Course No.

: Math 1213
Differential Equation

Lecturer: Dr. M. Saifur Rahman

Department of Mathematics
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
 Differential Equation
Differential Equation: A differential equation is any equation which contains
derivatives, either ordinary derivatives or partial derivatives.
Order of a Differential Equation: The order of a differential equation is the largest
derivative present in the differential equation.
Degree of a Differential Equation: The degree of a differential equation is the power of
the largest derivative present in the differential equation.

Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations

A differential equation is called an ordinary differential equation, abbreviated by ode,
if it has ordinary derivatives in it.
A differential equation is called a partial differential equation, abbreviated by pde, if
it has partial derivatives in it.
 Differential Equation
Linear and Nonlinear Differential Equation: A linear differential equation is any
differential equation that can be written in the following form
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎0 𝑥 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
If a differential equation cannot be written in the above form, then it is called a non-
linear differential equation.
The important thing to note about linear differential equations is that there are no products of the function, y (t ) ,
and its derivatives and neither the function or its derivatives occur to any power other than the first power. Also note
that neither the function or its derivatives are “inside” another function, for example, y′ or 𝑒 𝑦 .
General Solution: The relation containing 𝑛 arbitrary constants which satisfies an
ordinary differential equation of 𝑛-th order is called its complete primitive or general
solution.
Particular Solution: A particular solution of differential equation is one obtained from
the primitive by assigning definite values to arbitrary constants.
 Formation of Differential Equation
Ex 1: Eliminate the constants from 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Solution: We have = 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑥, = 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦
Now 𝑎 = − 2𝑏𝑥 = − 𝑥 2, 𝑏=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Putting these values of the constants in given equation, we get
𝑑𝑦𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 2 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 2
𝑦=𝑥 −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Ex 2: Form the differential equation of which 𝑐(𝑦 + 𝑐)2 = 𝑥 3 (1) is the complete integral.
𝑑𝑦
Differentiating the given equation, we get 2𝑐(𝑦 + 𝑐) = 3𝑥 2 (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑦+𝑐 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Dividing (1) by (2), 𝑑𝑦 = ⇒𝑐= −𝑦
2 3 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
Substituting the value of 𝑐 in (1), we get ( − 𝑦)( ) = 𝑥3
3 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( ) −𝑦( ) = 𝑥3 ⇒ 8𝑥( )3 −12𝑦( )2 = 27𝑥
27 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Formation of Differential Equation
Ex 3: Find the differential equation of all circles passing through the origin and having
their centers on the x-axis.
Solution: Equation of circles passing through the origin and having their centers on the
x-axis is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 = 0, where 𝑔 is a constant
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating we get 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑔 = 0 ⇒ 𝑔 = −(𝑥 + 𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Putting this value in the equation of circle, we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 −2 𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
 Formation of Differential Equation
Ex 4: Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with foci at the origin and
axis along the x-axis.
Solution: Equation of the parabola is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (2𝑎 + 𝑥)2
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑥) (1)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating we get get 2𝑦 = 4𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Putting this value of 𝑎 in (1), we get
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2 = 4 𝑦 ( 𝑦 + 𝑥) P(x, y)
2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2a
⇒ 𝑦2 = 2
𝑦 ( ) +2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑦( )2 +2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦( ) +2𝑥 −𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Formation of Differential Equation
Ex 5: Form the differential equation of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥 .
Solution: Given 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦′′ = 2𝑎 + 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑏𝑒 𝑥 − 8𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥
Elimination of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 is
𝑦′ 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 −2𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
𝑦′′ 2 𝑒𝑥 4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦′′′ 0 𝑒𝑥 −8𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦 𝑥2 1 1
𝑦′ 2𝑥 1 −2
⇒ =0
𝑦′′ 2 1 4
𝑦′′′ 0 1 −8
 Formation of Differential Equation

𝑦 − 𝑦′′′ 𝑥2 0 9
𝑦 − 𝑦′′′ 𝑥2 9
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦′′′ 2𝑥 0 6
⇒ ′′ =0 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦′′′ 2𝑥 6 =0
𝑦 − 𝑦′′′ 2 0 12
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦′′′ 2 12
𝑦′′′ 0 1 −8
⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′′ 24𝑥 − 12 − 𝑥 2 12𝑦 ′ − 12𝑦 ′′′ − 6𝑦 ′′ + 6𝑦 ′′′ + 9(2𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 ′′′ −
2𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑥𝑦 ′′′ ) = 0

⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′′ 12𝑥 − 6 − 𝑥 2 6𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′′ + 9 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 ′′′ − 𝑥𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′′′ = 0

⇒ 𝑦 12𝑥 − 6 − 𝑦 ′′′ 12𝑥 − 6 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 9 + 𝑦′′(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥) − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦′ = 0

⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 3 𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 𝑦 ′′ − (6𝑥 2 − 9)𝑦 ′ + 12𝑥 − 6 𝑦 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1 𝑦 ′′′ + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 𝑦 ′′ − (2𝑥 2 − 3)𝑦 ′ + 4𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = 0

 Formation of Differential Equation
Ex 5: Form the differential equation in the following cases
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑒 𝑥
(iii) 𝑎𝑦 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑐)3
(iv) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 3
(v) 𝑒 2𝑦 + 2𝑐𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑐 2 = 0
(vi) 𝑦 = 𝑎cos(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏)
(vii) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥
(viii) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2
(ix) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
(x) Find the differential equation of all circles of radius 𝑎.
(xi) Find the differential equation of all circles which have their centres on x-axis and have
given radius.
 Solution of First Order ODE
Standard Forms of First-Order Differential Equations
The first-order differential equations may be expressed in either the
derivative form
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) (1)
𝑑𝑥

or the differential form 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (2)

