5.

CASE: ALSTERBRO UPPER

Dam (main part from 1840)
 How to refurbish?
• Old or new site?
• Old or new powerhouse?
• Used or new turbine?
• Other equipment?
• Water building constructions?
Part of old intake
Part of new intake
Old tail race
New tail race
Turbine (1936)
Draft tube (2004)
Draft tube (2004)
Gear (1936), generator (1980)
Hydraulics (1980)
Hydraulics (1980)
Control and electric equipment
Control cabinet (1980/2004)
Control cabinet (1980/2004)
Switch cabinet (2004)
6. CASE: SHP FROM SEWAGE
WATER IN ANDEAN CITIES

Edmundo Villacorta
2007
Department of Energy Technology, KTH
Supervisor Prof Thomas Sandberg, KTH
 + 40 Sewage and energy plants + 40

+ 30 + 30

+ 20 + 20
TWO STEP SEWAGE
ENERGY PLANT TREATMENT
Hammarbyverket PLANT
+ 10 Fortum AB Henriksdal + 10

0 0

- 10 - 10
Second
Stage
Pump
- 20 - 20
Water
First
Turbine
Stage
- 30 Pump - 30

- 40 - 40
 Hammarbyverket DH and DC
2.5 Parts
District Cooling
1 Part
Drive Energy

HEAT PUMP
ϕ = 3.5

2.5 Parts 3.5 Parts

Waste Heat District Heating
 Hammarby DH, DC and power
SECOND STEP
DISTRIC
COOLING

PURIFIED HEAT PUMP

ϕ = 3.5
SEWAGE WATER
FIRST STEP

SEWAGE WATER
DISTRIC
HEATING

PURIFIED
10 m 10 m
HEAD HEAD

WATER DRIVE HYDROPOWER

ENERGY
PUMPS ELECTRICITY WATER
ELECTRICITY
4 X 220 kW TURBINE
5 X 110 kW 315 kW
Geographic Suitability
 Energy in Peru
Compound Energy Indicators
Key Energy Indicators (2003) (2003)

Energy Production TPES/Population

9.44 0.44
(Mtoe) (toe/capita)
TPES/GDP
Net Imports (Mtoe) 3.27 (toe/thousand - 2000 0.21
US$)
TPES (Mtoe) 12.00 TPES/GDP (PPP)
(toe/thousand - 2000 0.09
Electricity US$ PPP)
Consumption*(T 20.61 Electricity Consumption /
Wh) Population 759
(kWh/capita)
CO2 Emissions **(Mt
25.81
of CO2) CO2/TPES (t CO2/toe) 2.15

Source: IEA
Some hydropower plants in
Peru
HYDROPOWER NOMINAL YEARLY HEAD m
()
PLANT CAPACITY ENERGY
(MW) PRODUCTION
(GWh)
Santiago Ant nezde 798 4 966 748
Mayolo
Restituci—n 210 1 606 258
Huinco 258 862 1 245
Matucana 129 748 980
Charcani V 145 629 690
Moyopampa 63 S.D. 460
Callahuanca 71 S.D. 426
Huampan’ 31 S.D. 185
Some SHP disconnected
NAME OF CAPACITY RETIRED
NAME OF THE UTILITY HYDROPOWER PLANT (MW) SINCE
Electro Oriente S.A. C. H. Tabalosos 0,280 February 2004
Electronorte Medio S.A. -
HIDRANDINA C. H. Corl‡s 0,240 January 2004
C. H. Huaychaca 0,360 January 2004
C. H. Huayobamba (San
Marcos) 0,060 January 2004
C. H. Lanchiloma 0,070 January 2004
Sociedad Elˇctr ica del Sur
Oeste S.A. C. H. Pampacolca 0,120 March 2004
C. H. Siguas I 1,920 January 2004
Electro Sur Medio S.A.A. C.H. ANDAMARCA 0,090 January 2003
C.H. CASTROVIRREYNA 0,020 January 2003
C.H. CHIPAO 0,040 January 2003
C.H. QUERCO 0,040 January 2003
C.H. STGO DE
CHOCORVOS 0,010 January 2003
C.H. TANTARē 0,020 January 2003
C.H. TICRAPO 0,020 January 2003
November
Edelnor S.A.A. C.H. HUAROS 0,088 2002
Electrocentro S.A. C.H. IZCUCHACA 0,050 January 2002
Electronorte Medio S.A. -
HIDRANDINA C.H. PISCOBAMBA 0,230 March 2002
C.H. HUAYUNGUITA 0,080 March 2002
Sociedad Elˇctr ica del Sur C.H. SANTA RITADE
Oeste S.A. SIGUAS 0,170 January 2002
 System Boundary
System Boundary
ANDEAN
CITY

