Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition)

Exploring Information Technology for classes 1 to 7 is a series of computer textbooks based on Ubuntu
and LibreOffice. It covers other Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) such as KolourPaint and
KTurtle. It also discusses various software applications, including Adobe Flash, QBASIC and HTML. This
new series of Exploring Information Technology has been designed with emphasis on interactive and
creative approach. It serves as an ideal classroom support for computer education. It is based on the
latest guidelines of National Curriculum Framework (NCF), NCERT and all major state boards.
EXPLORING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7

Each of these uniquely fashioned books incorporates the features of a textbook, a workbook as well as
a manual to ensure maximum benefit to the student.
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KEY FEATURES
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Text is presented in a clear and simple language, with enhanced visual appeal.
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All the ideas and concepts are explained with clear-cut and practical examples.
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Each and every topic is thoroughly researched and certified by consultant teachers from schools.
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The illustrations given in the chapters lend enormous support as learning aids.
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For the Teacher boxes provide teaching ideas and tips for the teachers.
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Did You Know and Note boxes impart more information and interesting facts about the topic being
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discussed.
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An exhaustive set of questions and activities are given at the end of each chapter to reinforce
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learning and develop practical computer skills.
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Revision exercises and Project work at the end of the book help to sharpen the concepts learnt in
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the chapters.
Sample questions based on National Cyber Olympiad at the end of the book help students prepare
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for the Olympiads.
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ITL Education Solutions Limited (ITL ESL) is a part of the ITL group which has operations all over
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the world with a significant presence in education and IT-enabled services. It specialises in handling
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educational projects in IT domains with a dedicated R&D wing of industry experts that helps in designing
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and developing content.
We will be happy to respond to you on any query relating to the series.
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Write to us at cs-support@macmillan.co.in
Macmillan Education listens to educators, and works to meet their

teaching-learning needs through relevant products and services.
For any requirements or feedback, write to
macmillanmarketing@macmillaneducation.com
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ISBN 938951821- 0
Macmillan Publishers India Pvt. Ltd. 9 789389 518214

Weight:
www.macmillaneducation.in Customer Support Number: +91-8130588966
EXPLORING
INFORMATION
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TECHNOLOGY
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Macmillan Publishers In
www.macmillaneduc
Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 1 02/12/19 3:09 PM

© ITLESL, 2020
All rights reserved under the copyright act. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or
translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopy
or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any person
who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable
to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published 2020

Revised edition 2021
MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

Delhi Bengaluru Chennai Kolkata Mumbai
Ahmedabad Bhopal Chandigarh Coimbatore
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Cuttack Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Lucknow Madurai
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Nagpur Patna Pune Thiruvananthapuram Visakhapatnam
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ISBN: 978-93-89518-21-4
Designed and developed by the Research & Development Wing,
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ITL Education Solutions Ltd., 2nd Floor, GD-ITL Towers,
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Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura, New Delhi 110 034 In
Published by Macmillan Publishers India Private Ltd,
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21, Patullos Road, Chennai 600002, India

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Printed at
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“This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure
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that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner
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whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed,
please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.”
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are immensely thankful to Ms Anne Dias, M.A., M. Ed., Director – Special Projects, Academic and Continuous Professional
Development, Ms Tracy Cardoz, M.A. M. Ed., Vice President – Curriculum Development, Ms Jaya Venkatram, M.A, B.Ed.,
A.G.M. – Curriculum Development and Dr Shefali Bharti, Ph.D., Sr. Manager – Academics Operations, VIBGYOR Group
of Schools, Mumbai for their active interest in promoting excellence in education and their invaluable contribution in the
successful completion of the project. Their guidance in designing the content and course structure for the series with regular
quality check has made the product par excellence.
We would also like to thank the Curriculum development team members Mr Sankalp Korde and Ms Shraddha Kambli along
with the Heads of the Computer Science Department Ms Amreen Khan, Ms Shruti Kamat, Ms Puja Kumar and Ms Sarla Devi
and all the Computer teachers of the VIBGYOR Group of Schools for their constant inputs and support during the making
of this series.
Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 2 4/5/2021 10:35:46 AM

Preface
The computer has established itself as one of the greatest innovations of humankind. Today, it
has become an integral part of our lives, be it at home, school or work. Thus, a basic knowledge
of computers has become essential for success in any sphere. Keeping pace with this, there is a
compelling need to impart computer education to children at an early stage of learning so as to
make them self-sufficient.
Exploring Information Technology for classes 1 to 7 is a series of computer textbooks based on
the Ubuntu operating system, LibreOffice and other Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS).
FOSS refers to the software that is liberally licensed under the GNU General Public License. This
license grants users the free availability of source code of FOSS along with the right to use, study,
share, and modify it. This control and flexibility has endorsed the use of FOSS in school education,
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and it is gaining more momentum day by day.
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The series serves as an ideal classroom support for computer education. It is based on a
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comprehensive curriculum graded according to the latest guidelines of National Curriculum Framework
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(NCF), NCERT and all major state boards. It discusses various software applications, including
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KolourPaint, KTurtle, LibreOffice, Adobe Flash, QBASIC and HTML.
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Key Features
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• Text is presented in a clear and simple language, with enhanced visual appeal.
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• All the ideas and concepts are explained with clear-cut and practical examples.
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• Each and every topic is thoroughly researched and certified by consultant teachers from schools.
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• The illustrations given in the chapters lend enormous support as learning aids.
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• For the Teacher boxes provide teaching ideas and tips for the teachers.
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• Did You Know and Note boxes impart more information and interesting facts about the topic
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being discussed.
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• An exhaustive set of questions and activities are given at the end of each chapter to reinforce
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• Revision exercises and Project work at the end of the book help to sharpen the concepts learnt
in the chapters.
• Sample questions based on National Cyber Olympiad at the end of the book help students
prepare for the Olympiads.
We will be happy to respond to you on any query relating to the series. Write to us at
cs-support@macmillan.co.in.
Rohit Khurana
Founder and CEO
ITLESL

