SMS Course English 2020

‫اعداد المهندسة ‪:‬هويدى شالحة‬
‫‪2020‬‬
Welcome
to
Safety Management System

Initial /Recurrent course
Damascus -Airport Training Center
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 Understanding Safety Management Systems
(SMS)
 Awareness of safety culture
 Understanding the risk management
process
 Awareness of duties & responsibilities
 Making use of different risk assessment
tools
3
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Day 1
 Part 1 – The Concept of Safety
 Part 2 – Safety Management
 Part 3 – Culture
 Part 4 – Safety Reporting
 Part 5 – Hazard Identification
Day 2
 Part 6 – Risk Management
 Part 7 – Safety Management Systems (SMS)
 Part 8 – SMS components
Day 3
 Part 9 – Course summary and written test
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 09:00-10:30: course
activity
 10:30-10:45: coffee
break
 10:45-12:30: course
activity
 12:30-13:00: coffee
break
 13:00-14:30: course
activity
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 09:00-10:30: course
activity
 10:30-10:45: coffee
break
 10:45-12:30: course
activity
 12:30-13:00: coffee
break
 13:00-14:30: course
activity
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 09:00-10:30: course
activity
 10:30-10:45: coffee
break
 10:45-12:30: course
activity
 12:30-13:00: coffee
break
 13:00-14:30: Test
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PART 1
THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY
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 No accidents or serious incidents
 Freedom from hazards (factors which cause
or are likely to cause harm)
 Various attitudes by the Operator’s
employees towards unsafe acts and unsafe
conditions
 Error avoidance
 Regulatory compliance
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Safety is a state in which risk of harm to
persons, or damage to property, is kept at
an acceptable level.
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Safety is the state in which the risk of harm
to persons or property damage is reduced
to, and maintained at or below, an
acceptable level through a continuing
process of hazard identification and risk
management.
REF: ICAO DOC 9859 2013
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 The elimination of accidents (and serious
incidents) is unachievable.
 Failures will occur, despite the most
accomplished prevention efforts.
 No human activity or man-made system can
be guaranteed to be absolutely free from
hazard and operational errors.
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PART 2
SAFETY MANAGEMENT
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ICAO Annex 19 is called Safety Management.
The Standards and Recommended Practices

contained in Annex 19 shall be applicable
to safety management functions related to,
or in direct support of, the safe operation of
aircraft.
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 Fast pace of technological change - new business model
 Changing nature of accidents - New types of hazards –

emergence of organizational accidents
 Reduced ability to learn from experience – the time-to-market

for new products has greatly decreased
 Increased complexity - cause and effect are less and less related
in a direct/linear way
 More complex relationships between humans and automation,

role of software
 Changing regulatory and public views (perception) on safety
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 The immediate cause of many accidents is
identified as human or technical failure.
 However, these usually stem from

organizational failures which are the
responsibility of management.
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A Safety Management System embraces
1. Technical
2. Human Factors
3. Organizational
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 To achieve its production objectives, the
management of any aviation organization
requires the management of many business
processes.
 Managing safety is one such business process.
 Safety management is a core business function
just as financial management, HR management,
etc.
 There is no aviation organization that has been
created to deliver only safety.
 This brings about a potential dilemma for
management.
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 Safety issues are a by-product of activities
related to production/services delivery.
 An operator must have a balanced and
realistic allocation of resources between
protection and production goals, which
supports the needs of the organization.
 The product/service provided by any
aviation organization must be delivered
safely
(i.e. protecting users and stakeholders).
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Based upon the idea of waiting until
something breaks to fix it.
Example: investigation of accidents and

serious incidents
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Based on the idea that system failures can be
minimized by:
 identifying safety risks within the system
before the system fails; and
 taking the necessary actions to reduce such
safety risks.
Examples: mandatory and voluntary reporting

systems, safety audits, safety surveys
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Based on the idea that safety management is
best accomplished by looking for trouble,
not waiting for it.
 Aggressively looking for information from a
variety of sources which may be indicative
of emerging safety risks.
Examples: confidential reporting systems,

flight data analysis, monitoring of normal
operations, information exchange
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 Early safety management was an unstructured
mixture of good things.
 Progress was based upon response to
accidents/incidents.
 Measures were outcome-based (crashes, etc.).
 There were no process definitions (how to do
it).
 This worked very well at the beginning, but
expectations have been raised over the years
and now everyone expects that every flight will
be safe.
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 “You can’t manage what you can’t measure”
 What does active Management for Safety mean?
- Defining goals
- Measuring performance
- Comparison of performance targets vs.
indicators
- Taking corrective action if necessary
 What is SMS able to do?

