ELECTRICAL DESIGN

INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES

SECOND EDITION
ELECPOWERSYSTEMS.COM
VOLTAGE LEVELS

• AC transmission, distribution and utilization systems and equipment for use in such systems
With standard frequencies 50 HZ and 60 HZ having nominal voltage above 100 V.
• Nominal system voltage: a suitable approximate value of voltage to designate or identify a system.
• Voltage classifications:
ANSI C48.1 Low Voltage Medium High Voltage Extra High
1.Low Voltage: 120 to 600 VAC IEC 60038 Voltage Voltage
2.Medium Voltage: 2.4 KV to 34.5 KV Nominal 120, 240, 480, 2.4, 4.16, 4.8, 46, 69, 115, 345, 500, 765,
system 600 (V) 6.9, 13.8, 23, 138, 161, 230 1100 (KV)
3.High Voltage: 46 KV to 230 KV voltage 34.5 (KV) (KV)
4.Extra High Voltage: 345 KV to 1100 KV
the classification of voltage level changes depending on the governing authority.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN
AND NORTH AMERICAN SYSTEMS
Two main distribution systems around the world:
1.European
2.North America
The main differences are in:
1.Layouts
North American LV networks feature much shorter secondary
connections, up to 80 m therefore, distribution transformers must be
placed much closer to consumers, and are smaller single-phase units
(25–50 kVA).
While European design they can reach up to 1600 m, can cover larger
areas and thus have higher ratings (300–1000 kVA); most European
transformers are three phase only the remote rural areas in European
design are served by single-phase transformers.
2.Configurations
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND NORTH
AMERICAN SYSTEMS

3.Applications
the frequency in many countries is 50 Hz instead of 60 Hz, which affects the operation of some equipment,
such as motors which will run approximately 17% slower.
a 4-pole motor then at 50 Hz the speed would be 1,500 RPM whereas at 60 Hz the speed would be 1,800
RPM
In general, equipment rated for use in the United States cannot be used outside of the United States, and
equipment rated for use outside of the United States cannot be used in the United States.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND NORTH
AMERICAN SYSTEMS
5.European systems have larger transformers and more customers per transformer than north American
designs.
6.European countries have a standard secondary voltage of 240 Volts. With twice the voltage as that in
North America.
North America has standardized on a 120/240 V secondary system.
7.The European system is generally more expensive than the North American system.
8.North American designs more reliable result in fewer customer interruption.
9.European system have fewer voltage sags.
short duration reduction in rms voltage which can be caused by a short circuit, overload, or starting
of electric motors.
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
1.Single Phase Voltage
230V in UK, EU (50 HZ) and 120V & 240V in the US & Canada (60 HZ)

Single Phase, 2 Wire System 120V

The nominal voltage between the two wires is 120V
Homes and small commercial buildings are generally supplied by single phase power supply from electric power company.
Overhead single-phase power transformer is commonly used in rural areas, remote regions
and villages to provide high quality power supply for daily lighting, agricultural production.
1.single pole mounted
2.Small capacity
3.low-voltage power supply radius
4.Low line loss and better power supply quality
5.high overload capacity
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
Single Phase Voltage, 3 wire system
The nominal voltage between two phase conductor is 240V, and from each phase conductor to the neutral
is 120V
In this system the neutral wire is center-tapped from the secondary winding of the transformer and
earthed. This system is also called as split-phase electricity distribution system. It is commonly used in
North America for residential supply.
Circuits for lighting and small appliance power outlets use 120 V.
High-demand applications, such as air conditioners, are often powered using 240 V AC circuits.
HIGH-LEG DELTA
It is used when both single and three-phase power
is desired to be supplied from a three-phase transformer
The line-to-line voltage magnitude are all the same
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝑉𝐵𝐶 = 240 V
Because the winding between a and b phases are center tapped
𝑉𝐴𝐵 240
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 2
= 2
= 120 V
But the phase voltage between c and n is different
2 2 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝐴𝐶 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑛
2 = 𝑉2 - 𝑉2
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝐴𝐶 𝑎𝑛 hypotenuse

2 2
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝐴𝐶 − 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 2402 − 1202 = 207.846 V
opposite
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 3 × 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 208 V
adjacent
SINGLE PHASE – 230V DISTRIBUTION - IEC
SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL WIRING INSTALLATION
DIAGRAM – 230V DISTRIBUTION - IEC
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS

2.Three phase system

We use three phase power supply to transmit and deliver power to heavy loads and it’s commonly used in
large facilities.
three-phase power, three-phase power supplies are more efficient. A three-phase power supply can
transmit three times as much power as a single-phase power supply.
𝑃1−𝑝ℎ = 𝑉1−𝑝ℎ × 𝐼1−𝑝ℎ × p.f
𝑃3−𝑝ℎ = 3 × 𝑃1−𝑝ℎ Nominal system voltage Three wire Four wire
240 208Y/120
480 240/120
600 480Y/277
THREE PHASE THREE WIRE
240 V 480 V 600 V
THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE
208Y/120 V 240/120 V 480Y/277 V
VOLTAGE CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
VOLTAGE CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
Voltage control required to providing satisfactory voltage
to the terminals of utilization equipment.
The transformers used to step the transmission voltage
down to the primary distribution voltage are generally
equipped with tap changing underload equipment, which
changes the ratio of the transformer under load in order
to maintain the primary distribution voltage within a
narrow band regardless of fluctuations in the transmission
voltage.
We Separate step or induction regulators used.
Generally, the regulator controls are equipped with
compensators that
1.raise the voltage as the load increases
2.lower the voltage as the load decreases
This prevents the voltage from rising to excessive
values during light load conditions when the voltage
drop along the primary distribution system is low.
VOLTAGE CONTROL IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

Switched or fixed-shunt capacitors are also used by utility distribution companies to improve the voltage
on the primary feeders
buildings close to the distribution substation will receive voltages that average higher than those received
by buildings at a distance from the distribution substation
ELECTRICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

1.Electrical Code
2.Negotiation
3.Future Expansion
4.Specifications
5.Shop Drawing
6.Estimation
7.Technical Files
ELECTRICAL DESIGN ENGINEER TASKS

1.Electrical Code and Communicate with team members

Electrical Engineer Is Responsible for Fulfilling The Requirements for a Proper Installation , Code Requirements ,
Flexibility of Relocating Electrical Equipment in Terms of Layout and at the same time Negotiate with other
members of design team such as mechanical engineer because electrical equipment are easier to relocate and
occupy smaller percentage of the total building than mechanical equipment.
2-Future Expansion
Adaptability of Electrical Systems to expansion as well as changes to meet varied requirements during the life of
the building, extra conductors or raceway space should be included in the design stage if additional load may be
added later, each project deserves careful consideration of load growth margin.
3.Specifications : installation of electric systems consists of a written document and drawings. These become part
of the contract, which contains legal and engineering sections. The legal nontechnical sections contain the
general terms of the agreement between contractor and owner, such as payment, working conditions, and time
requirements; and it may include clauses on performance bonds, extra work, penalty clauses, and damages for
breach of contract.
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

4.Drawing :
Designers will usually be given preliminary architectural drawings as a first step. These will permit them to arrive at the
preliminary scope of the work; roughly estimate the requirements for, and determine in a preliminary way, the location of
equipment; and the methods and types of lighting.
In this stage of the design, such items as hung ceilings, recessed or surface-mounted fixtures, and general types of distribution will
be decided. It is important to discuss the plans with the senior engineer, and with the architect who has the advantage of knowing
the type of construction and building finishes. The mechanical engineer will indicate the mechanical loads that will exist.
It is during this early period that the designer should emphasize the need for: room to hang conduits and other raceways, crawl
spaces, structural reinforcements for heavy equipment, special floor loadings; clearances around switchgear, transformers,
busways, cable trays, panelboards, and switchboards; and other items that may be required.
The single-line diagrams should then be prepared in conformity with the utility’s service requirements. Based on these, the utility
will develop a service layout. Electrical drawings are based on architectural drawings and, while prepared at the same time as the
structural and mechanical drawings, they are usually the last ones completed because of the need to resolve physical interferences.
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