Contents
1 Computer Fundamentals 1
2 Formulas and Functions in LibreOffice Calc 14
3 Sorting and Filtering in LibreOffice Calc30
4 Creating Charts in LibreOffice Calc 40
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5 Advanced Features of QBASIC 53
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6 Introduction to HTML 75
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7 Basic HTML Elements 85
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8 Computer Viruses 101

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9 Internet Services 112

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National Cyber Olympiad (Sample Questions) 129

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Project Work 133

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Revision 135
Terminology 139

Leno, yesterday I went to a grocery
store with my dad. There, I saw a new
kind of device being used at the billing
counter. Do you know about that device?
Like the barcode reader, there
are many other I/O devices
Ria, you might have seen
which you probably may not
the barcode reader
know about. Today, I will tell
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which is an input device.
you about those devices.
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Contents
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A computer consists of a number of inter-related

Input Devices
components which work together to convert data into
Output Devices information. The data is fed into the computer with the
Software help of input devices. The computer processes the data
to produce meaningful results. These results are then
Computer Languages presented to the user with the help of output devices.
In your earlier classes, you have learnt about some common input and output devices.
This chapter discusses some advanced input devices such as the barcode reader, OCR
reader, and so on. It also discusses some output devices such as a plotter and LCD
projector. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the classification of software and
computer languages.
1
Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 1 12/1/2020 11:23:51 AM

1.1 INPUT DEVICES
A computer can accept inputs both manually and automatically. In case of manual data
entry, the user has to feed the data into the computer by hand, using a keyboard, mouse,
joystick, etc. In case of automatic data entry, the information is directly transferred from
a source document into the computer with the help of special input devices such as a
barcode reader, OCR, OMR, MICR, etc. Let us learn about some of these input devices
in detail.
1.1.1 Barcode Reader

A barcode reader, or a barcode scanner, is an input device which is used to read the
barcode of a product. A barcode, or Universal Product Code (UPC), is a machine-readable
code in the form of light and dark lines of varying width which usually appears on a wide
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variety of products and books. This code includes information about an item’s price,
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code, and its manufacturer’s detail.
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A barcode reader generates light to reflect the image
on the barcode. It then identifies the image from the
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thickness and spacing of the bars. When the image is
identified, it is converted into a numeric code which
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can be processed according to the requirements.
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Barcode readers are widely used in supermarkets,

departmental stores, libraries, and other places. They
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can be either fixed-position or hand-held. With fixed-

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position readers, items having a barcode are passed in Fig. 1.1 Barcode reader
front of the reader either by hand or a conveyor belt.
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Hand-held readers are not fixed at one place and are brought in front of the items to read
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their barcodes.
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1.1.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

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Optical Character Recognition is the process of providing text as input to a computer by

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means of a document reader. The first major use of the OCR was in processing petroleum
credit-card sales drafts. Over time, other applications evolved, including cash registers, stock
control, tape readers, market surveys, etc. OCR is also used for recognising handwriting.
The OCR system consists of an optical scanner and a special
software known as the OCR software. The optical scanner is used
to produce a digital image of the text document. The OCR software
then converts the individual bitmap images of the characters into a
computer-understandable code. This code is then interpreted by the
computer as letters, numbers, and special characters. Fig. 1.2 OCR
The OCR system makes the data entry fast and efficient. However,
if the document is not typed properly or written clearly, it becomes difficult for the OCR
2

system to recognise the characters. The main disadvantage of the OCR system is that
most of the text formatting is lost during the text scanning.
1.1.3 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

Optical Mark Recognition is the technique of recognising
a pre-specified mark made by a pencil or pen on a paper.
The OMR technology enables high-speed reading of large
quantities of data and transferring this data to the computer
without using a keyboard. Generally, this technology is
used to read answer sheets of objective-type tests. Fig. 1.3 OMR
In this method, special forms/documents are printed with
boxes which can be marked with a dark pencil or ink. The specified mark on the paper
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should be positioned correctly and should be significantly darker than the surrounding
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paper. The forms are then passed under the OMR reader. The result obtained by the
reader is sent to the computer.
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1.1.4 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition refers to the technique of recognising special magnetic
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codes. These codes are printed using a special font which consists of numerals 0 to 9 and
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some special characters. A special ink which contains magnetised particles of iron oxide
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is used to print the codes.

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MICR is widely used in banks. The magnetic codes

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are generally found at the bottom of a bank’s cheque.

These codes include the bank’s identification code
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(name, branch, etc.), account number, and the cheque

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number which are printed before the cheques are given

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to the customers for use. The cheque is then passed

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through the MICR reader which reads all the magnetic

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codes on it and sends the information to the computer.