- Provide tools for systematic safety
performance analysis
- Enable data-based decision making
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PART 3
CULTURE
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Culture binds people together as how to
behave in both normal and
unmembers of groups and provides clues as
to usual situations.
 Culture influences the values, beliefs and

behaviours that people share with other
members of various social groups.
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 National culture : the value system of a particular nation
 Organizational/corporate culture : differentiates the values

and behaviours of particular organizations (e.g. government
vs. private organizations)
 Professional culture : differentiates the values and behaviours

of particular professional groups (e.g. pilots, air
traffic controllers, maintenance engineers, airport staff)
No human endeavour is culture-free
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 Safety Culture is the way safety is perceived,
valued and prioritized in an organization.
 It reflects the real commitment to safety at

all levels in the organization.
 It has also been described as how an

organization behaves when no one is
watching.
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 Safety Culture refers to the extent to which
every individual and every group of the
organization is:
 aware of the risks and unknown hazards

induced by its activities;
 continuously behaving so as to preserve and
enhance safety;
 willing and able to adapt itself when facing
safety issues;
 willing to communicate safety issues;
 and consistently evaluates safety related
behavior.
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Safety Culture is the set of enduring values
and attitudes regarding safety, shared by
every member at every level of an
organization.
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1. Human error – is when there is general agreement that the
individual should have done other than what they did. In the
course of that action, where they inadvertently caused (or
could have caused) an undesirable outcome, the individual is
labeled as having committed an error.
2. Negligent behavior – Negligence is conduct that falls below
the standard required as normal in the community. It applies
to a person who fails to use the reasonable level of skill
expected of a person engaged in that particular activity,
whether by omitting to do something that is prudent and
reasonable in the circumstances or by doing something that
no prudent or reasonable person would have done in the
circumstances
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3. Reckless conduct/Gross negligence – is
more culpable that negligence. Negligence
is the failure to recognize a risk that should
have been recognized, while recklessness is
a conscious disregard of an obvious risk.
4. Intentional “willful” violations – when a
person knew or foresaw the result of the
action, but went ahead and did it anyway.
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PART 4
SAFETY REPORTING
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1. Safety Occurrence Reporting
2. Mandatory Occurrence Reporting
3. Voluntary Occurrence Reporting
4. Confidential Reporting
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• Safety reporting is the filing of reports and
collection of information on actual or potential
safety deficiencies.
• Safety occurrence covers all events which have, or

could have, significance in the context of aviation
safety, from accidents, incidents or events that
must be reported to less severe events that, in the
opinion of the reporter could have a safety
significance.
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• The ICAO requirements laid down in several
Annexes relating to the implementation of SMS
requires operators to develop and maintain a
formal process for collecting, recording acting on
and generating feedback about hazards in
operations.
• This process shall be based on a combination of

reactive, proactive and predictive methods of safety
data collection.
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ICAO requirements relating to the
implementation of SMS require that operators
develop and maintain a formal process for
effectively collecting, recording, acting on and
generating feedback about hazards in
operations, based on a combination of reactive,
proactive and predictive methods of safety data
collection.
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In mandatory reporting systems operational
personnel are required to report accidents and
certain types of incidents.
ICAO Annex 13, Appendix C provides a list of

examples of serious incidents that shall be
reported.
The safety occurrences are grouped as follows:

• Flight operations;
• Technical;
• Maintenance and repair;
• Air navigation services, facilities and ground
services.
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• A proactive process and related
arrangements for collecting information
about safety concerns, issues and hazards,
which otherwise will not be revealed by a
mandatory reporting system
• To facilitate the collection of information

on actual or potential safety deficiencies
thus contributing to the identification and
implementation of safety improvement
measures
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Key principles of Voluntary Occurrence
Reporting:
• Trust
• Non-punitive
• Organization-wide
• Confidentiality
• Ease of reporting
• Acknowledgement
• Safety Promotion
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Confidential reporting systems aim to protect the
identity of the reporting person to ensure that the
voluntary reporting systems are non-punitive.
Confidentiality is usually achieved by not recording

any identifying information of the occurrence.
However, heavy use of a confidential reporting

scheme may indicate a deficient safety culture in the
organization.
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PART 5
HAZARDS
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• Hazard – Condition or object with the
potential of causing injuries to personnel,
damage to equipment or structures, loss of
material or reduction of ability to perform a
prescribed function
• Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the