5.Shop Drawings :
After the design has been completed and contracts are awarded, manufacturers and other suppliers will submit manufacturers’ or shop
drawings for approval or information. It is important to return these shop drawings as quickly as possible, otherwise the contractor may
claim that his or her work was delayed by failure to receive approval or other permission to proceed. Unless drawings are unusable, it is a
good idea not to reject them but to stamp the drawings approved as noted and mark them to show changes and corrections.
The supplier can then make whatever changes are indicated and will not have to wait for a completely approved set of drawings before
commencing work. Unless otherwise directed, communications with contractors and suppliers is always through the construction
(often inspection) authority.
In returning corrected shop drawings, remember that the contract for supplying the equipment usually rests with the general contractor and
that the official chain of communication is through him or her.
Sometimes, direct communication with a subcontractor or a manufacturer may be permitted; however, the content of such communication
should always be confirmed in writing with the general contractor. Recent lawsuits have resulted in the placing of responsibility for shop
drawing correctness (in those cases and possibly future cases) on the design engineer, leaving no doubt that checking is an important job.
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
6.Estimation:
a preliminary estimate is usually requested. Sometimes, the nature of a preliminary estimate makes it nothing more than a good
guess. Enough information is usually available, however, to perform the estimate on a square foot or similar basis. The
preliminary estimate becomes part of the overall feasibility study for the project.
a second estimate is often provided after the project has been clearly depend, but before any drawings have been prepared. The
electrical designer can determine the type of lighting fixtures and heavy equipment that is to be used from sketches and
architectural layouts. Lighting fixtures as well as most items of heavy equipment can be priced directly from catalogs, using
appropriate discounts.
The most accurate estimate is made when drawings have been completed and bids are about to be received or the contract
negotiated. In this case, the estimating procedure of the designer is similar to that of the contractor’s estimator.
It involves first the take-offs, that is, counting the number of receptacles, lighting fixtures, lengths of wire and conduit,
determining the number and types of equipment, and then applying unit costs for labor, materials, overhead, and profit.
The use of electrical code is a big help
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

7.Technical Files :
Drawings and other technical files are often kept in Þle cabinets as originals or copies.
A system of filing and reference is essential where many such items are involved. A computerized database
may be a valuable method of referencing and locating the proper document.
When drawings are produced by AutoCAD, cloud or USB be used for storage.
Plotters can be used with computer systems to produce hard copy.
LOAD ESTIMATION

1.Preliminay load estimation

2.Determine the type of distribution system and voltage level
3.Use electrical
4.Use energy code ASHRAE Standard
5.Final load estimation
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOADS

Example of electrical loads should be considered when estimating future loads :

1.Lighting loads
Generally lighting loads have accounted for 20-50%of the load.
LOAD TYPES

2.Receptacles
desktop computers and communication equipment
LOAD ESTIMATION
LOAD ESTIMATION – MISCELLANEOUS OR SPECIAL LOADS

• kitchen electronics such as microwaves and toaster ovens, bath items such as hair dryers and electric hot tubs,
and others such as security systems and ceiling fans.
• Important >>> demand factors of table 220.56 shall not apply to space heating, ventilation or air conditioning
equipment
• a restaurant with two 14-kW stoves, a 6-kW oven, a 5-kW dishwasher, a 3-kW booster heater, and a 4-kW
food waste disposer
The total number of units is six.
The total rating of the equipment = 2*14 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 4 = 46 kW
The load after applying the Table 220.56 demand factor = 46 × 65% = 29.9 kW
1. The demand load > the sum of the largest two kitchen equipment loads, in this case, it is permissible to use
the demand load.
2. The demand load < the sum of the largest two kitchen equipment loads, in this case, the demand load must
not be used and The minimum load will be the sum of the largest two kitchen equipment loads.
MISCELLANEOUS LOADS

• The absolute minimum rating is the total combined rating of the largest two kitchen equipment loads =
14 + 14 = 28 KW

Since the demand load of 29.9 kW is higher than the sum of the two highest rated units, it is
permissible to use the demand load.
LOAD TYPES

3.Heating and air handling units

4.Fire protection system
5.Elevators and escalators
6.UPS
7.Food preparation
8.Security system and communication system
9.Special loads for hospitals , airports and broadcasting stations
POWER COMPANY

load survey
1.Initial demand and connected load and possible expansion
2.Average usage
3.Power factor of total load
4.Rating of the largest load
5.Identification of load sensitive to voltage and frequency
6.Expected continuity of service
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

rural areas the load density is about 4 MVA/sq KM and urban areas it is about 120 MVA/ sq KM.
Total connected load = σ( 𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑠 + Power Appliance Circuits + Transportation Circuits + … )
Demand : is the electrical load that is to be supplied
By a system averaged over a specific time interval.

Maximum Demand : is the greatest of all demands

That have occurred over a specific period.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Demand factor = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
DIVERSITY FACTOR AND COINCIDENCE FACTOR
s

𝐷1 + 𝐷2 + …+ 𝐷𝑛
D.F = σ 𝐷𝑆
1
C.F = 𝐷.𝐹
DIVERSITY FACTOR
UTILIZATION FACTOR

• Factors ku and ks allow the determination of the maximum demand power and apparent power actually
required to size the system.
the maximum load demand which could be drawn
Utilization factor =
the rated capacity of the system

• Example : maximum load 700 KVA from 1 p.m to 3 p.m , system capacity 1000 KVA
700 KVA
• Utilization factor = 1000 KVA = 0.7
DIVERSITY FACTOR

• simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a given installation never occurs in practice
• Simultaneous Operations is the execution of two or more groups parallel operation on the same
location at the same time.
maximum demand of the system
• C.F = the sum of individual maximum demands

French standard NFC14-100

 EXAMPLE
5 storeys apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of
installed load.

The total demand load = 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA

150 𝐾𝑉𝐴
Total current = 1.73 × 400 𝑉 = 216.76 A

The apparent-power required = 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA

69 𝐾𝑉𝐴
Main feeder current = 1.73 ×400 𝑉 = 99.7 A ≅ 100 A

You can change riser size this change conventionally spaced by at least
3-floor.

36 𝐾𝑉𝐴 +24 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×0.63

The current fed ( third+fourth ) floor = = 54.62 A
1.73 ×400
INSTALLED POWER
• 1.Active Power ( W, KW,…)
• is the amount of power that is converted into a useful output ( the rate of useful work)
• lamp in an automobile headlight consuming
• 5 amps from a 12-volt battery consumes a total of 5 × 12, or 60 watts
• 2.Apparent Power ( VA, KVA,…)
• it tells you the total amount of power in use in a system ( states the power consumed)
• in commercial and
• industrial installations, often the reactance is high enough that it must be
• considered.
• The 1-hp motor just mentioned, if fully loaded for an
• hour, will add about 1,100 VA to the electrical system, but a conventional electric
• meter would record only about 800 watts of energy consumed in the same period. The magnetizing current is returned to the line
instead of being converted into mechanical energy.
•
• Power Factor: a measure of electrical efficiency
• the closer the power factor is to 1, the more efficiently the kVA is being converted into useful kW
• η = the per-unit efficiency = output kW / input kW
It may be noted that, strictly speaking, the total kVA of apparent power is not the arithmetical sum of
the calculated kVA ratings of individual loads (unless all loads are at the same power factor).
INDUCTION MOTOR – LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
• The induction motors are the most common used type in industrial applications because they’re reliable, self
starting and economic.
• induction motors are used in a wide variety of applications such as:
• elevators, fans, blowers and conveyors
• Before we design electrical low voltage systems, we must know the apparent power required by each load
This will enable us to know the load current level at each distribution board and select suitable protective devices
• The rated active power ( P ) of a motor indicates its rated equivalent mechanical power output.
𝑟𝑎𝑑
• P = T × 𝜔 = ( N.m ) × ( 𝑠
)=W
𝑃
• The apparent power ( S ) supplied to the motor : S =
𝜂 ×𝑝.𝑓
𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑖
𝜂= 𝑃𝑖
, P.F = 𝑆𝑖