Fig. 1.4 MICR
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The banking industry prefers MICR because it gives

extra security against forgeries. If a document has been forged, for example, if a counterfeit
cheque is produced using a colour photocopying machine, the magnetic-ink line will
either not respond to the magnetic fields or will produce an incorrect code when scanned.
1.1.5 Magnetic Strip

A magnetic strip is a special type of strip which is used to store data. It can store up to
60 characters. The data on the magnetic strip is stored magnetically and the data once
stored cannot be changed. A magnetic strip is generally used with a plastic card. The strip
is placed at the back of the card. In most of the cards, the magnetic strip is contained
in a plastic-like film. A special device called magnetic card reader is used to access the

information stored on the magnetic strips. The plastic card is
swiped through the magnetic card reader to read the data on
the strip. A magnetic strip is commonly used in credit cards,
identity cards, and debit cards.
Fig. 1.5 Magnetic strip
1.1.6 Smart Card

A smart card is a pocket-sized card which contains a
microchip. It is possible to write information onto the chip
as well as read from it. For example, a person using a smart
card can get value added to his/her card from his/her bank
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instead of carrying cash. A special device called smart card
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reader is used to read the information from the smart cards.
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Today, smart cards are used as SIM cards for mobile phones,
Fig. 1.6 Smart card
authorisation cards for pay television, and public–transport
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payment cards such as in the Delhi Metro.
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1.1.7 Touch Screen
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A touch screen is a special kind of input device which enables

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you to choose an icon or a menu item displayed on a screen

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by simply touching it with your finger. Touch screens use

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either optical grids or a pressure-sensitive film. They register

the input when you touch the screen with your finger or an
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object.
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A touch screen is normally used when information has to be Fig. 1.7 Touch screen
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accessed with minimum efforts. However, it is not suitable for

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the input of large amounts of data. Typically, it is used in ATMs and information-providing
systems such as those at hospitals, airlines, railway-reservation counters, amusement
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parks, etc.
1.2 OUTPUT DEVICES

You have already learnt about the commonly used output devices in the previous classes.
In this section, you will learn about some other output devices such as plotters and LCD
projectors.
1.2.1 Plotter
A plotter is an output device that is used to generate graphical outputs such as images,
charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based diagrams.
4

Plotters are similar to printers, but they use ink pens to draw lines. Plotters are very slow
in producing outputs because they involve many mechanical movements.
Types of Plotters
There are two types of plotters.
Drum plotter: This plotter is used to produce continuous output such as plotting
an earthquake activity or for long graphic output structures such as tall building
structures. A drum plotter consists of a long cylinder known as the drum. The paper
that is to be printed is placed over the drum. The drum can rotate clockwise or anti-
clockwise to draw lines.
Flatbed plotter: This plotter is used in designing ships, aircraft, buildings, etc.
A flatbed plotter consists of a stationary horizontal plotting surface on which the
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paper is fixed. A pen mounted on a carriage moves horizontally or vertically to draw
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lines.
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(a) Drum plotter (b) Flatbed plotter

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Fig. 1.8 Types of plotters

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1.2.2 LCD Projector

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A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector is a device which is used for displaying
presentations created on a computer. It is generally used when the target audience is
large in number and the computer monitor cannot be used to show the presentation.
For displaying a presentation, the LCD projector is connected to a computer which runs
the presentation and the projector projects the image on a flat surface such as a screen,
board, etc.
Fig. 1.9 LCD projector

5

1.3 SOFTWARE
Software refers to the set of computer programs that are loaded into a computer for its
proper functioning and processing of information. Software can be categorised into two
types, namely, system software and application software. Let us learn about them in detail.
Software
System software Application software
Operating Language Word Electronic Image

DBMS
systems translators processor spreadsheet editor
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Device System Presentation Desktop
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drivers utilties software publishing software
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Fig. 1.10 Types of software
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1.3.1 System Software
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System software refers to a set of programs that are designed to control the operations of
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a computer system. The system software helps all parts of a computer to work together.
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In simple words, it makes a computer functional. It also controls the operations of other
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types of software that a computer runs. Basic functions of the system software are visual
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display, file management, keyboard input, security management, and many more.
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The system software can be categorised into operating systems, device drivers, language
translators, and system utilities.
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Operating System (OS)

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The operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between the computer
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hardware and the user. It is the first software that is loaded into the computer memory.
The operating system controls and organises the hardware. It interprets the commands
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given by the user and communicates them to the hardware. It provides a platform for other
programs (software) to work properly. Basic functions of an operating system are memory
management, input/output management, file management, security management, etc.
Some of the examples of an operating system are Windows 8, Windows 7, Ubuntu,
Windows NT, UNIX, and Linux.
Device Drivers
Device drivers are system software responsible for proper functioning of various devices
connected to the computer. Every device, whether it is a printer, monitor, mouse or
keyboard, has a driver program associated with it for its proper functioning. A driver acts
like a translator between the device and the program that uses the device.
6

Language Translators
Computers only understand the language of 0s and 1s, which is known as machine language
or binary language. However, it is difficult to write a program in machine language. This
led to the development of high-level programming languages that resembled human
languages such as English. However, programs written in a high-level programming
language need to be translated into a machine-language code.
The tool that performs the translation is called a language translator. The different types
of language translators are compiler, interpreter, and assembler.
Compiler: A compiler translates a program written in a high-level language into
machine language. It reads the whole program and translates the complete program
at once into a series of machine-language instructions. Once compiled, the program
(machine code) normally gets saved automatically and can be executed directly.
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Interpreter: An interpreter reads one statement of a program (written in a high-level
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language) at a time, translates it into machine language and executes it immediately.
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It continues to read, translate, and execute the statements one by one until it reaches
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the end of the program. Therefore, it is slower than a compiler. The machine code
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produced by the interpreter is not saved and hence, to execute a statement again, it
has to be interpreted again.
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Assembler: An assembler translates a program written in the assembly language into
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machine language. It recognises the mnemonics used in the assembly language and
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substitutes the required machine code for each instruction.