hazard
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• Natural
• Technical
• Economic
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Severe weather or climatic
events:
- winter storms
- thunderstorms
- lightning
- wind-shear
• Adverse weather
conditions:
- Icing
- freezing rain
- heavy rain
- snow
- Winds
- low visibility
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 Geophysical events:
- earthquakes
- volcanic eruptions
- tsunamis / floods
- landslides
• Geographical conditions:
- adverse terrain large bodies of
water
• Environmental events:
- Wildfires
- wildlife activity
- insect or pest infestation
• Public health events:
- epidemics of flu or other
diseases
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 Deficiencies regarding:
- Aircraft
- components systems
equipment
- an organization’s
facilities
- tools
- related equipment
- facilities
- related equipment that
is
external to the
organization
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 Internal
- Flight Data Analysis
- Company voluntary
reporting system
- Audits and surveys
 External
- Accident reports
- State mandatory
occurrence system
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• By whom?
- By anybody
- By designated personnel
• How?
- Through formal
processes
- Depends on the
organization
• When?
- Anytime
- Under specific conditions
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 Specific Conditions:
- Unexplained increase
in
safety-related events or
Infractions
- Major operational
changes are foreseen
- Periods of significant
organizational change
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ABC of Hazard Analysis
State the generic
Hazard
Identify specific
(Hazard statement) components of
the hazard Define specific
consequence(s)
Airport Construction
Equipment Aircraft colliding
construction with construction
Closed taxiways Equipment
Aircraft taking
wrong taxiway
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• Efficient and safe operations or provision of service
require a constant balance between production goals...
maintaining regular aerodrome operations during a
runway construction project
• …and safety goals

maintaining existing margins of safety in aerodrome
operations during runway construction project
• Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may

not be cost-effective to address even when
operations must continue
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Appropriate
documentation
management is important
as:
 It is a formal procedure
to
translate operational safety
data into hazard-related
Information
 It becomes the “safety
library” of an
organization
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PART 6
RISK MANAGEMENT
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Safety Risk is defined as the assessment,
expressed in terms of predicted probability
and severity, of the consequences of a
hazard.
Safety Risk = assessment of consequences of a hazard
Risk = Risk Assessment =

possibility of a loss how bad (severity) and
(consequences of a how often
hazard) (probability)
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What is it?
• The identification, analysis and elimination and/or
mitigation to an acceptable level of risks that threaten the
capabilities of an organization
What is the objective?

• Aims at a balanced allocation of resources to address
all risks and viable risk control and mitigation
Why is it important?
• A key component of safety management systems.
• Data-driven approach to safety resources allocation,
thus defensible and easier to explain
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Mitigation = Measures to address the potential
hazard or to reduce the risk probability and/or
Severity
Risk mitigation = Risk control
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The risk is
unacceptable
Intolerable region at any level
The risk is
acceptable based
Tolerable on
mitigation.
region Cost benefit
analysis
is required.
The risk is
Acceptable acceptable as
it
region
currently
stands
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Probability = The likelihood that an unsafe
event or condition might occur
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Probability of occurrence
Qualitative Meaning Value
definition
Frequent Likely to occur many times (has occurred 5
frequently
Occasional Likely to occur some times (has occurred 4
infrequently)
Remote Unlikely, but possible to occur (has 3
occurred rarely)
Improbable Very unlikely to occur (not known to have 2
occurred)
Extremely Almost inconceivable that the event will 1
improbable occur
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Severity = The possible effects of an unsafe
event or condition taking as reference the
worst foreseeable situation
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Severity of occurrences
Aviation Meaning Value
definition
Catastrophic  Equipment destroyed A
 Multiple deaths
Hazardous  A large reduction in safety margins, physical distress or B

a workload such that the operator cannot be relied upon to
perform tits tasks accurately or completely
 Serious injury
 Major equipment damage
Major  A significant reduction in safety margins, a reduction in C
the ability of the operator to cope with adverse operating
conditions as a result of increase in workload or as a result
of conditions impairing its efficiency
 Serious incident
 Injury to persons
Minor  Nuisance D
 Operating limitations
 Use of emergency procedures
 Minor incident
Negligible  Little consequence E 69
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A reminder!
Mitigation = Measures to address the
potential hazard or to reduce the risk
probability and/or Severity
Risk mitigation = Risk control
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Strategy 1
Avoidance = The operation or activity is cancelled
because risks exceed the benefits of continuing
the operation or activity.
Example: Operations into an aerodrome surrounded

by complex geography and without the necessary
aids are cancelled
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Strategy 2
Reduction = The operation or activity is subject to
limitations, or action is taken to reduce the
magnitude of the consequences of the accepted
risks.