Reduction in apparent power will increase the power factor

Power factor correction is suggested for industrial motors that run for long periods
to extend motor life, reduce losses and reduce energy cost
Connecting capacitor bank will reduce the current supplied to induction motor without affecting the output
power
INDUCTION MOTOR – LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
𝑃
• Three phase motor 𝐼𝑟 =
3 × 𝑉𝑙 ×𝜂 ×𝑝.𝑓
Three phase motor 415 V, 75 KW, full load 1480 rpm, efficiency at full load 94%, power factor at full load 87.5%
50 HZ, S.F = 1

75 𝐾𝑊
𝐼𝑟 = = 127 A
3 × 415 × 0.94 × 0.875
code letter for this motor is H , starting current 6.7 * rated current so starting current = 6.7*127 = 850.9 A

𝑃
• Single phase motor 𝐼𝑟 =
𝑉𝑝ℎ ×𝜂 ×𝑝.𝑓

Single phase motor 230V, 0.75 KW, 50 HZ, power factor 0.93, efficiency 0.72, speed 1410 rpm, capacitor start 80 microfarads
Capacitor run 20 microfarads
0.75 𝐾𝑊
𝐼𝑟 = = 4.86 A
230 ×0.72 × 0.93
LRC = 1.6 × 𝐼𝑟
INDUCTION MOTOR – LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Starting current , Subtransient Current

The use of start/delta starter or variable speed drive allows to
reduce the value of the starting current.
If overcurrent protective device trip during starting, this means the
starting current exceeds the normal limits.
INDUCTION MOTOR – LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
• Subtransient current
• There are three periods of time:
Sub-transient period:
first cycle or so after the fault – AC current is very large and falls rapidly;
Transient period:
current falls at a slower rate;
Steady-state period:
current reaches its steady value.
Subtransient current peak value can be very high about 12 times rated current value.
Most of protective devices nowadays are designed to withstand motor starts and protect
motor against very high subtransient current.
Example:
𝐼𝑟 = 127 𝐴
410 𝑉
𝐼,, = = 3.2 KA
𝑋 ′′ =0.13
𝐼 ,, 3153.84
= = 24.8
𝐼 127
Selecting inappropriate protective device will cause motor failure
And consequently
Lost production , Delayed manufacturing, Motor windings burnt out and Cost of repair
INDUCTION MOTOR – LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
P = S × P.F
S=V×𝐼=P±JQ
1 KW = S × 0.85
1 𝐾𝑊
S= = 1.05 KVA
0.85
1 KW = S × 0.64
1 𝐾𝑊
S= = 1.6 KVA
0.64
𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑖 =
𝜂
𝑃𝑜
𝑆𝑖 =
𝜂 ×𝑃.𝐹

Three phase IM
𝑆𝑖
𝐼𝑛 =
3 × 𝑉𝐿

Single phase IM
𝑆𝑖
𝐼𝑛 =
𝑉𝑝
RESISTIVE APPLIANCES AND LIGHTING LOADS
• Resistive appliances
• Three Phase Load
• 𝑃𝑟 = 3 × 𝑉𝑙 × 𝐼𝑙 × 𝑝. 𝑓
• P.f = 1
𝑃𝑟
• 𝐼𝑙 = 3 × 𝑉𝑙

• Example:
• Three Phase Electric water heater 380 V, 13 KW, P.F = 99.8%
13 𝐾𝑊
• 𝐼𝑙 = 3 × 380 𝑉 × 0.998
= 19.8 A ≅ 20 𝐴

• Single Phase Electric water heater 220 V, 13 KW, P.F = 99.8%

• Single Phase Load
• 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ × 𝐼𝑝ℎ × 𝑝. 𝑓
𝑃𝑟
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ =
𝑉𝑝ℎ

13 𝐾𝑊
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ = = 59.2 A
220 𝑉 ×0.998

• E = P × 𝑇 = KWHr
• E = 13 KW × 4 𝐻𝑟 = 52 𝐾𝑊𝐻𝑟
• Price = 0.12 Dollar/KWHr
𝐷𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
• Bill = 52 KWHr × 0.12 𝐾𝑊𝐻𝑟 = 6.24 $
RESISTIVE APPLIANCES AND LIGHTING LOADS
• Lighting Loads
• Incandescent and halogen lamps P.f=1
𝑃𝑟
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑝ℎ

• Fluorescent lamps
𝑃𝑟 +𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ =
𝑉𝑝ℎ ×𝑝.𝑓

• Example :
• Compact fluorescent lamp 26 W, 220 V, 50 HZ, P.F = 0.46
26 𝑊 +( 26 𝑊× 25% )
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ = = 0.32 A
220 𝑉 × 0.46
• LED Lamps p.f > 0.9
• LED tube 15 unit × 26 W, 220 V, p.f = 0.95, 50 Hz
RESISTIVE APPLIANCES AND LIGHTING LOADS

15 × 26 𝑊
• 𝐼𝑝ℎ = = 1.8 𝐴
220 𝑉 ×0.95

• 𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑟𝑢𝑠ℎ = 3 × 𝐼𝑟 = 5.4 A
• CB = 10 A, B CURVE
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR

• Workshop A
• 45 KVA
• Workshop B
• 27 KVA
• Workshop C
• 55 KVA
• Total load connected power = 𝑆𝑊𝐴 + 𝑆𝑊𝐵 + 𝑆𝑊𝐶 = 127 KVA
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR
• Workshop A
• Lathe 4 units each 5 KVA
• Pedestal drill 2 units each 2 KVA
• 5 Sockets outlet 16 A circuit rating 18 KVA
• 10 units fluorescent lamps total rating 3 KVA
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐶𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝐿 = 45 KVA
• Apply Demand Factor to each individual load
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝐿 + 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝐷𝐿 + 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐷𝐿 + 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝐿
• 𝑆𝐷𝐿 = 𝑆𝑇𝐶𝐿 × 𝐾. 𝑈
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑁𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 × 𝐾. 𝑈𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 + 𝑁𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 × 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 × 𝐾. 𝑈𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙
+ 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 × 𝐾. 𝑈𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 + 𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝐾. 𝑈𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 4 × 5 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8 + 2 × 2 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8 + 18 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 1 + 3 KVA × 1 = 40.2 KVA
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR

• Apply Diversity Factor at Distribution Box ( group of loads )

• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐷𝐵 = (𝑆𝑃𝐷𝐵 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 ) × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵 + 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵 +
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐷𝐵 = (4 × 5 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8 × + 2 × 2 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8) × 0.7 + ( 18 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 1 )× 0.2
+ 3 KVA × 1 × 1= 20.04 KVA
• Apply Diversity Factor at Sub Distribution Panel
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑆𝑃 = 𝑆𝐷𝑃 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑃 = 20.04 KVA × 0.9 = 18 KVA
• Apply Diversity Factor at Main Distribution Panel
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑀𝐷𝑃 = ( 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐷𝑃 +𝑆𝑊𝐵𝑆𝐷𝑃 + 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝑆𝐷𝑃 ) × 𝐾. 𝑆𝑀𝐷𝑃
• 𝑆𝑀𝐷𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = ( 18 + 15.5 + 40.6 ) 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.9 = 66.6 KVA
• Total load connected power = 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑊𝐵𝑇𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐿 = 127 KVA
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR