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Language
translators
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Compiler Interpreter Assembler

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Fig. 1.11 Types of language translators
System Utilities
System utilities perform some specific tasks related to the maintenance of computer
hardware and data. They are used to support, enhance, and secure programs and data
in the computer system. The most common functions of system utilities include file
management, backup, data recovery, virus protection, and disk cleanup.
1.3.2 Application Software

The application software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task.
Application software are of various types. They can be divided into various categories
according to their functions.
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The most commonly used application software are discussed here.
Word processor: This software is used to compose, format, edit, and print electronic
documents. Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer and Word Perfect are examples of
such programs.
Electronic spreadsheet: This software allows numbers, text, and complex functions to
be entered into a matrix of thousands of individual cells. Microsoft Excel, LibreOffice
Calc and Lotus 123 are examples of spreadsheet programs.
Image editor: This software is designed specifically for capturing, creating, editing,
and manipulating images. GIMP, Adobe Photoshop and CorelDRAW are examples
of such programs.
Database Management Systems (DBMS): This is a collection of computer programs
that allow storage, modification, and extraction of information from a database in
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an efficient manner. Microsoft Access, LibreOffice Base and Oracle are examples of
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DBMS.
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Presentation software: This software allows the user to create presentations with the
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help of slides and handouts. Microsoft PowerPoint, LibreOffice Impress and Freelance
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Graphics are examples of a presentation software.
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Desktop publishing software: This software allows a user to create printed documents
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using a desktop computer. It is the technique of using a personal computer to design
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a page with text and graphics and then using a laser printer or image-setter to output
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the assembled pages onto paper, film or printing plate. These software are used for
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publishing newsletters, books, magazines, etc. Quark Express and Adobe InDesign
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are examples of such software.

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Did You Know

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A set of several applications bundled together into a single package is called an

application suite, for example, LibreOffice.
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1.4 COMPUTER LANGUAGES

To interact with somebody, you need to speak in a language that he or she can understand.
Similarly, to interact with a computer, you need a computer language that a computer can
understand.
As stated earlier, a computer understands only the language of 0s and 1s. However,
writing programs in such a language is very difficult. Therefore, many computer languages
have been developed that are similar to natural languages such as English, which are
easier for programmers to use. These languages are translated into the binary language so
that the computer can understand them. Translators such as compilers, interpreters, and
assemblers perform this translation. Computer languages are divided into two categories,
namely, low-level languages and high-level languages.
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Computer
languages
Low-level High-level
languages languages
Machine Assembly
language languages
Fig. 1.12 Computer languages
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1.4.1 Low-level Language
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In general, a language that is encoded in the binary language or is similar to the binary
language is understood and executed more quickly by the computer. A low-level language
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is one such language which is similar to the binary language. However, it is machine
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dependent, that is, it depends on the type of computer. This makes it difficult to learn and
use, as the programmer must have an in-depth knowledge of different computers to write
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programs in a low-level language.

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Low-level languages are of two types.

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Machine language: The machine language is the fundamental language of a

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computer. It was the first language used in the earliest machines and computers.
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It is written using binary digits, that is, 0s and 1s, and therefore, it can be directly
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understood by the computer. However, as each instruction consists of a series of 0s

and 1s, it is difficult to write a program in machine language. A program written in
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machine language is called a machine code.

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Assembly language: An assembly language uses letters, words, and symbols, called
mnemonics, instead of the binary digits used in machine language. This makes it
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easier to use than machine language. However, this language depends on the type
of computer. That is, a program written for one computer cannot be executed on
another. A program written in an assembly language is called an assembly code.
1.4.2 High-level Language

The complexity and difficulty of using and learning low-level languages led to the invention
of high-level languages. These languages use English-like statements, which are much
easier to learn and use. However, they are slower because they must be translated to the
binary language first so that the computer can understand them.

Unlike low-level languages, high-level languages are not machine dependent and hence,
a program written in a high-level language can be used on different computers with no
or only little modifications. The various high-level languages include Java, C, C++,
QBASIC, PASCAL, and many more.
Points to
Remember
A computer can accept inputs both manually and automatically.
A barcode reader is used to read the Universal Product Code (UPC) or the
barcode of a product.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process of providing text as input to
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a computer by means of a document reader.
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Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) is the technique of recognising a pre-specified
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mark made by a pencil or pen on paper.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) refers to the technique of recognising
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special magnetic codes. In
A magnetic strip is used to store data. It can store up to 60 characters.
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A smart card is a pocket-sized card that contains a microchip. It is possible to

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write information onto the chip as well as read from it.

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A touch screen is a special kind of input device that enables you to choose an
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icon or menu item displayed on a screen by simply touching it with your finger.
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A plotter is an output device that is used to generate graphical outputs such as

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images, charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based
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diagrams.
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A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector is a device that is used for displaying
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presentations created on a computer.

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The term ‘software’ refers to a set of computer programs that are loaded into a
computer for its proper functioning and processing of information. Software can
be categorised as system software or application software.
System software refers to a set of programs that are designed to control the
operations of a computer system. They can be categorised into operating systems,
device drivers, language translators, and system utilities.
Application software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task.
Computer languages are divided into two categories—low-level languages and
high-level languages.
10

Exercises
1. Tick (ü) the correct option.
a. Find the odd one out.
(i) Plotter (ii) Card reader
(iii)
Smart card (iv) OMR
b. Which of these is an input device?
(i) Printer (ii) Plotter
(iii)
Projector (iv) Touch screen
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c. Which of the following is the technique of recognising a pre-specified mark
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made by a pencil or pen on a paper?
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(i) Card reader (ii) OCR
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(iii)
OMR (iv) Smart card
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d. Which system software acts as an interface between the computer hardware
and the user?
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(i) Device driver (ii) Language translator

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(iii)
Operating system (iv) Compiler
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e. Which of the following use English-like statements that are much easier to
learn and use?
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(i) Low-level language (ii) High-level language

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(iii) Both (i) and (ii) (iv) None of these

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2. Fill in the blanks.