DISTRIBUTED POWER
SEWAGE GENERATION
WATER

SEWAGE PURIFIED SMALL

TREATMENT HYDRO OTHER USES
WATER
PLANT OF WATER

ELECTRICITY GENERATED
BIOGAS FOR OWN CONSUMPTION

ENERGY
Actual Water System in Andean
Cities
Ground FRESH
Water WATER
Lagoon, TREATMENT
Rivers, PLANT
Aquifer
(underground
STORAGE
water)

RESERVOIRS

SUPPLY PART OF
THE CITY NEEDS
ANDEAN
CITY

HIGHER LEVEL
THAN THE CITY SEWAGE ONLY 24% OF
WATER THE SEWAGE
COLLECTED WATER WAS
Rivers TREATED IN
PERU 2005
 Proposed Water System in Andean
Cities
Ground
Water FRESH WATER
Lagoon, TREATMENT
Rivers, PLANT
STORM
Aquifer
STORAGE WATER
(underground
water)
RESERVOIRS
DISTRIBUTED
ANDEAN POWER
SUPPLY THE CITY
CITY NEEDS GENERATION

SEWAGE
HIGHER LEVEL WATER NET HEAD
THAN THE CITY AVAILABLE

PU
R
SEWAGE WA IFIED SMALL
TREATMENT TE
R HYDRO
PLANT
OTHER USES
OF WATER

BIOGAS ELECTRICITY
GENERATED
FOR OWN
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Small Hydropower in a Water
Abstraction System
ANDEAN System Boundary
CITY

SEWAGE
WATER

PURIFIED
WATER
SEWAGE SMALL AVAILABLE
TREATMENT HYDRO HEAD
PLANT

OTHER USES
HYDROPOWER OF WATER
BIOGAS
ENERGY

ENERGY
Design Type Small Hydropower with
Daily Reservoir
ANDEAN
CITY System Boundary

SEWAGE
WATER

PURIFIED
SEWAGE WATER
TREATMENT
PLANT Daily
Reservoir
AVAILABLE
SMALL
HEAD
HYDRO

HYDROPOWER OTHER USES

BIOGAS OF WATER
ENERGY

ENERGY
Design Type Small Hydropower with
Two Reservoirs: Pump Storage
ANDEAN
CITY
System Boundary

SEWAGE
WATER

PURIFIED
WATER
SEWAGE Upper
TREATMENT Permanent
PLANT Reservoir
AVAILABLE
SMALL
HYDRO HEAD
PUMP
TURBINE

Lower
Permanent ELECTRICITY
Reservoir
BIOGAS HYDROPOWER
OTHER USES
ENERGY OF WATER

ENERGY
 Andean cities in Peru

Population with
Altitude water service Water
i ii 10
City (m.a.s.l.)[ ] (inhabitants)[ ] Connections[ ]
Chachapoyas 2 334 19 899 4 313
Huaraz 3 091 105 937 18 068
Abancay 2 378 66 675 7 758
Arequipa 2 335 917 413 149 650
Ayacucho 2 746 151 949 33 481
Cajamarca 2 720 117 830 25 422
Cusco 3 399 262 482 41 749
Huancavelica 3 676 42 437 5 587
Huanuco 1 894 N.V. 26 455
Tarma 3 080 41 144 8 504
Cerro de
Pasco 4 338 N.V. N.V.
Puno 3 827 133 807 25 677

i
Institute Geographic of Peru
ii
Regulatory Authority of Water and Sanitation Supply
 Huaraz (3 091 m a.s.l.)
4.8 Mm3 of sewage water/year
“Auqui” River 7.45 Mm3 of fresh water/year
Q_av_year= 9m3/s
1200m3
3210 m a.s.l “Bellavista I”
3074m a.s.l.
Treatment
Plant
250m3

