شيت ماتريال 2

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Material science

Sheet (2)

1) State the seven different types of unit cells to create all crystal
systems
Answer

1-Cubic, 5-Hexagonal,
2- Tetragonal, 6-Monoclinic,
3- Orthorhombic, 7- and Triclinic
4-Rhombohedral

2) Calculate the axial length a and (APF) of iron with an atomic radius
R=0.124nm
3) Calculate the axial length a and (APF) of aluminum with an atomic
radius R = 0.143 nm
4) Define with drawing the point defects and line defects
5) What are factors effecting Material Properties
Answer

 Temperature: Increasing temperature will:


1-Decrease Modulus of Elasticity
2-Decrease Yield Strength
3-Decrease Ultimate Tensile Strength
4-Decrease Hardness
5-Increase Ductility
 Environment:

1-Sulfites,
2- Chlorine,
3- Oxygen in water,
4-Radiation, Pressure
6) What are benefits of heat treatment
1-increase Hardness

2-Increase Ductility

3-increase metals ability to machining and forming.

4-remove stresses which came from cold working.

5-Decrease Brittleness

‫تجرى عملٌات المعالجة الحرارٌة لتغٌٌر خواص المعدن ومنها‬


‫ زٌادة الصالدة‬-1
.‫ زٌادة المطٌلٌة والمتانة‬-2
.‫ زٌادة قابلٌة المعدن لعملٌات التشكٌل والتشغٌل‬-3
.‫ إزالة األجهادات الداخلٌة الناتجة عن عملٌات التشغٌل‬-4
‫ تقلٌل الهشاشة‬-5
7) Briefly discuss annealing, hardening, normalizing ,and tempering
Annealing :
-Heating higher than its critical temperature then cooling slowly.
‫ تسخٌن الصلب المقسى أو المصلد إلى ما فوق درجة حرارته الحرجة ثم تبرٌده ببطئ إلزالة قصافته‬-
.‫الناتجة عن عملٌات التشغٌل على البارد‬

-Improves hardness, strength, and ductility. ‫ٌحسن الصالدة والمقاومة والممطولٌة‬

Hardening:
-Heating higher than its critical temperature then cooling rapidly.
,‫ عملٌة تسخٌن الصلب إلى ما فوق درجة حرارته الحرجة بقلٌل ثم تبرٌده فجأة فً أي وسط مناسب )زٌت‬-
.‫ هواء( و ذلك لزٌادة صالدة المعدن‬,‫ماء‬
-Improves hardness. -Increases internal stresses.
.‫ زٌادة االجهادات الداخلٌة‬,‫ تحسٌن الصالدة‬-
Normalizing :

It is similar to annealing, except that during cooling stage the material is cooled
at a faster rate than annealing usually outside the furnaces in air.

‫تسخٌن الصلب إلى ما فوق درجة حرارته الحرجة ثم تركه ٌبرد فى الهواء وهذا األمر ٌؤدي إلى تغٌٌر‬
.ً‫شكله البلوري الداخل‬

Tempering:
- Steel is heated below the critical temperature and cooled slowly.
‫تسخٌن الصلب المقسى إلى درجات مختلفة تحت درجة حرارته الحرجة ثم تبرٌده بهدف تقلٌل‬
.‫صالدته العالٌة و قصافته‬

-Used with hardening to reduce the internal stresses


8) Briefly discuss Isothermal transformation diagrams

 Isothermal transformation diagrams (also known as time-temperature-


transformation diagrams) are plots of temperature versus time (usually on a
logarithmic scale).
 It is only valid for one specific composition of material,
 It is used to represent transformation kinetics for steels, and to describe the
kinetics of crystallization in ceramic.

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