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a. .............................. is the process of providing text as input to a computer by

means of a document reader.
b. A .............................. is an output device that is used to generate graphical
outputs such as images, charts, graphs, blueprints, maps, etc.
c. A .............................. is a special type of strip which is used to store data up to
60 characters.
d. The .............................. is a device which is used for displaying presentations
created on a computer.
e. The .............................. is a set of programs designed to perform a specific
task.
11

f. The term .............................. refers to the set of computer programs that are
loaded into a computer for the proper functioning of the computer and the
processing of information.
g. The .............................. software is designed specifically for capturing,
creating, editing, and manipulating images.
h. The letters, words, and symbols used in the assembly language are called
........................ .
3. State true or false.

a. The machine language is a high-level language.
b. A barcode reader is an output device which is used to read the
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Universal Product Code.
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c. OMR is widely used in banks.
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d. Touch screens register the input when you touch the screen with
a
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your finger or an object. In
e. A drum plotter consists of a long cylinder known as the drum.
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f. System software refers to a set of programs designed to control

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the operation of the computer system.

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g. Compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are different types of

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device drivers.
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h. High-level languages use English-like statements, which are much

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easier to learn and use.

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4. Answer the questions.

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a. Write short notes on the following.

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(i) OCR (ii) OMR (iii) Magnetic strip

b. What is MICR? Explain the use of MICR in the banking industry.
c. Which are the different types of plotters?
d. What is the use of an LCD projector?
e. What is system software? Which are the different types of system software?
f. What is application software? Give examples.
g. Why is a computer language required? What are the two categories in which
computer languages are divided?
h. Differentiate between various language translators.
12

Activities
1. Visit various places such as departmental stores, banks, etc., and determine the input
and output devices being used at these places.
2. Find out which application software are installed on the computers in your
computer lab.
With the help of an elder family member, understand the usage of touch screen,
3.
smart card, and magnetic strip.
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For Teacher
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the
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Discuss with the students the working and uses of some advanced input and
output devices.
a
Explain to them the various types of software.
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In
Tell them about the various types of computer languages.
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13

You know Ria, just like we use
formulas in mathematics to solve
sums, we can also use formulas and
functions in Calc to do calculations.
Wow! That’s wonderful! Would
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you please tell me how to use Why not? Let us start.
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formulas and functions in Calc?
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In
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Contents
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Formulas
Functions
Errors in Formulas LibreOffice Calc is an easy-to-use, yet powerful,
and Functions spreadsheet package. It enables you to quickly create
Printing in LibreOffice documents involving calculations. In your previous class,
Calc you have already learnt about the various components of
the Calc window and how to work with a worksheet.
In this chapter, you will learn how to use various formulas and functions to perform
mathematical calculations. The chapter also discusses various types of errors that can be
encountered while entering formulas and functions in a worksheet, and how to print a
worksheet or a workbook.
14

2.1 FORMULAS
In addition to entering simple numbers in a cell, you can also enter formulas involving
addition, subtraction, multiplication and/or division operations. The Calc formula looks
similar to the algebraic formula that you have seen and used; however, it is written
differently.
A Calc formula always begins with an equal-to sign ‘=’ followed by some combination of
values, text, cell references, functions, and operators. If ‘=’ is missing before the formula,
Calc considers it simply as a string of characters.
2.1.1 Entering Formula

A formula uses different operators for performing calculations. Operators specify the type
of calculation that you want to perform on the given data. Some common operators used
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in a formula are listed in Table 2.1.
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Table 2.1 Operators used in a formula
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Symbols Description
a
=
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equal-to sign—a formula begins with an equal-to sign
In
() parentheses
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+ addition
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– subtraction
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* multiplication
/ division
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^ exponent
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The Formula Bar is used to enter a formula in an active cell. You can type the formula
in the Input line. There are three buttons on the Formula Bar to the left of the Input line.
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Each of these buttons has a specific function as described below.

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Function Wizard ( ): It is used to insert a predefined function in the active cell.

When you click this button, the Function Wizard dialog box appears from where you
can select the desired function.
Sum ( ): It is used to add all the numbers in a range of cells and return their total
as a result.
Formula ( ): It is used to enter a formula in the active cell. When you click this
button, ‘=’ appears inside the Input line and you can begin to type the formula.
Fig. 2.1 Formula Bar
15

Note
Calc evaluates a formula in a specific order, that is from left to right.
For example, if you want to calculate the total marks obtained by Preeti in the worksheet
shown in Fig. 2.2 using a formula, follow these steps.
1. Click the cell where you want to insert the formula, that is the cell F2.
2. Type (=) or click the Formula ( ) button on the Formula Bar to display ‘=’ in the
Input line. Now, type the address of the cells which are to be added that is, enter
B2+C2+D2+E2. Note that the formula is displayed in the Input line.
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Fig. 2.2 Entering formula in a worksheet
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3. Press the Enter key. The result appears in the cell F2.
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Fig. 2.3 Output obtained after entering the formula

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Note that while you type a formula in the Input line, you can see the following two buttons
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on the left, replacing the Formula ( ) and Sum ( ) buttons.