• K.U Compressor = 0.8

• K.U Ventilation = 1
• K.U Oven = 1
• Note
FULL LOAD CURRENT
• Three phase transformer or three phase load
𝑆
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = (A)
3 × 𝑉𝑙

• Simplified Equation
𝑆 ( 𝐾𝑉𝐴=1000 𝑉𝐴 )
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = = 1.5 × 𝑆
3 × 380

• Example : calculate the nominal full load current of transformer 50 KVA, 380 V
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 =1.5 × 50 = 75 A
• Example : calculate the nominal full load current of transformer 50 MVA, 380 V
• 1 MVA = 1000 KVA
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = 1.5 × 50000 = 75000 A = 75 KA
FULL LOAD CURRENT
• Single phase transformer or single-phase load
𝑆
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = (A)
𝑉𝑝ℎ

• Simplified Equation
𝑆 ( 𝐾𝑉𝐴=1000 𝑉𝐴 )
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = = 4.5 × 𝑆
220

• Example : calculate the nominal full load current of transformer 50 KVA, 220 V
• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = 4.5 × 50 = 225 A
• Example : calculate the nominal full load current of transformer 50 VA, 220 V
50
• 50 VA = 𝐾𝑉𝐴 = 0.05 𝐾𝑉𝐴
1000

• 𝐼𝐹𝑙 = 4.5 × 0.05 = 0.225 A

TRANSFORMER SELECTION

• consider the following :

• 1.maximum apparent power loading
• 2.The possibility of improving the power factor
• 3.project future expansion
• 4.temperature rise
• 5.altitude
• 6.Standard transformer ratings
ACTIVE-POWER CAPABILITY OF FULLY-LOADED
TRANSFORMERS, WHEN SUPPLYING LOADS AT DIFFERENT
VALUES OF POWER FACTOR
IMPROVING THE POWER FACTOR
• Example:
• 630 KVA transformer supply load 𝑃1 450 KW with 0.8 power factor lagging and load increase 100 KW 𝑃2 at
power factor of 0.7 lagging
𝑃 𝑃 450 𝐾𝑊 100 𝐾𝑊
• 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 = 𝑝𝑓1 + 𝑝𝑓2 = 0.8
+ 0.7
= 705 KVA
1 2
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 750 𝐾𝑉𝐴
• 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
= 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 = transformer loaded 112% of its capacity
• Will you change transformer rating?
• The next standard size 800 KVA
• The better choice to avoid change of transformer in the event of load increase is to install a capacitor bank
and make compensation at the transformer terminals
• Installing capacitor bank will make transformer supply more active power and maximize the available
transformer capacity
CORRECTION AT THE TERMINALS OF TRANSFORMER
• Q = ( 𝑆 2 − 𝑝2 ) KVAR
• the corresponding reactive power to 𝑃1
450 2
• 𝑄1 = ( 𝑆1 2 − 𝑃1 2 ) = ( ( 0.8
) − (450)2 ) = 336.6 KVAR
• the corresponding reactive power to 𝑃2
100 2
• 𝑄2 = ( 𝑆2 2 − 𝑃2 2 ) = ( ( ) − (100)2 ) = 102 KVAR
0.7
• Total reactive power required before compensation
• 𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 336.6 + 102 = 438.6 KVAR
• The maximum transformer reactive power capability at 630 KVA and total load 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
• 𝑄𝑚 = ( 𝑆 2 − 𝑝2 ) = ( 6302 − ( 450 + 100 )2 ) = 307.2 KVAR
• The minimum size of capacitor bank to be installed
• 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄𝑡 - 𝑄𝑚 = 438.6 – 307.2 = 131.4 KVAR
TRANSFORMER SELECTION – LOADING & EFFICIENCY
• Transformer efficiency is influenced by
1.the quantity of the conductor used in the windings
2.the quality of the core material
• Transformer losses are produced by
1. Load losses
the electrical current flowing in the coils
winding resistance cause Copper losses 𝐼 2 𝑅
Load losses vary according to the loading on the transformer
2. No-load losses
the magnetic field alternating in the core.
1.Hysteresis losses in the core lamination
2.Eddy current losses in the core lamination
No-load losses do not vary according to the loading on the transformer.
TRANSFORMER SELECTION - EFFICIENCY
• Over sizing of a transformer results in:
1.Higher cost
2.High no-load losses
1250 KVA transformer, 20/0.4 KV, no-load loss 1.3 KW
2000 KVA transformer, 20/0.4 KV, no load loss 2.2 KW
3.Lower load losses
1250 KVA transformer, 20/0.4 KV, load loss 16.9 KW
2000 KVA transformer, 20/0.4 KV, load loss 20 KW
𝐼 2 × 𝑅 = ( 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔% × 𝐼 )2 × R = ( 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔% )2 × 𝐼 2 × 𝑅
• Under sizing a transformer causes:
1.A reduced efficiency when fully loaded.
2.On long-term overload cause failure of insulation and loss of the transformer.
TRANSFORMER SELECTION – LOADING & EFFICIENCY
• Three phase transformer 630 KVA 22/0.42 KV, has 800 W no-load losses and 5.6 KW load losses
• Determine the efficiency at
• Case 1 full load and p.f =1 , p.f = 0.8
• Case 2 at 75% load and p.f= 1, p.f = 0.8
• Full load p.f = 1
𝑃 𝑆 ×𝑝.𝑓 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×1
• 𝜂 = 𝑃𝑜 = ( 𝑆 ×𝑝.𝑓 )+ 𝑛𝑜−𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 + 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 × (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔%)2 = 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×1 + 0.8 𝐾𝑊 +( 5.6 𝐾𝑊 ×12 )
= 98.99%
𝑖

• Full load p.f = 0.8

630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8
• 𝜂= 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×0.8 + 0.8 𝐾𝑊 +( 5.6 𝐾𝑊 ×12 )
= 98.74%
• Load 75% p.f = 1
630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 1
• 𝜂= 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×1 + 0.8 𝐾𝑊 +( 5.6 𝐾𝑊 × 0.752 )
= 99.37%
• Load 75% p.f = 0.8
630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8
• 𝜂= 630 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×0.8 + 0.8 𝐾𝑊 +( 5.6 𝐾𝑊 × 0.752 )
= 99.22%
• Efficiency reduced when transformer fully loaded
• The highest efficiency is attained in the range 50 % - 70 % of the full load
TRANSFORMER – VOLTAGE DROP

• Example
• Three phase transformer 630 KVA, 20/0.4 KV, has 9.3 KW load losses and 6% per unit impedance.
• Determine the voltage drop at :
• Full load and p.f = 1, p.f = 0.8
• 75% load and p.f = 1, p.f = 0.8
3× I × ( R × p.f + X sin ∅ )
• 𝑉𝑑 % = × 100
𝑉

𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
• 𝑉𝑑 % = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔% × [ × 100 × p.f + ( 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 2 − ( × 100 )2 ) sin ∅ ]
𝑆 𝑆

𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
+ 0. 5% × ( 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔%)2 × [ × 100 × sin ∅ + ( 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 2 − ( × 100 )2 ) × p.f ]2
𝑆 𝑆
TRANSFORMER – VOLTAGE DROP
• Full load and p.f = 1
• p.f = cos ∅
• ∅ = cos −1 (𝑝. 𝑓)
• sin ∅ = sin(cos−1 𝑝. 𝑓 )
• p.f = 1, ∅ = cos−1 1 = 0, sin 0 = 0
9.3 9.3
• 𝑉𝑑 = 100% × [ × 100 × 1 + ( 62 − ( × 100 )2 ) sin 0 ]
630 630