SUPPLY TO THE CITY NEEDS

Q = 60 l/s
3127m a.s.l.
Capacity of 200l/s (3155 m a.s.l.)
12” diameter 80m
1100m3
“Bellavista II”

7 Reservoirs
3038m a.s.l.
Treatment
SEWAGE
Plant WATER
150m3
Q = 110 l/s 92%
3095m a.s.l.
“Paria” River (3152 m.a.s.l.) STORAGE 8” diameter
Q_av_year= 6m3/s
250m3
3240 m a.s.l “Mariam”
3156m a.s.l.
Treatment
Plant
Q = 120 l/s 1100m3
Capacity of 120l/s (3282 m a.s.l.) 3095m a.s.l.
1x0,8 m canal 40m 18000 costumers

“Paria Bajo” 250m3

3210 m a.s.l
Treatment Xxx m a.s.l.
Plant
Q = xx l/s
Capacity of 120l/s
(3152 m.a.s.l.)
8” diameter 50m
 Cusco (3 399 m a.s.l.)
17.2 Mm3 of sewage water/year

23.9 Mm3 of fresh water/year

19.41 Mm3
18 Reservoirs
Ground
Water “Santa Ana”

SUPPLY TO THE CITY NEEDS

Treatment SEWAGE
“Piuray” Plant TREATMENT
Lagoon Q = 350 l/s PLANT
78% of the (small)
fresh water SEWAGE
supply WATER
“Jaquita”
Treatment 92%
SEWAGE
STORAGE 8” diameter
Plant TREATMENT
Underground
Q = 80 l/s PLANT
water (120 l/s)

30.44 Mm3
22 Reservoirs
“Los Jardines” 222.1 km of sewage
Treatment Water Pipes (200mm
Plant and 400mm diameter
Q = 20 l/s 41 700 costumers

357.8 km of water pipes

 Arequipa (2 335 m a.s.l.)
32.5 Mm3 of sewage water/year

53.02 Mm3 of fresh water/year

Ground
Water “La Tomilla”

SUPPLY TO THE CITY NEEDS

82.2% of the Treatment “Chilpina”
fresh water Plant SEWAGE
supply Q = 1243.5 l/s TREATMENT

Reservoirs
PLANT
(10.4%)

SEWAGE
STORAGE WATER
Underground Seven sources
Water:17.6% Q = 269 l/s 89.6% of
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
Is discharged

149 600 costumers

“Chili”
River
 Arequipa (2 335 m a.s.l.)
53.02 Mm3 of fresh water/year 32.5 Mm3 of sewage water/year

149 600 costumers

 Energy and income
Design Arequipa Cusco
Type Power Energy Income Power Energy Income
(kW) (MWh / ($/year) (kW) (MWh / ($/year)
year) year)
SHP in a 338,7 2709,9 139 653 93,5 748,2 36 516
Water
Abstraction
System
SHP Daily 1902,1 2709,9 206 765 525,2 748,2 52 737
Reservoir
Production
during P.H.
SHP Pump 7608,5 11869,3 861 948 2100,8 3277,2 219 848
Storage 1992,7 9325,9 (385 738) 550,2 2575,0 (103 630)
Income without 476 210 Income without 116 219
Operational Cost Operational Cost
 Net income in 15 years
Design Arequipa Cusco
Type Present Net Income Present Net Income
Value 15 ($/year) Value 15 ($/year)
years years
SHP in a 941 648 138 257 246 215 36 150
Water
Abstraction
System
SHP Daily 1 199 165 202 630 305 856 51 682
Reservoir
Production
during P.H.
SHP Pump 2 217 889 433 113 538 845 105 226
Storage