Cancel ( ): It is used to cancel the formula.
Accept ( ): It is used to obtain the result of the formula.
2.1.2 Copying a Formula

You might often need to repeat a formula in a worksheet. In Calc, this can be accomplished
by copying a formula. For example, after calculating the total marks obtained by one
student, if you want to calculate the total marks obtained by each student in the class,
follow these steps.
16

1. Click the cell from where the formula is to be copied. For example, click the cell F2.
2. Click the Copy button ( ) present in the Standard toolbar OR right-click on the cell
and click the Copy option from the shortcut menu that appears.
3. A moving line (marquee) appears around the cell (see Fig. 2.4).
Fig. 2.4 Copying the formula
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4. Now click the cell where the formula is to be copied, for example, click the cell F3.
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5. Click the Paste button ( ) present in the Standard toolbar OR right-click on the cell
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and click the Paste option from the shortcut menu that appears.
6. The formula is copied and the result, that is, the sum of marks obtained by Himanshu
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appears in the cell F3 (Fig. 2.5). In
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Fig. 2.5 After pasting the formula

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The total marks of all the students can be calculated by repeating the same steps for
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each student. Note that the formula copied for different cells is the same, except that the
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formula in cell F3 adds the entries in row 3, the formula in cell F4 adds the entries in row
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4, and so on.
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If you want to copy the same formula in multiple adjacent cells at once, select the desired
range of cells after copying the formula and then paste the formula. For example, to
calculate the percentage of each student using a formula, follow these steps.
1. Enter the formula =(F2/400)*100 in the cell G2 and press the Enter key.
2. Copy the formula entered in
the cell G2.
3. Select the cells G3 through
G9 and paste the formula.
Fig. 2.6 Calculating percentage using formula

17

Another simple and easy way to copy the same formula to a range of adjacent cells is by
using the fill handle. For this, follow these steps.
1. Click the cell containing the formula.
2. Click and drag the fill handle over the desired range of cells.
3. Release the mouse button. The result of the formula appears in the selected cells.
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Fig. 2.7 Copying formula using fill handle
a
2.1.3 Cell Referencing
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In
As studied earlier, each cell has a unique address, which is specified by the intersection of
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the row and column corresponding to that cell. Calc can record cell addresses in formulas in
two different ways—relative reference and absolute reference. When you copy a formula,
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it is important to know how the formula is recorded or stored.

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Relative Referencing
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When you copy a formula that contains cell references, Calc automatically adjusts the cell
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references according to the cells where you paste the formula. Cell references that change
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when copied are known as relative cell references and this type of cell referencing is called
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relative referencing.
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Suppose, your teacher enters the marks of students obtained in different subjects in your
class. To calculate the average of each student is time-consuming. To avoid this, follow
these steps.
1. Enter the data as shown in Fig. 2.8 in the worksheet.
2. Write the formula =(F2/400)*100 in the cell G2.
3. Press the Enter key. This displays the result in the cell G2.
4. Click the Copy button on the Standard toolbar.
5. Click the next cell, that is, G3 and press the Enter key. You can see in the Input line
that the cell reference used in the formula is changed.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until you have finished performing the calculation.
18

Relative referencing
Fig. 2.8 Relative referencing
Note that relative referencing allows you to perform the same operation in the adjacent
cells. You do not need to provide the formula in the next cell as it is automatically generated
or copied. The references of the new cell (where the operation or the formula is copied)
are reflected in the Input line.
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Absolute Referencing
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The cell whose reference is a fixed position in the worksheet is known as an absolute
referencing or an absolute cell reference. As a result, when the formula is copied to another
a
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cell, its reference does not change. An absolute reference uses two dollar signs in the cell
In
address: one before the column letter and another before the row number. For example,
rs
the absolute reference of cell C1 is $C$1.

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Suppose that the salary of all the employees in the worksheet shown in Fig. 2.9 is to
is
be increased by 1500. Instead of adding this value individually to the salary of each
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employee, this operation is performed by absolute referencing. First, we enter the formula
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=B2+$C$2 in the cell D2 to calculate the new incremented salary of the first employee.
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Then, we copy this formula in cells D3 through D6 to calculate the same for the other
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employees.
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Absolute referencing
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Fig. 2.9 Absolute referencing
Notice that when the formula is copied, only the relative address of the cell changes
and the absolute address remains the same. For example, when you copy the formula
B2+$C$2 to another cell, only B2 (relative address) changes, while the absolute address
($C$2) remains the same. This implies that when the formula is copied to the cell D6, the
formula becomes =B6+$C$2.
19

2.2 FUNCTIONS
Calc contains various pre-defined formulas known as functions, such as SUM, MAX, MIN,
AVERAGE, etc. These functions can be used for different purposes. They also save time
by performing both simple and complex calculations. Since the computer performs most
of the calculations, there is no possibility of producing erroneous data. Like a formula, a
function also always starts with an equal-to sign (=).
A function comprises two parts.
Function name: This is the name of the function that is used for calculations.
Argument(s): This is the value that a function uses to perform a calculation.
The arguments are passed according to the operation to be performed. The argument
can be a number, range, text, formula or a cell reference. Arguments appear to
the right of the function name and are enclosed in parentheses. Note that some
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functions require arguments for evaluation, while some functions can be evaluated
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without using arguments. For example, the SUM function requires arguments, while
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the NOW function does not require any argument.
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2.2.1 Entering Functions
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To enter a function in your worksheet, follow these steps.
rs
1. Click the cell in which you want to enter the function.

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2. Enter the equal-to sign ‘=’. Then enter the name of the function, followed by an
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opening parenthesis ‘(’. After this, enter any argument (if required) for the function
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and then a closing parenthesis ‘)’. Note that there should be no space between the
name of the function and opening parenthesis.
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3. Press Enter to display the result of the function. For example, if you want to add
numbers in cells A3 to E3, use the SUM function and pass the range of cells as an
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argument to the function, as shown in Fig. 2.10.