by complex geography and without the necessary
aids are limited to day-time, visual conditions
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Strategy 3
Segregation of exposure = Action is taken to
isolate the effects of the consequences of the hazard
or build-in redundancy to protect against it.

by complex geography are limited to aircraft with
specific/performance navigation capabilities
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Recalling the three
basic
defenses' in aviation:
• Technology
• Training
• Regulations
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Scenario:
Fuel spill on the ramp of approximately 25m
x 5m produced by an A320, which is ready
to push-back
Report by the apron responsible person:

• After the A320 pushed back the spill was
contained and the apron area was
decontaminated
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3. Assess the probability
1. Identify the hazard(s) of the risk:
Remote
Fuel spill a) Fire
4. Assess the severity of the

risk
Hazardous
2. Determine the hazard(s)

consequence(s) 5. Determine the resulting
risk index
3B
a) Fire
b) Contamination
c) Sliding vehicle
6. Establish the risk Acceptable based on
tolerability risk mitigation. It
might require
management
decision
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Scenario:
It was observed that airline baggage handling
personnel generate FOD on the aerodrome apron
area.
Report by the apron responsible person

It should be noted that airline baggage handling
personnel are not complying with safety
standards as set in the airport operating
manual. This is considered a hazard that can
produce incident or accident on the ramp.
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Remote
Foreign object a) Engine ingestion

risk
Hazardous

risk index
3B
a) Engine ingestion
b) Property damage
c) Tire damage
might require
management
decision
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Scenario
A parked aircraft shows damage in the left wing root
near the fuselage. Damage was caused by a
maintenance stair hitting the aircraft due to the
wind because the stair was not properly restrained.
Report by the apron responsible person

In conditions of strong winds it is essential that all
equipment around aircraft is properly restrained
and locked, thus preventing the possibility of
aircraft damage.
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Occasional
Unsecured equipment a) Damage to aircraft

risk
Minor

risk index
4D
a) Damage to aircraft
b) Injury to persons
might require
management
decision
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PART 7
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(SMS)
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SMS is defined as a systematic approach to
managing organizational safety including the
necessary organizational structures, accountabilities,
policies and procedures using safety performance
measurement.
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ICAO Annex 19
A series of defined, organization-wide processes

that provide for effective risk-based decision
making related to a company’s daily business.
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• Systematic – Safety management activities are in
accordance with a pre-determined plan, and
applied in a consistent manner throughout the
organization
• Proactive – An approach that emphasizes hazard
identification and risk control and mitigation,
before events that affect safety occur.
• Explicit – All safety management activities are
documented and visible
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SMS differs from QMS in
that:
• SMS focuses on the
safety, human and
organizational aspects of
an organization
i.e. safety satisfaction
• QMS focuses on the
product(s) and service(s)
of an organization
i.e. customer satisfaction
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 SMS builds partly upon QMS
Principles
 SMS should include both

safety and quality policies
 The coverage of quality

policies – insofar as SMS is
concerned – should be
limited to quality in support
of the management of
safety
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 Safety oversight
Is what the CAA performs with regard to operators’
SMS
 Safety assurance
Is what the operators do with regard to safety
performance monitoring and measurement
 Safety audit
Is what the CAA performs with regard to its safety
programme and the operators perform with regard
to the SMS
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PART 8
SMS components
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1) Safety policy and objectives
2) Safety risk management
3) Safety assurance
4) Safety promotion
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1. Safety policy and objectives
1.1 – Management commitment and responsibility
1.2 – Safety accountabilities
1.3 – Appointment of key safety personnel
1.4 – Coordination of emergency response planning
1.5 – SMS documentation
2. Safety risk management
2.1 – Hazard identification
2.2 – Risk assessment and mitigation
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3. Safety assurance
3.1 – Safety performance monitoring and
measurement
3.2 – The management of change
3.3 – Continuous improvement of the SMS
4. Safety promotion
4.1 – Training and education
4.2 – Safety communication
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The Operator shall define the safety policy of the
organization which shall include a commitment to:
1. achieve the highest safety standards;
2. Be in accordance with international and national
requirements;
3. adopt proven best practices;
4. Ensure safety is a primary responsibility of all
managers;
5. follow the disciplinary policy; and
6. ensure that the safety policy is understood,
implemented and maintained at all levels.
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The safety policy shall:
1. Be signed by the Accountable executive;
2. Reflect organizational commitments regarding
safety;
3. Include a clear statement about the provision of
the necessary resources for the implementation of
the safety policy; ...
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(cont.) The safety policy shall :
4) Be communicated, with visible endorsement,
throughout the organization;
5) Include the safety reporting procedures;
6) Clearly indicate which types of operational
behaviours are unacceptable;
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(cont.) The safety policy shall :
4) Be communicated, with visible endorsement,
throughout the organization;
5) Include the safety reporting procedures;
6) Clearly indicate which types of operational
behaviours are unacceptable;
7) Be periodically reviewed to ensure it remains
relevant and appropriate to the organization;
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The organization shall identify:
 the Accountable Executive who, irrespective of
other functions, shall have ultimate responsibility and