Rate 12%
 Investment
Description Average Cost US $
One 338,7 kW Turbine 263 979
and Generator
Electronic Equipment 193 585
Civil works including 50 351 972
meters Pipeline
Engineering 70 394
Total 879 930
 7. CASE: INVESTIGATING
THE POSSIBILITY OF PICO
HYDRO DEVELOPMENT IN
UGANDA
Richard Okou
2005

Supervisors Dr Izael Pereira Da Silva, Ma-

kerere University, Prof Thomas Sandberg,
KTH
 Background (1)
• 5 % have access to electricity in Ugan-
da; 1 % in rural areas
• For lighting, families usually depend on
candles, kerosene wick-lamps and
expensive single-use batteries
• Large scale hydro power stations are
capital intensive, the regulations are
very complex and there are construc-
tion risks
 Background (2)
• An alternative is pico hydro, which
is possible in many parts of Uganda
• Equipment for pico hydro can be
fabricated locally
• Pico hydro does not require a lot of
funds
Potential site on Sezibwa falls
 Site description
• 2.5 km off Kampala-Jinja highway
• 20 households were surveyed within a
800 m radius
• Sezibwa falls is government property
• Land surrounding the falls is privately
owned
• Major crops grown are vanilla, tea,
sugarcane
Design of hydropower systems

• Site description
• Technical data
• Intake position
• Penstock
• Turbine and generator systems
• Electrical and control equipment
• The Power House
• Distribution system
 Technical data
• Flow rate of the river is 0.5 m3/s with a gross
head of 30 m
• Design specifications are 30 l/s flow and 24 m
net head
• Maximum power output of 5 kW
• Pelton turbine directly coupled to an induction
generator
• The penstock length has been estimated to be
60 m, 100 mm diameter HVDE pipe.
• Each household will be allocated a maximum of
120 W
 Flow rate estimated
• The maximum capacity is 5 kW
• The flow rate is constant, hence need
for designed flow rate
• P=H*Q*g* η
• 5 = 30 ∗ Q *9,81 * 0,57
• Q = 0,03 m3/s = 30 l/s
 Choice of turbine
Turbine name Head range Cost for 5 kW Maintenance Damage by silt

Pelton Medium & high Low Simple & robust so Little effect from silt
low
maintenance

Cross flow Medium & low Low/medium More turbine Little effect from silt
maintenance
(Michel-banki) required than
pelton

Turgo Medium & high Medium – more Low maintenance Little effect from silt
than pelton
Propeller Low Low/medium More maintenance More problems with
required than silt over time
pelton

Pump-as- Medium & low Low More maintenance More problems with
required than silt over time
turbine pelton

Francis Medium High - not More complicated to Not for use with
maintain heavily silt-
economic at laden water
5kW
 Turbine system
Turbine nozzle
Gate va lve for
flow control Pelton Turbine Wall of Turbine house

Penstock
Reducer
Support
Section A
Water in

Water out

2.5m of PVC plastic pipe used for tailrace

Diameter at least 150mm
slope 1cm in every 50cm (5cm in total)
and extending 1 m outside of turbine house
Section A: Fixing Bolts for
turbine base must be
fixed in concrete
Distribution system
15
20

20
19

50
18

110

ls
Fal
he 17
o T
50m T
2
tor
n er a
Ge 100
t he
m
Fr o

16

30
15

50
14

40
12
13

95
10
11

17
8
4 9

63
6
20 5
10
3
4

29
1 2

14 14
 Pole and cabling
Ser vice
con nection s Guy wir es supp orts
Pol e H eight are made at the last pol e in the line
(to wire ) the pol e

sag: 80 to 250 mm
3.0 m o r
5.0 m o r
5.8 m

Burr ied dep th

1.1 5 m etre s
span:2 5 to 40 met res
Lightning protection system
Distribution Consumer
Power house Lighting
System Loads
Ballast Arrestor
Load on
Induction insulation 1st pole Mains switch
Generator switch Lighting Arrestor at Consumer
connection
RCD L
L IGC