9.3 9.3
+ 0. 5% × ( 100%)2 × [ × 0) + ( 62 − ( × 100 )2 ) × 1 ]2
630 630

• 𝑉𝑑 = 1.476 + 0.005 × [ 5.815 ]2 = 1.636%

• Full load and p.f = 0.8
• ∅ = cos −1 (0.8) = 36.869 degree, sin 36.869 = 0.6
9.3 9.3
• 𝑉𝑑 = 100% × [ × 100 × 0.8 + ( 62 − ( × 100 )2 ) × 0.6 ]
630 630

9.3 9.3
+ 0. 5% × ( 100%)2 × [ × 100 × 0.6 + ( 62 − ( × 100 )2 ) × 0.8 ]2
630 630

• 𝑉𝑑 = [ 1.180 + 3.489] + 0.5% × [ 0.885 + 4.652 ]2

• 𝑉𝑑 = [ 4.669 ] + 0.5% × [ 30.658 ]
• 𝑉𝑑 = 4.22%
TRANSFORMER – VOLTAGE DROP
• At 75% load and p.f = 0.8
• ∅ = cos −1(0.8) = 36.869 degree, sin 36.869 = 0.6
9.3 9.3
• 𝑉𝑑 = 75% × [ 630 × 100 × 0.8 + ( 62 − ( 630 × 100 )2 ) × 0.6 ]

9.3 9.3
+ 0. 5% × ( 75%)2 × [ 630 × 100 × 0.6 + 62 − ( 630 × 100 )2 ) × 0.8 ]2

• 𝑉𝑑 = [ 3.502 ] + [ 0.086 ] = 3.588%

• At 75% load and p.f = 1
• 𝑉𝑑 = 1.202%
VD 1.636% 4.822% 1.202% 3.588%
• 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 % × 𝑉𝑆 P.F 1 0.8 1 0.8
LOAD 100% 100% 75% 75%
DEMAND FACTOR AND DIVERSITY FACTOR

• Apply Diversity Factor at Distribution Box ( group of loads )

• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐷𝐵 = (𝑆𝑃𝐷𝐵 = 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 ) × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵 + 𝑆𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵 +
𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝐷𝐵
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐷𝐵 = (4 × 5 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8 × + 2 × 2 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.8) × 0.7 + ( 18 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 1 )× 0.2
+ 3 KVA × 1 × 1= 20.04 KVA
• Apply Diversity Factor at Sub Distribution Panel
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑆𝑃 = 𝑆𝐷𝑃 × 𝐾. 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑃 = 20.04 KVA × 0.9 = 18 KVA
• Apply Diversity Factor at Main Distribution Panel
• 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑀𝐷𝑃 = ( 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑆𝐷𝑃 +𝑆𝑊𝐵𝑆𝐷𝑃 + 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝑆𝐷𝑃 ) × 𝐾. 𝑆𝑀𝐷𝑃
• 𝑆𝑀𝐷𝑃 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 = ( 18 + 15.5 + 40.6 ) 𝐾𝑉𝐴 × 0.9 = 66.6 KVA
• Total load connected power = 𝑆𝑊𝐴𝑇𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑊𝐵𝑇𝐶𝐿 + 𝑆𝑊𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐿 = 127 KVA
CHOICE OF TRANSFORMER RATING

To determine transformer KVA rating follow these steps:

1.Determine the maximum load demand
2.Primary and secondary voltage
3.Round up to the next standard transformer size
4.Consider efficiency, voltage drop and power factor
5.Future growth load
6.Tap positions
7.Altitude
8.Temperature rise
9.Harmonics
CHOICE OF TRANSFORMER RATING

Example:
Maximum load demand 66.6 KVA, 400 V
Next standard transformer size 100 KVA
Transformer loaded 66.6% of its capacity, p.f 0.8
𝑃 100 𝐾𝑉𝐴 ×0.8
𝜂 = 𝑃𝑜 = ( 100 𝐾𝑉𝐴×0.8 )+300𝑊 +2150𝑊× (0.666)2 = 98.45%
𝑖
TRANSFORMER OVERLOADING
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

• The rated power of the transformer is assigned for the normal service temperatures
• defined by the standards:
maximum ambient temperature of 40°C
average daily ambient temperature of 30°C
average annual ambient temperature of 20°C
TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DROP

𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
• 𝑉𝑑 % = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔% × [ 𝑆
× 100 × p.f + ( 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 2 − ( 𝑆
× 100 )2 ) sin ∅ ]

𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
+ 0. 5% × ( 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔%)2 × [ × 100 × sin ∅ + ( 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 2 − ( × 100 )2 ) × p.f ]2
𝑆 𝑆

2.150𝐾𝑊 2.150𝐾𝑊
• 𝑉𝑑 % = 66.6% × [ × 100 × 0.8 + ( 42 − ( × 100 )2 ) × 0.6 ]
100𝐾𝑉𝐴 100𝐾𝑉𝐴

2.150𝐾𝑊 2.150𝐾𝑊
+ 0. 5% × ( 66.6%)2 × [ × 100 × 0.6 + ( 42 − ( × 100 )2 ) × 0.8 ]2
100𝐾𝑉𝐴 100𝐾𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑑 % = 0.666 × [ 1.72 + 2.02] + 0.0022 × [ 1.29 + 2.69 ]2

𝑉𝑑 % = 2.49 + 0.034 = 2.52%
𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑑 % × 𝑉𝑆 = 0.0252 × 400V = 10.08 V
𝑉𝑡 = 400V – 10.08V = 389.92 V
VENTILATION

• 𝑄𝑛𝑎𝑐 = P - 𝑄𝑐𝑤 - 𝑄𝑎𝑓

• 𝑄𝑛𝑎𝑐 is the dissipation by natural air circulation KW
• P is the sum of power dissipated KW by
• Transformer dissipation at no load and due to load
• LV switchgear
• MV switchgear
• 𝑄𝑐𝑤 is the heat dissipated by conduction through the walls and ceiling KW
• 𝑄𝑎𝑓 is the heat dissipation by forced air circulation KW
VENTILATION

𝑄𝑎𝑛𝑐
• S = 0.18× 𝐻
if air resistance is unknown
• S is the lower air entity ventilation opening area [𝑚2 ]
• 𝑆 ′ is the upper air entity ventilation opening area [𝑚2 ]
• H difference in height between mid outlet surface and mid height of transformer [m]
• 𝑆 ′ = 1.1 × S
• S and 𝑆 ′ are efficient net area
𝑄𝑎𝑛𝑐
• S= 1
( 0.222 × (𝝃 ) ) × 𝐻 × ( 𝜃2 −𝜃1 )3

• S and 𝑆 ′ are the gross area

• 𝜃1 , 𝜃2 are the air temperatures of inlet and outlet [°C]
• 𝝃 is the resistance coefficient of the pressure losses linked to the design of the ventilation grid.
TRANSFORMERS – PARALLEL OPERATION
• The need to operate two or more transformers in parallel required when:
1.Load extension exceeds the capacity of existing transformer
2.Transformer size is large and can not be installed due to lack of space
3.Increase the efficiency of the electrical power system
4.Maximize availability of electricity to users without interruption due to maintenance purpose
5.Maximize flexibility of electrical system if it is expected the demand will be increased in the future
• Disadvantages of transformers parallel operation:
1.Increase short circuit current at low voltage level because paralleling transformers reduce transformer
impedance
2.Increase circuit breaker capacity
3.Increase busbar rating
TRANSFORMERS – PARALLEL OPERATION

• Conditions for parallel operation of transformers:

1.Same rated power KVA rating
2.Same voltage ratio
3.Same short circuit impedance
4.Same phase angle shift ( vector group are same ) i.e. winding configuration and phase angle between
them
5.Same phase sequence
6.Same polarity
 TRANSFORMERS –
PARALLEL OPERATION
• Connecting transformers in parallel with the same parameters
results in equal load sharing
• Different KVA rating transformers causes each transformer to
only be loaded to its KVA rating
Ex: 4000 KVA load, TR1 3000 KVA, TR2 1000 KVA

• Unequal per unit impedance

1.The lower the impedance transformer the larger current flow
through the impedance and can be overloaded when subjected to
heavy loading
2.higher percentage transformer impedance transformer lightly
loaded
Ex: 3500 KVA load, TR1 2000 KVA Xp.u= 5.75%, TR2 2000 KVA
Xp.u= 4%
TR1L 1436 KVA, TR2L 2064 KVA
TRANSFORMERS PARALLEL OPERATION – LIMITING
CONDITIONS

• It is not recommended to connect more than two transformers in parallel.