accountability, on behalf of the organization, for the
implementation and maintenance of the SMS;
 the accountabilities of all members of management ,
irrespective of other functions, as well as of
employees, with respect to the safety
performance of the SMS;
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1.2 – Safety accountabilities (cont’d)
The Accountable Executive shall be one identifiable

Person
 CEO/Chairman Board of Directors or

 A partner or
 The proprietor
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The Accountable Executive must have:
 full authority for human resources issues;

 authority for major financial issues;
 direct responsibility for the conduct of the
organization’s affairs;
 final authority over operations under certificate;
 final responsibility for all safety issues.
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Safety responsibilities, accountabilities and authorities
shall:
• be documented;
• be communicated throughout the organization;
• include a definition of the levels of management

with authority to make decisions regarding
safety risks tolerability.

The organization shall identify a safety manager to

be the responsible individual and focal point for the
implementation and maintenance of an effective SMS.

The Safety office – Corporate functions
 Advising senior management on safety matters
 Assisting line managers
 Overseeing hazard identification systems

The safety manager – Functions
 Manages the SMS implementation plan on behalf
of the accountable executive
 Facilitates hazard identification and risk analysis
and management
 Monitors corrective actions to ensure their
Accomplishment
 Provides periodic reports on safety performance
 Maintains safety documentation
 Plans and organizes staff safety training
 Provides independent advice on safety matters

The Safety Review Board (SRB):
• High level committee

• Strategic safety functions
• Chaired by the accountable executive
• It may include the Board of Directors
• Composed of heads of functional areas

The Safety Action Group (SAG) reports to the SRB and

takes strategic direction from SRB.
Members:
• Managers and supervisors from functional areas;
• Front-line personnel

1.4 – Coordination of emergency response planning
The organization shall ensure that an emergency
response plan (ERP) provides for the orderly and
efficient transition from normal to emergency
operations and the return to normal operations.
The shall be properly coordinated with the ERPs of

those organizations with which it must interface
during the provision of its services.

1.4 – Coordination of emergency
response planning
ER planning outlines in writing

what should be done after an
accident and who is
responsible for each action.
• Airport Emergency Plan (AEP)

• Contingency Plans (ATC)
• Emergency Response Plan
(Operators)
The coordination of the different

plans should be described in
the SMS Manual.

The operator shall develop and maintain SMS

documentation to describe:
• the safety policy and objectives;
• the SMS requirements;
• the SMS processes and procedures;
• the accountabilities, responsibilities and
authorities for processes and procedures;
• the desired SMS outputs.

As part of the SMS documentation, the organization
shall:
1.5.1 - SMS implementation plan

1.5.2 – Safety Management System Manual (SMSM)
 Key instrument for communicating the
organization’s approach to safety to the whole
organization
 Documents all aspects of the SMS including the
safety policy, objectives, procedures and individual
safety responsibilities and accountabilities

2.1 – Hazard identification (Part 4)
The organization shall develop and maintain a

formal process that ensures that hazards in
operations are identified
 Reactive method
 Proactive method
 Predictive method

 Where are the hazards?
 What can happen?
 Is the risk high or low?
 Can we tolerate the risk?
 How can we minimize the risk?
 Is the defence effective?
 Are we improving?

Safety reporting systems – A special mention

• Mandatory reporting system
• Voluntary reporting systems
• Confidential reporting system
The requirements of safety reporting systems may
differ among States.

