (a) i1 if
i = 8 A and i2 = 1 A; (b) v if R1 = 100 k!, R2 = 100 k!, and i = 1 mA;
–
(c) i2 if i = 20 mA, R1 = 1 !, and R2 = 4 !; (d) i1 if i = 10 A, R1 = R2 = 9 !;
■ FIGURE 3.88 (e) i2 if i = 10 A, R1 = 100 M!, and R2 =1!.
i
+ i1 i2

v R1 R2

–
■ FIGURE 3.89
 EXERCISES 77

53. Choose a voltage v $ 2.5 V and values for the resistors R1, R2, R3, and R4 in +
the circuit of Fig. 3.90 so that i1 =1 A, i2 =1.2 A, i3 =8 A, and i4 = 3.1 A. i1 i2 i3 i4

54. Employ voltage division to assist in the calculation of the voltage labeled v x in v R1 R2 R3 R4
the circuit of Fig. 3.91.
55. A network is constructed from a series connection of five resistors having val-
ues 1 !, 3 !, 5 !, 7 !, and 9 !. If 9 V is connected across the terminals of the –
network, employ voltage division to calculate the voltage across the 3 ! resis- ■ FIGURE 3.90
tor, and the voltage across the 7 ! resistor.
56. Employing resistance combination and current division as appropriate, deter- + vx –
mine values for i1, i2, and v3 in the circuit of Fig. 3.92.
2! 3!
+
i2 3V – 2! 10 !
i1

5! 4! +
■ FIGURE 3.91
25 A 1! 2! 4! 4! v3
–

■ FIGURE 3.92

57. In the circuit of Fig. 3.93, only the voltage vx is of interest. Simplify the circuit
using appropriate resistor combinations and iteratively employ voltage division
to determine v x.

2 k!

1 k!

4 k!
3 k!
+
3V – 4 k!
+
3 k! vx 7 k!
–

■ FIGURE 3.93

Chapter-Integrating Exercises
58. The circuit shown in Fig. 3.94 is a linear model of a bipolar junction transistor
biased in the forward active region of operation. Explain why voltage division
is not a valid approach for determining the voltage across either 10 k! resistor.

10 k! 10i1
i1
+ + – +
10 V – – 20 V
0.7 V
10 k! 1 k!

■ FIGURE 3.94
78 CHAPTER 3 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LAWS

59. A common midfrequency model for a field effect–based amplifier circuit is

shown in Fig. 3.95. If the controlling parameter gm (known as the transconduc-
tance) is equal to 1.2 mS, employ current division to obtain the current through
the 1 k! resistor, and then calculate the amplifier output voltage v out.
30 !

+ +
+
12 cos 1000t mV 15 k! v! gm v! 10 k! 1 k! vout
–
– –

■ FIGURE 3.95

60. The circuit depicted in Fig. 3.96 is routinely employed to model the midfre-
quency operation of a bipolar junction transistor–based amplifier. Calculate the
amplifier output v out if the transconductance gm is equal to 322 mS.

1 k!

+ +
+
6 cos 2300t "V 15 k! 3 k! v! gm v! 3.3 k! vout
–
– –

■ FIGURE 3.96

61. With regard to the circuit shown in Fig. 3.97, compute (a) the voltage across
the two 10 ! resistors, assuming the top terminal is the positive reference;
(b) the power dissipated by the 4 ! resistor.

20 ! 40 ! 20 !

+
2V – 10 ! 10 ! 50 ! 4!

■ FIGURE 3.97

62. Delete the leftmost 10 ! resistor in the circuit of Fig. 3.97, and compute
(a) the current flowing into the left-hand terminal of the 40 ! resistor; (b) the
power supplied by the 2 V source; (c) the power dissipated by the 4 !
resistor.
63. Consider the seven-element circuit depicted in Fig. 3.98. (a) How many nodes,
loops, and branches does it contain? (b) Calculate the current flowing through
each resistor. (c) Determine the voltage across the current source, assuming the
top terminal is the positive reference terminal.

1!

2!

2!
2!

2A 5!

5!

■ FIGURE 3.98