TR1,2 1600 KVA, 20/0.4 KV, 6%
CB1,2 35 KA
CB3,4,5 70 KA
• Transformers should not be operated in parallel when the following conditions exist:
1.One of the transformers overloaded.
2.When no-load circulating current in any transformer exceed 10% of full load rating.
PARALLEL OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERS
• Example:
Three phase transformers operate in parallel
TR1 has 800 KVA, 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 = 4.4%
TR2 has 500 KVA, 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 = 4.8%
TR3 has 315 KVA, 𝑋𝑝.𝑢 = 4%
Calculate the maximum total load of the three transformers
𝑆𝑅𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅3 = 800 + 500 + 315 = 1615 KVA
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝐿1 = 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 ×
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑇𝑅1

𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑋𝑇𝑅3 = 4%

4
𝑆𝐿1 = 800 × = 727.272 KVA
4.4
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
𝑆𝐿2 = 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 × = 500 × = 416.666 KVA
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑇𝑅2 4.8
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑚𝑖𝑛 4
𝑆𝐿3 = 𝑆𝑇𝑅3 × = 315 × = 315 KVA
𝑋𝑝.𝑢 𝑇𝑅3 4

𝑆𝑀𝑋𝐿 = 𝑆𝐿1 + 𝑆𝐿2 + 𝑆𝐿3 = 727.272 + 416.666 + 315 = 1458.938 KVA

1458.938
Maximum loading = × 100 = 90.336%
1615
TRANSFORMERS – PARALLEL OPERATION

• 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉 𝑉
• 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑍 + 𝑍
1 2
1 1
• 𝐼𝐿 = V × ( 𝑍 + 𝑍 )
1 2
𝑍1 × 𝑍2
• V = 𝐼𝐿 × ( )
𝑍1 +𝑍2
1 𝑍1 × 𝑍2 1
• 𝐼1 = V × 𝑍 = 𝐼𝐿 × ( )×𝑍
1 𝑍1 +𝑍2 1
𝑍2
• 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝑍
1+𝑍2
𝑍1
• 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝑍
1+𝑍2
𝑆
• 𝑍2 = 𝑍 1
%1
𝑆
• 𝑍1 = 𝑍%2
2
TRANSFORMERS – PARALLEL OPERATION
𝑆1
𝑍%1
• 𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+𝑍 1
𝑍%2 %1

𝑍1
• 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝑍
1+𝑍2

𝑆2
𝑍%2
• 𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+ 1
𝑍%2 𝑍%1

• Since current has direct relationship with apparent power substitute in above equations
𝑆1
𝑍%1
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+𝑍 1
𝑍%2 %1

𝑆2
𝑍%2
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆1
+
𝑍%2 𝑍%1
1.SAME KVA & EQUAL IMPEDANCES & EQUAL RATIO

• Example:
• Two three phase transformers in parallel
TR1,2 2000 KVA, 5.75% impedance, load 4000 KVA
What is the loading on transformers?
𝑆1
𝑍%1
𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+𝑍 1
𝑍%2 %1

2000
5.75
𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 4000 × 2000 2000 = 2000 KVA
5.75
+ 5.75

2000
5.75
𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 4000 × 2000 2000 = 2000 KVA
5.75
+ 5.75
2.DIFFERENT KVA
• Connecting 3000 KVA and 1000 KVA transformers in parallel, each with 5.75% impedance, connected to
4000 KVA load
• What is the loading on transformers?
𝑆1
𝑍%1
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+𝑍 1
𝑍%2 %1
3000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 4000 × 5.75
1000 3000 = 3000 KVA
+ 5.75
5.75
𝑆2
𝑍%2
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆1
+
𝑍%2 𝑍%1

1000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 4000 × 5.75
1000 3000 = 1000 KVA
+
5.75 5.75
3.UNEQUAL IMPEDANCES
• Connecting two three phase transformers in parallel 2000 KVA, one with 5.75% impedance and the
other 4% impedance, to common load 4000 KVA
• What is the loading on each transformer?
𝑆1
𝑍%1
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
𝑍%2
+𝑍 1
%1
2000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 4000 × 5.75
2000 2000 = 1641.01 KVA
+ 5.75
4
𝑆2
𝑍%2
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+ 1
𝑍%2 𝑍%1

2000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 4000 × 4
2000 2000 = 2358.9 KVA
+ 5.75
4
4.DIFFERENT KVA & UNEQUAL IMPEDANCE
• Connecting two transformers in parallel to load 4000 KVA
• TR1 3000 KVA, 5.75% impedance
• TR2 1000 KVA, 4% impedance
• What is the loading on each transformer?
𝑆1
𝑍%1
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+𝑍 1
𝑍%2 %1
3000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 = 4000 × 5.75
1000 3000 = 2704.225 KVA
+ 5.75
4
𝑆2
𝑍%2
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 𝑆𝐿 × 𝑆2 𝑆
+ 1
𝑍%2 𝑍%1
1000
• 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 = 4000 × 4
1000 3000 = 1295.774 KVA
+ 5.75
4
TRANSFORMER – CIRCULATING CURRENT
𝑋
• Unequal percentage impedance and 𝑅 ratio for transformers operated in parallel results in
1.Circulating current flow between transformers even at no load
The circulating current is the current flowing in the high and low voltage windings

2 2
𝐼𝑁𝐿 = 𝐼𝑚 + 𝐼ℎ𝑒

2.Unwated current division

Both situations results in
1.Lower the efficiency of transformer
2.Reduce the maximum amount of load the total transformers can carry
X/R RATIO
• The X/R ratio is the amount of reactance X divided by the amount of resistance R
• The transformer X/R ratio is usually not available
• X/R ratios based on transformer kVA size and voltage.
• X/R ratio is 7 This means that there is 7 times more reactance than resistance in the transformer impedance.
𝑋
• 𝑅
= tan 𝜃
• R = Z% cos 𝜃
• X = Z% sin 𝜃
• 𝜃 = 86.18° , Z% = 0.97
• R = 0.97% × cos 86.18 = 0.064%
• X = 0.97% × sin 86.18 = 0.96%
• X/R = 0.96/0.064 = tan 86.18= 15
THREE PHASE VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
• Voltage unbalance percentage = × 100
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

• 380, 375, 300

380+375+300
• average 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 351.6
3

• 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 is 351.6-300 = 51.6 V

51.6
• Voltage unbalance percentage = 351.6 × 100 = 14.6%

• ANSI C84. 1 suggests that “electric supply systems should be designed and operated
to limit the maximum voltage unbalance to 3.0% when measured at the electric-utility revenue meter
under no-load conditions.
𝑉𝐻.𝑉 𝑁𝐻.𝑉
• =
𝑉𝐿.𝑉 𝑁𝐿.𝑉
𝑁
• 𝑉𝐿.𝑉 = 𝑉𝐻.𝑉 × 𝑁 𝐿.𝑉
𝐻.𝑉
UNEQUAL IMPEDANCE – UNEQUAL RATIO