N N

Earth L
connection
Varistors may also
500 max be connected across
the consummer
supply ibf a PTC is
Extra Varistors N used
Connected
across output
terminals of IGC

Fig: Location of the Lighting arrestors

 Load profile

Power Consumed during that hour

6
5
Power consumed

4
3
2
1
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hour of the day
8. ECONOMIC DECISISONS
To invest or not invest, that is
the question
• Should this SHP
station be re-
started?
• Background of the
actor/owner
• Characteristics of
the SHP
 System components
• (Dam, channel) • Generator
• (Spillway/gates) • (Transformer)
• (Penstock) • Distribution line
• Power house • Control equipment
• Turbine • (Telecom) alarm
• Regulator • Meter
• Gear • Power equipment
 The basic technical principle
• E=P*h=H*Q*g*η*h
• E(kWh) = P(kW) * h(hours) =
H(m) * Q(m3/s) * g(m/s2) * η (%)*
h(hours)
• Potential energy > kinetic energy >
mechanical energy > electrical energy >
???
• 2*3,6*9,81*0,80*0,98*0,90*5000=
50*5000=250.000 kWh
 The basic economic principle
• Profit = Revenue - Operating cost -
Capital cost
• Profit = R - C(o) - C(c)
• Profit = H*Q*g* η *h*p - C(o) - C(c)
 Values produced, revenues
• Energy. In Sweden sold on a free (?)
market to power traders
• Loss reduction in the grid(s). Positive for
the grid operator(s)
• Capacity increase in the grid(s). Positive
for the grid operator(s)
• Reduction of coal-based power and
thus greenhouse gases. Positive for
society
 Revenue budget
• Power 243 MWh x 200 SEK +48.600
• Grid 243 MWh x 40 SEK +9.720
• Green power certificates
• 243 MWh x 200 SEK +48.600
• Total revenue 106.920
• Total revenue KSEK 107
 Operating cost budget
• Real estate tax 1
• Insurance 4
• Telephone 1
• Grid operator fee 2
• Maintenance and repair 4
• Supervision 2
• Miscellaneous 2
• Total KSEK 16
 Investment budget
• Construction work 900.000
• Old equipment 160.000
• New outlet to turbine 80.000
• Repair and installation of
mechanical equipment 160.000
• Repair and installation of
control equipment 80.000
• Electrical work 40.000
• Grid connection 30.000
• Miscellaneous 50.000
• Total SEK 1.500.000
 Length of life, discount rate
• Physical vs economic length of life
• Length of life as risk management
• Discount rate as cost of capital or pro-
fitability demand
• Discount rate as risk management
• The impact of length of life and dis-
count rate on profitability
 Capital cost budget
• Investment amount: KSEK 1.500
• Number of years: 25? 40? Or?
• Own vs borrowed capital: 30 - 70 %?
• Interest rate (rate of return): 6 %? Or?
Investment analysis models (1)
• All models are complex relying on many
implicit and questionable assumptions
• Most figures are forecasts, not facts
• How to compare investments with diffe-
rent length of life?
• Inflation is excluded, makes it easier to
pay back loans but increases the capital
cost
Investment analysis models (2)
• Payback
• Average yearly profit
• Real interest
• Internal rate of return
• Net present value
 Payback
• Years for the accumulated operating
profit = net cash flow to equal initial
investment.

• PB = NINV/NCF;

• PB = 1500/(107 - 16) = 16 < 25 years.

Present value of $ 1

QuickTime och en
TIFF (LZW)-dekomprimerare
krävs för att kunna se bilden.
Present value of an annuity of $ 1

QuickTime och en
TIFF (LZW)-dekomprimerare
krävs för att kunna se bilden.
 Net present value
• Decide a rate of return, discount net cash flow from
each year, subtract net invest-ment.

• NPV = SUM NCF/(1 + k) - NINV;

• NPV = (107-16) x 12,783 - 1500 = -337
• NPV = (107-16) x 15,046 - 1500 = -131
• NPV = (107-16) x 17,159 - 1500 = +61