Four steps for action:
1. Reporting hazards, events or safety concerns;

2. Analyzing reports;
3. Collecting and storing the data;
4. Distributing the information distilled from the
analysis.

2.2 – Risk assessment and mitigation (Part 6)
The organization shall develop and maintain a formal

process that ensures:
• analysis (probability and severity of occurrence)
• assessment (tolerability)
• control (mitigation) of the safety risks assessed to
maintain the consequences of hazards in operations

3.1 – Safety performance monitoring and measurement
The organization shall develop and maintain the

means to verify the safety performance of the
organization, and to validate the effectiveness of safety
risks controls.

The safety performance of the organization is
verified throughout the following tools:
• Safety reporting systems
• Safety studies
• Safety reviews
• Safety audits
• Safety surveys
• Internal safety investigations

Safety audits are used to ensure that the structure of
the SMS is sound in terms of:
• Staffing levels;
• Compliance with approved procedures and
instructions;
• Level of competency and training to operate
equipment and facilities and to maintain their levels of
performance

The operator shall develop and maintain a formal
process to identify changes within the organization
which may affect established processes and
services, in order to:
• describe the arrangements to ensure safety
performance before implementing changes;
• to eliminate or modify safety risk controls that
are no longer needed or effective due to changes
in the operational environment.

Operators experience permanent changes due to
expansion, introduction of new equipment or new
procedures.
Changes can:
• Introduce new hazards;
• Impact the suitability of risk mitigation;
• Impact the effectiveness of risk mitigation.

External changes
• Change of regulatory requirements
• Security
•…
Internal changes
• Management changes
• New equipment
• New procedures

3.3 – Continuous improvement of the SMS
The organization shall:
• develop and maintain a formal process to

identify the causes of sub-standard performance of
the SMS;
• determine the implications of sub-standard
performance of the SMS in operations;
• eliminate or mitigate such causes.

• The organization shall develop and maintain a

safety training programme that ensures that
personnel are trained and competent to perform their
SMS duties.
• The scope of the safety training shall be

appropriate to each individual’s involvement in the
SMS.

The safety manager should, in conjunction with the

HR department, review the job descriptions of all
operational staff and identify those positions that
have safety responsibilities.

The operator shall develop and maintain a formal

means for safety communication that:
• ensures that all personnel are fully aware of the
SMS;
• conveys safety critical information;
• explains why particular safety actions are taken;
• explains why safety procedures are introduced or
changed.

The means to communicate may include:
• Safety policies and procedures;

• News-letters;
• Bulletins;
• Website.
Safety communication is an essential foundation for

the development and maintenance of an SMS.

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‫اعداد المهندسة ‪:‬هويدى شالحة‬

Safety Management System

THE CONCEPT OF SAFETY

REF: ICAO DOC 9859 2013

The Standards and Recommended Practices

 Changing nature of accidents - New types of hazards –

 Reduced ability to learn from experience – the time-to-market

 More complex relationships between humans and automation,

 Changing regulatory and public views (perception) on safety

 However, these usually stem from

Example: investigation of accidents and

Examples: mandatory and voluntary reporting

Examples: confidential reporting systems,

 What is SMS able to do?

 Culture influences the values, beliefs and

 Organizational/corporate culture : differentiates the values

 Professional culture : differentiates the values and behaviours

No human endeavour is culture-free

 It reflects the real commitment to safety at

 It has also been described as how an

 aware of the risks and unknown hazards

• Safety occurrence covers all events which have, or

• This process shall be based on a combination of

ICAO Annex 13, Appendix C provides a list of

The safety occurrences are grouped as follows:

• To facilitate the collection of information

Confidentiality is usually achieved by not recording

However, heavy use of a confidential reporting

• Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the

• …and safety goals

• Aviation workplaces may contain hazards which may

Safety Risk = assessment of consequences of a hazard

Risk = Risk Assessment =

What is the objective?

Risk mitigation = Risk control

Hazardous  A large reduction in safety margins, physical distress or B

Risk mitigation = Risk control

Example: Operations into an aerodrome surrounded

Example: Operations into an aerodrome surrounded

Example: Operations into an aerodrome surrounded

Report by the apron responsible person:

4. Assess the severity of the

2. Determine the hazard(s)

Report by the apron responsible person

4. Assess the severity of the

2. Determine the hazard(s)

Report by the apron responsible person

4. Assess the severity of the

2. Determine the hazard(s)

SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

A series of defined, organization-wide processes

 SMS should include both

 The coverage of quality

2) Safety risk management

other functions, shall have ultimate responsibility and

The Accountable Executive shall be one identifiable

 CEO/Chairman Board of Directors or

 full authority for human resources issues;

 direct responsibility for the conduct of the