• Percent of circulating current to the full load that occur

When the tap connection on one transformer is different
𝑒%
• 𝐼%𝑐 = 𝑆 𝑆
× 100
( 𝑅%1 + 𝑆1 × 𝑅%2 )2 +( 𝑋%1 +𝑆1 × 𝑋%2 )2
2 2

• e% difference in voltage ratio expressed in percentage of normal

UNEQUAL IMPEDANCE – UNEQUAL RATIO

• Example:
• Two transformers are connected in parallel
• TR1,2 2000 KVA, 5.75% impedance, X/R = 8
• TR1 with tap adjusted 2.5% of the nominal
• TR2 tapped at nominal
• What is the percent circulating current?
𝑒%
• 𝐼%𝑐 = 𝑆 𝑆
× 100
( 𝑅%1 + 𝑆1 × 𝑅%2 )2 +( 𝑋%1 +𝑆1 × 𝑋%2 )2
2 2

𝑍%
• R% =
𝑋
( 𝑅 )2 +1

• X% = R% × ( X/R )
CIRCULATING CURRENT
𝑍%
• R% =
𝑋
( 𝑅 )2 +1

• Z% = 5.75, X/R = 8
5.75
• R% = = 0.713
(8 )2 +1

• X% = R% × ( X/R )
• X% = 0.713 × ( 8 ) = 5.7
𝑒%
• 𝐼%𝑐 = 𝑆 𝑆
× 100
( 𝑅%1 + 𝑆1 × 𝑅%2 )2 +( 𝑋%1 +𝑆1 × 𝑋%2 )2
2 2

2.5
• 𝐼%𝑐 = × 100 = 21.777
2000 2000
(0.713+ 2000 ×0.713 )2 +(5.7 + 2000 ×5.7)2

• Small difference in voltage cause large amount of circulating current

LIMITING KVA
• Two transformers connected in parallel
• TR1 2000 KVA, 5.75% impedance, X/R ratio = 8, tap adjusted 2.5% from nominal
• TR2 1000 KVA, 4% impedance, X/R ratio = 5, tapped at nominal
• What is the percent circulating current?
• TR1
𝑍%
• R% =
𝑋 2
( ) +1
𝑅
5.75
• R% = = 0.713
(8 )2 +1

• X% = R% × ( X/R )
• X% = 0.713 × ( 8 ) = 5.704
• TR2
4
• R% = = 0.784
(5 )2 +1

• X% = 0.784 × ( 5 ) = 3.92
LIMITING KVA
𝑒%
• 𝐼%𝑐 = 𝑆 𝑆
× 100
( 𝑅%1 + 1 × 𝑅%2 )2 +( 𝑋%1 + 1 × 𝑋%2 )2
𝑆2 𝑆2

2.5
• 𝐼%𝑐 = × 100
2000 2000
(0.713+ 1000 ×0.784 )2 +(5.704+1000 ×3.92)2

2.5
• 𝐼%𝑐 = × 100
5.202 + (183.439)

• 𝐼%𝑐 = 18.202
• The combined load of the transformers will be limited
• Maximum transformers loading = ( 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 ) – [ 𝐼%𝑐 × ( 𝑆𝑇𝑅1 + 𝑆𝑇𝑅2 ) ]
• Maximum transformers loading = ( 2000+ 1000 ) – [18.202% × ( 2000 + 1000 ) ] = 2453.937 KVA
TRANSFORMER TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Liquid Transformers and Dry Type Transformers

Specifications :
1.Apparent Power
2.Voltage Rating, Transformation Ration and Connection Method
3.Impedance Value
4.Insulation Temperature Rating
5.Sound Level
TRANSFORMER SPECIFICATIONS

1. Kilovolt ampere (kVA) Rating :

the preferred kVA ratings of both single-phase and three phase Transformers
2.Voltage Ratings, Ratio, and Method of Connection (Delta or Wye)
Voltage ratings and ratios should be selected in accordance with available standard equipment that is
indicated in manufacturers’ catalogs
Voltage Taps: Taps are used to change the ratio between the high- and low-voltage windings
3. Impedance Values for Power Transformers
4. Insulation Temperature Ratings :
Transformers are manufactured with various insulation material systems for example A Class 120 insulation
system allows a 65 C rise with a total permissible temperature of 120 C
TRANSFORMER TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Transformers are normally used to change a voltage level from a utility distribution voltage
to a usable voltage customer can use it
Transformer construction :-
1- Liquid Filled Transformers :
Are constructed with the windings encased in a liquid-tight tank filled with insulating liquid.
Liquid filled transformers should be avoided inside commercial buildings unless nonflammable or less-
flammable liquids are used, The liquid provides insulation between the various sections of the windings and
between the windings and the tank, and serves as a cooling medium, absorbing heat from the windings and
transferring it to the outside of the tank. To increase the transfer of heat to the air, tanks are provided with
cooling fans (to increase the area of the radiating surface).
TRANSFORMER TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS

It is essential that the liquid in the transformer be maintained, clean, and free from moisture.
2) Ventilated-Dry-Type Transformers :
the insulating medium is air, and different insulating materials are used to compensate for the lower
dielectric strength of air.
The ventilated-dry-type transformer is provided with a sheet metal enclosure that surrounds the winding
for mechanical protection of the windings and the safety of personnel. Ventilating louvers are installed in
the enclosure to permit thermal circulation of air directly over the winding for cooling. Fans are sometimes
installed to force air directly over the windings in order to increase the full load rating by approximately
33%.
These types of transformers are normally installed indoors and require the periodic cleaning of the
complete core and coil assembly and an adequate supply of clean ventilating air.
DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

Harmonic loads such as UPS, rectifiers and variable speed drives can cause higher eddy and stray loss and
high current in the neutral of this transformer
Winding Temperature Measurement and Controls : Various temperature measurement equipment and
controls are available for determining the winding temperature and for activating cooling, tripping, or alarm
devices. To make sure the ultimate temperature of the insulating system is not exceeded, imbedded detectors
should be wound in each low-voltage winding.
TRANSFORMER TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS

5. Sound level :
Transformer sound levels can be a problem in commercial building interiors, especially where relative quiet
is required, such as in conference rooms and certain office areas.
The effects of transformer sound levels can be minimized by placing the transformers in separate rooms
And by using vibration dampers.
TRANSFORMER SIZING

transformer shall be capable of carrying continuous service without exceeding the temperature rise
limitations
It is recommended to allow 25% future growth
TRANSFORMER SIZING AND LOAD ESTIMATION
Transformer Size = 1.25 × Maximum Load Demand
Example :
600 𝑚2 Mall , 16 Floor
𝑉𝐴
Lighting Loads Maximum Demand = 600 𝑚2 × 20 𝑚2 × ( D.f = 100% ) × 16 = 192 KVA
Five Elevators Each 15 KW
15 𝐾𝑊
Elevator Loads Maximum Demand = 5 × 0.85
× 0.82 = 72.35 KVA
Two Water Pump Each 17.5 KW
17.5 𝐾𝑊
Water Pump Maximum Demand = 2 × 0.85
× 100% = 41.17 KVA
Total Maximum Demand = 192 KVA + 72.35 KVA + 41.17 KVA = 305.52 KVA
Transformer Size = 1.25 × 305.52 KVA = 381.9 KVA
STANDARD SIZE 500 KVA
TRANSFORMER SELECTION
WIRING REGULATION
EXAMPLE

• What is the primary overcurrent protection rating required for a 45 kVA, three-phase, 380V transformer
that is fully loaded?
𝑆 45 𝐾𝑉𝐴
• 𝐼𝑝 = = = 68.45 A
3𝑉 3× 380