Types of First order ODE

(i) Exact Differential Equation
(ii) Separable Differential Equation
(iii) Homogenous Differential Equation
(iv) Linear Differential Equation
(v) Bernoulli Differential Equation
 Solution of First Order ODE

Types of First order ODE

(i) Exact Differential Equation
(ii) Separable Differential Equation
(iii) Homogenous Differential Equation
(iv) Linear Differential Equation
(v) Bernoulli Differential Equation
 Solution of First Order ODE
Exact Differential Equation
Let F be a function of two real variables such that 𝐹 has continuous first partial derivatives
in a domain 𝐷. The total differential 𝑑𝐹 of the function 𝐹 is defined by the formula
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
𝑑𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

The expression 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is called an exact differential in a domain 𝐷 if there

exists a function 𝐹 of two variables such that this expression equals the total differential
𝑑𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷. That is, the above expression is an exact differential in 𝐷 if there
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
exists a function 𝐹 such that = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential, then the differential equation

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called an exact differential equation.
 Solution of First Order ODE
Consider the differential equation 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (1)
where 𝑀 and 𝑁 have continuous first partial derivatives at all points 𝑥, 𝑦 in a rectangular
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
domain 𝐷. If the differential equation is exact in 𝐷, then = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
Conversely, if = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷, then the differential equation is exact in 𝐷.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Proof: Part I. If the differential equation (1) is exact in 𝐷, then 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 is an exact
differential in 𝐷. By definition of an exact differential, there exists a function 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
= 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷. Then = and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
= for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷. But, using the continuity of the first partial derivatives of
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)

𝑀 and 𝑁, we have = and therefore = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷.
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 Solution of First Order ODE
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
Part II. We start with the hypothesis that = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷, and set out to
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
show that 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact in 𝐷. This means that we must prove that there exists a
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
function 𝐹 such that = 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) (1) and = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) (2) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We can certainly find some 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) satisfying either (1) or (2), but what about both?
Let us assume that 𝐹 satisfies (1) and proceed. Then 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)
Differentiating (3) partially with respect to 𝑦, we obtain
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕 𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
= ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 + (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕 𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
Now if (2) is to be satisfied, we must have 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 + (5)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜑(𝑦) 𝜕
and hence = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑦
 Solution of First Order ODE
𝑑𝜑
Since 𝜑 is a function of 𝑦 only, the derivative must also be independent of 𝑥. That is, in
𝑑𝑦
𝜕
order for (5) to hold, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 (6) must be independent of 𝑥.
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕
We shall show that [𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥] =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥,𝑦 𝜕2
We at once have 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = − ‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
If (1) and (2) are to be satisfied, then using the hypothesis = , we must have
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2 𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 =
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥,𝑦 𝜕2
Thus, we obtain 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = − ‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝑥,𝑦 𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
and hence 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫𝑀׬‬ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Solution of First Order ODE
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
But by hypothesis = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷. Thus
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 − ‫׬‬ 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 0 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷, and so (6) is independent of 𝑥. Thus,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
we may write
𝜕𝑀 𝑥,𝑦
𝜑 𝑦 = ‫𝑥 𝑁 ׬‬, 𝑦 −‫׬‬ 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
Substituting this into equation (3), we have
𝜕𝑀 𝑥,𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = ‫𝑥(𝑀 ׬‬, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 + ‫𝑥 𝑁 ׬‬, 𝑦 − ‫׬‬ 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (7)
𝜕𝑦
This 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 thus satisfies both (1) and (2) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝐷, and so 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact
in 𝐷.
 Solution of First Order ODE
Ex-1: Solve the equation 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution: First we have to determine whether the equation is exact or not. Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
= 4𝑥 and = 4𝑥 ∴ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Hence the above equation is exact. Thus, we must find a function 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 such that
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
= 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 (1) and = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)
Now differentiating (3) with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
= 2𝑥 2 + (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜑(𝑦) 𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
Comparing (2) and (4), we get 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + ⇒ = 2𝑦 (5)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
 Solution of First Order ODE
Integrating (5) we get 𝜑 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑐0 , where 𝑐0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐0
Hence the general solution is 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐1 , or 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐0 = 𝑐1
Combining the constants 𝑐0 and 𝑐1 we may write the solution as 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
where 𝑐 = 𝑐1 − 𝑐0 is an arbitrary constant.

Method of Grouping:
We can write the differential equation in the form
3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦) + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑑(𝑥 3 ) + 𝑑(2𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑑(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) = 0
Integrating we get 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
 Solution of First Order ODE
Ex-2: Solve the initial-value problem
2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 2
Solution: Here 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
= −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 and = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ∴ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Hence the above equation is exact. Thus, we must find a function 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 such that
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦)
= 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 (1) and = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Integrating (1) with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)
Now differentiating (3) with respect to 𝑦, we get
𝜕𝐹(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
= −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 3 + (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
Comparing (2) and (4), we get𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 −𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥3 +
𝑑𝑦
 Solution of First Order ODE
𝑑𝜑(𝑦)
⇒ = −𝑦 (5)
𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
Integrating (5) we get 𝜑 𝑦 = − + 𝑐0 , where 𝑐0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
2

2 3 𝑦2
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − + 𝑐0
2

2 3 𝑦2
Hence the general solution is 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − =𝑐
2

Using initial condition 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, we get

22
0 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + 0 × 2 − =𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = −2
2
Hence the required solution is
𝑦2
𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑥3𝑦 − = −2
2
 Solution of First Order ODE
Solve the following Differential Equations
1. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. 𝑦 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = 0
6. 2𝑥𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 1 = 2
7. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 −2 = 1
8. 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 3
9. 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 6
10. Determine the constant 𝐴 such that the equation is exact, and solve the resulting exact
equation 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0