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Fig. 2.10 Entering a function
This method is useful when you are sure about the syntax of a particular function. If you
are not aware or sure of a function’s syntax, you should always use the Function Wizard.
2.2.2 Inserting a Function using the Function Wizard

To insert a function in a cell using the Function Wizard, follow these steps.
1. Click the cell in which the function is to be entered.
20

2. Click the Function Wizard button
( ) on the Formula Bar. The
Function Wizard dialog box appears.
3. Select the function category from
the Category drop-down list box.
For example, to add two numbers
or a range of numbers, select
Mathematical.
4. Select the desired function from the
list displayed in the Function list box.
For example, select SUM.
5. Click Next. In the next window, click
the Select icon ( ) at the right side of
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Number 1. Fig. 2.11 Function Wizard dialog box
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6. The Function Wizard mini dialog box appears on the worksheet. Here, you can
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either type the desired cell range or select the desired cell range using the mouse.
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Fig. 2.12 Function Wizard mini dialog box

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7. Specify the cell range and press the

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Enter key to resume the size of Function

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Wizard dialog box. The specified cell

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range appears in the number box.

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Similarly, you can add other cell

ranges in the function, if required.
Fig. 2.13 Cell range displayed in the Function

Wizard dialog box
21

8. Click OK in the Function Wizard dialog box to insert the function. The sum is displayed
in the required cell.
Fig. 2.14 Sum displayed in the required cell
2.2.3 Types of Functions

As stated earlier, Calc consists of various
types of functions. In this section, we shall
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discuss these functions. We will use the
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sample data shown in Fig. 2.15 to explain
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different functions in Calc.
Note that a function name can be entered
a
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either in lowercase or in uppercase. For In
example, the SUM function is the same as
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Sum or sum function.

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Fig. 2.15 Sample data

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SUM
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The SUM function adds numbers given as arguments. The syntax of the SUM function is
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given here.
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SUM(number1,number2...)
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For example, to add the marks of the student Preeti in both the subjects, enter the function
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=SUM(B2:C2) in the cell D2 and press the Enter key. Sum can also be calculated by directly
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specifying the numbers to be added as the arguments, for example, =SUM(92,85,99).

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You can also add a number (such as 100) to the range of cells according to the requirements.
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For this, the function =SUM(B2:B4,100) is entered in the worksheet.
The function is
=SUM(B2:C2)
The function is The function is

=SUM(B2: B4,100) =SUM(92,85,99)
Fig. 2.16 SUM function
22

PRODUCT
The PRODUCT function multiplies the specified arguments. The syntax of the PRODUCT
function is given here.
PRODUCT(number1,number2...)
For example, to calculate the product of the marks of the student Preeti in both
subjects, enter =PRODUCT(B2:C2) in the cell D2 and press the Enter key.
The marks can also be multiplied by directly specifying the marks as the arguments, for
example, =PRODUCT(78,92). You can also multiply the value of a cell to any given
number, for example =PRODUCT(B6,500).
The function is
=PRODUCT(B2:C2)
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=PRODUCT(78,92) =PRODUCT(B6,500)
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Fig. 2.17 PRODUCT function
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AVERAGE
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The AVERAGE function calculates the average (arithmetic mean) of the given values.
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The syntax of the AVERAGE function is given here.

bl
AVERAGE(number1,number2...)
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For example, to calculate the average marks of the student Preeti, enter
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=AVERAGE(B2:C2) in the cell D2 and press the Enter key. Average can also be
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calculated by directly specifying the numbers as the arguments of the function, for
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example, =AVERAGE(57,50,89,95).
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The function is
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=AVERAGE(B2:C2)
The function is
=AVERAGE(57,50,89,95)
Fig. 2.18 AVERAGE function
MAX
The MAX function displays the maximum value in a given series of values. The syntax of
the MAX function is given here.
23

MAX(number1,number2...)
The function is
For example, to find the highest marks obtained =MAX(95,100,500)
in English, enter the function =MAX(B2:B7)
in the cell B9 and press the Enter key.
The MAX function can also be used with
numbers as the arguments.
For instance, when
The function is
=MAX(95,100,500) is entered =MAX(B2:B7)
in a cell, the output is 500.
Fig. 2.19 MAX function
MIN
The MIN function displays the minimum value in a given series of values. The syntax of
the MIN function is given here.
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MIN(number1,number2...)
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For example, to find the minimum marks obtained in English, enter the function
=MIN(B2:B7) in the cell B9 and press the Enter key. The MIN function can also be used
a
with numbers as the arguments. For instance, when =MIN(95,100,500) is entered in a
cell, the output is 95.
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In
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=MIN(B2:B7) =MIN(95,100,500)
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Fig. 2.20 MIN function

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NOW
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The NOW function displays the current date and time. This function has no arguments.
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The syntax of the NOW function is given here.

NOW()
To enter the current date and time in a worksheet,
enter the function =NOW() and press the Enter key.
Fig. 2.21 NOW function
TODAY
The TODAY function displays the current date. This
function also has no arguments. The syntax of the
TODAY function is given here.
Fig. 2.22 TODAY function
24

TODAY()
To enter the current date in a worksheet, enter the function as =TODAY() and press the
Enter key.
2.3 ERRORS IN FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS

When a formula or a function is entered incorrectly, an error message is displayed.
An error can also occur when the intended task is not carried out in the proper way.
For example, if you add the contents of the cells D1:D10 and one of the cells contains
some text, an error is displayed. Some of the common types of errors are listed in
Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Types of errors
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Type Description
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###### This error occurs when the result is too long to fit in the selected cell.
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It can be rectified by adjusting the column width.
#DIV/0! This error occurs when a number is divided by zero. It can be rectified
a
by making sure that the divisor is not zero.
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#REF! This error occurs when the cell reference mentioned in the formula is
invalid. It can be rectified by entering the correct cell reference in the
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formula.
#VALUE! This error occurs when any wrong operands or arguments are used
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within a formula. It can be rectified by specifying correct arguments.