• OCPD = 1.25 × 68.45 = 85.56 A

• STANDARD SIZE 90 A
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
TRANSFORMER & MAIN FEEDER
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 INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT BREAKER
As you know my friend the rating of circuit breaker and interrupting capability depend on the circuit breaker
location in the electrical power systems for example the rating and short circuit in down stream is less than
the rating and short circuit in up stream and also the rating and short circuit of circuit breaker depend on the
type of electrical equipment for example the transformers have very high inrush current reach 20 × rated
current , the motors have inrush current reach 9 × its rated current.
And in this course I will give you different examples of different load types to be able to make a better
decision about which type of circuit breaker should be used for a particular application.
We use circuit breaker to protect :
Generators , transformers , bus bar , feeder , motors , capacitor and capacitor banks , busway and panel
boards.
What is the objective of any protection ?
The objective of protection is to minimize the damage by removing the overload or overcurrent or short
circuit
 INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT BREAKER

• circuit breaker : A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means, and to open the
circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when properly applied
within its rating.
• setting: The value of current, time, or both at which an adjustable circuit-breaker is set to trip
• adjustable: indicating that the circuit breaker can be set to trip at various values of current, time, or both,
within a predetermined range.
• frame size: Frame size is expressed in amperes and corresponds to the largest ampere rating available in
the group.
• tripping: The opening of a circuit breaker by actuation of the release mechanism.
INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT BREAKER

• electronic trip unit: A self-contained portion of a circuit breaker that senses the condition of the circuit
breaker electronically and that actuates the mechanism that opens the circuit breaker contacts
automatically.
• interrupting rating: The highest current at rated voltage that a device is intended to interrupt under
standard test conditions.
• instantaneous pickup: The nominal value of current at which an adjustable circuit breaker is set to trip
instantaneously.
• instantaneous trip: indicating that no delay is purposely introduced in the tripping action of the circuit
breaker.
• instantaneous-trip-only circuit breaker: A circuit breaker intended to provide short-circuit protection
only.
• short circuit: An abnormal connection of relatively low impedance, whether made accidentally or
intentionally, between two points of different potential.
CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING

circuit breaker may be rated for continuous operation at 100% of its ampere rating if it
1. frame size rated 250 A or more
or a multi-pole type of any ampere rating and rated higher than 250 V.
2.For compliance, “The temperatures of the insulating materials used in the circuit breaker shall not exceed
the limits for the material involved,” and “The temperature rises
(1) where connections are made to external bus bars, when bus bars are used
(2) on a wiring terminal at a point to which the insulation of a wire is brought up... shall not exceed 60 °C
CB

Temperature affects circuit-breaker operation

1.Low temperature, mechanism operation will not be reliable due to possible freeze
With extreme cold, some materials might tend toward brittleness
2.high temperature, the mechanism operation will not be reliable because the electrical strength limits of
some materials may be reduced to marginal levels.
Some materials can begin to melt, and the useful life of insulation will be reduced.
3. The standard operating ambient temperature range for MCCBs and ICCBs is –5 °C to +40 °C
CB SETTING
PANEL SIZING – WIRING REGULATION
CIRCUIT BREAKER SELECTION

Three phase motor full load current 44 A

Circuit breaker size = 125% × 𝐹𝐿𝐶 = 1.25 × 44 = 55 𝐴
So standard circuit breaker size 60 A
If motor current exceed 25% over FLC circuit breaker will trip and isolate the fault from the circuit
CABLE
• What is cable?
two or more insulated conductors, with or without an overall covering
• The two common used materials are copper and aluminum, Aluminum requires larger conductor sizes to carry
the same current as copper. aluminum cable is lighter in weight and larger in diameter than copper cable.
The function of cable is to carry energy between source and electrical load. In carrying this energy, there are heat
losses generated in the cable, these losses depends on how the cable is installed, and this affects its ratings.
• Cable may be installed in cable trays, underground or direct buried.
• The selection of conductor size requires consideration of the load current to be carried , overloading duration,
fault clearing time and source capacity, voltage drop, ambient temperatures, circuit length through hot ambient
temperature, and system frequency and ambient temperature not exceed the insulation cable temperature.
 CONDUCTOR SELECTION
As electrical designer engineer you should design electrical systems with sufficient ampacity
Proper selection of cable size requires from designer to know important factors this factors affect the current carrying capacity of cable and
lower the ampacity than normal
1.Ampient temperature correction factor
Ambient means the medium in which the electric equipment operates this medium could be air or gas or liquid or earth
Ambient temperature means the temperature of medium
Ambient temperature influence the amount of power can be delivered
According to NEC the ambient temperature may vary along the conductor length as well as from time to time
2.Temperature rating of the conductor insulation
High temperature cause the insulating material to become soften or lose weight high temperature result gradual deterioration with time
and breakdown the insulation
3.Length of conductor
4.Number of conductors in a raceway , grouping correction factor
Adjacent conductors have dual effect of raising the ambient temperature and impeding heat dissipation
5.Load rating current as load increase rating current increase and the size of cable increase and size of electrical devices also
Load rating current is important to select current carrying capacity conductor
6.Determine whether the load is continuous or noncontinuous
7.Burial depth correction factor
8.Thermal resistivity of soil derating factor
9.Voltage rating
The maximum voltage to which cable may be connected through it. If the voltage rating is exceeded the insulation between
cable cores or between cable core and earth may break down and cause short circuit
10.Impedance of conductor resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance
11.Short circuit current level
the heating result from short circuit could damage cable insulation permanently and mechanical force result from short circuit
tend to attract or repel conductors with respect to each other therefore cable tray or motor control center or switchboard cables
should be secured to prevent damage caused by movement
12.voltage drop percentage voltage drop increase because on nonsufficient cable size and voltage drop is directly proportion to
the circuit length
NEC recommend that voltage drop in power circuits, heating circuits or lighting feeder be not more than 3% and the total voltage
drop including feeders and branch circuits be not more than 5%
13.Conductor type copper or aluminum
Copper conductors have less voltage drop and high current carrying capacity than aluminum conductors of the same size
14.Rating frequency
Higher frequency will increase skin effect reduce the effective of cross sectional area of conductor skin effect is distribution of
current on surface of conductor therefore conducting material copper or aluminum impedance will increase therefore heating
and losses increase
CONDUCTOR SELECTION
The general method for determination of the minimum cross sectional area cable is
𝑖
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑟
𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Example :
Three phase load has circuit breaker 20 ampere , correction factor at ambient temperature 45 degree Celsius is
0.71 , derating factor of group with four cables is 0.85
20
𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0.71×0.85 = 33.14 ampere
Select standard cross sectional area cable 4 millimeter square carry 34 ampere
So cable description is ( 3 core × 4 𝑚𝑚2 each core ) copper / PVC insulation / PVC sheathed
How to get derating factors ,standard cable size and standard protective device size ?
From manufacturer catalog
EXAMPLE ON CSA AND CORRECTION FACTOR
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION

VD = ( milliVot/𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒/Meter ) × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 10−3

Calculate voltage drop of motor 50 HP , 380 V , 225 A actual current , 30 meter length from panel to motor
terminals , 185 m𝑚2 CSA CU/PVC/PVC
So milliVot/𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒/Meter = 0.207
CONTINUE VD CALCULATION
VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION

VD = ( milliVot/𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒/Meter ) × 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 10−3

VD = ( 0.207 ) × 30 × 225 × 10−3 = 0.13972 V
𝑉𝐷 0.13972
VD% = 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 100 = = × 100 = 0.0367%
380

According to electrical codes 5% voltage drop is the maximum voltage drop, cause higher energy loss by
20% ,lower the power factor and electrical authority discrimination applied
If VD% < 5% design is acceptable
If VD% ≥ 5% select higher cross sectional area and check VD% again
SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION

Rated Breaking Capacity

11 KV 500 MVAsc ( you know this value from electrical utility )
Load 2 MVA , 11 KV
𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑠𝑐 500 × 106
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = = = 26.2743 KA
3×𝑉 3 × 11 × 103