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#Name? This error occurs when an incorrect name of the function or an incorrect
text is specified. It can be rectified by specifying correct function names
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and text.
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2.4 PRINTING IN LIBREOFFICE CALC

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In Calc, you can print a part of

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the worksheet (selected range),

the entire worksheet or the entire
workbook according to your
requirement. To do this, follow
these steps.
1. Click the File menu and
then click Print option.
The Print dialog box is
displayed.
Fig. 2.23 Print dialog box

25

2. In the Number of copies box, enter the number of copies that you want to print.
3. In the Printer section, select the desired printer.
4. In the Range and Copies section, select one of the following options depending on
your requirement.
All sheets: to print all the worksheets in the workbook
Selected sheets: to print only the selected worksheets
Selected cells: to print the selected range of cells in the current worksheet
5. To specify the print range, select one of the following options in the From which
print section.
All pages: to print all the pages of the workbook.
Pages: to print only a range of pages in the worksheet. If you select this option,
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specify the page range in the box beside this option.
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6. Click the Page Layout tab and choose the Pages per sheet and Order according to
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your requirement.
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Fig. 2.24 Page Layout tab of the Print dialog box
7. Click the OK button to start the printing.
Points to
Remember
A Calc formula always begins with an equal-to sign ‘=’ followed by some
combination of values, text, cell references, functions, and operators.
Calc can record cell addresses in formulas in two different ways: relative reference
and absolute reference.
26

Calc contains various predefined formulae known as functions. Some of the
commonly used built-in functions are SUM, PRODUCT, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN,
NOW and TODAY.
An error message is displayed if the function is entered incorrectly or the intended
task is not carried in the proper way.
In Calc, you can print the whole sheet (active sheet), a part of a worksheet
(selected range) or the entire workbook, according to your requirement.
Exercises
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a. A Calc formula starts with
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(i) + (ii) $
a
(iii)
= (iv) *
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b. Which of the following functions is used to find the largest value in a given
range of cells?
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(i) MAX (ii) MAXIMUM

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(iii)
LARGE (iv) LARGEST
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c. Which error occurs on using wrong arguments or operands in a formula?

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(i) #REF! (ii) #VALUE!

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(iii)
#DIV/0! (iv) #NAME?
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d. How many dollar signs are used in an absolute reference?

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(i) Three (ii) Two

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(iii) Four (iv) None of these

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e. What does Calc display if the formula =56/8-1 is entered in a cell?

(i) 6 (ii) 8
(iii) ###### (iv) None of these

a. A ......................... uses different operators for performing calculations.
b. The ......................... function multiplies the arguments specified in the
parenthesis.
c. To create an absolute cell reference, the ......................... sign is used before
the formula.
27

d. The cell address A4 in a formula implies that it is a ......................... cell
reference.
e. $A$5 is a/an ......................... reference.
f. A function comprises two parts: ......................... and ......................... .
g. The ......................... error occurs when the cell reference mentioned in the
formula is invalid.

a. Arguments are the values that a function uses to perform a
calculation.
b. AVERAGE(B4:B10) is a valid formula.
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c. =A1*A6 is an example of a formula.
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d. The TODAY function displays the current date.
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e. You can paste a formula or a function by using the Paste button
a
on the Standard toolbar.
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f. The #VALUE! error occurs when the cell reference mentioned in
rs
the formula is invalid.

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g. In relative referencing, both column and row parts are not fixed.
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a. In relation to formulas in Calc, answer these questions.

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(i) Cell B4 contains the formula =A1+A2+B1+B2. What are the contents
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of cell D6 if B4 is copied to D6?

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(ii) Cell B4 contains the formula =$A$1+$A$2+B1+B2. What are the

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contents of cell D6 if B4 is copied to D6?

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b. What are the components of a function?

c. Name the functions that are used to carry out these operations.
(i) To calculate the total marks of a student.
(ii) To find out the marks of the top scorer in a class if the marks of all the
students are available.
(iii) To enter the current date and time in a worksheet.
d. Write a short note on the types of errors that occur in a worksheet.
e. Write the steps to print a selected part of a worksheet.
f. What is the difference between relative and absolute referencing?
28

Activities
1. Create a worksheet as shown in the following figure
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a. Calculate the total marks obtained by each student using the Copy and
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Paste options.
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b. Calculate the percentage of marks obtained by each student using the Copy
and Paste options.
a
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c. Insert the current date and time in the cell C10.
In
rs
2. Evaluate each function using the worksheet given here.

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a. =MIN(B1:C4) b. =MAX(A1:B4)
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c. =SUM(B1:C3) d. =AVERAGE(A1:B4)
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©
For the Teacher

Demonstrate to the students how formulas can be used in Calc to perform the
various mathematical operations.
Discuss the various types of functions available in Calc.
Explain the different types of errors that can occur while entering the formulas
and functions in Calc.
29

Leno, I am preparing a list of the
names of my friends in Calc. Is Yes Ria. Calc allows you to sort
there any option to arrange their data in ascending or descending
names in the alphabetical order? order. You can also use the filtering
feature to view only some specific
data. Let me tell you how to do this.
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Contents In the previous chapter, you learnt how to perform

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calculations in Calc. This chapter discusses some

Sorting Data advanced features of LibreOffice Calc such as sorting
©
Filtering Data data in a specific order, filtering data for viewing

selective data using a custom filter, and formatting data
Conditional Formatting
using conditional formatting.
3.1 SORTING DATA

Sorting is one of the key features of LibreOffice Calc. This feature arranges the data either
in the ascending order or in the descending order, according to the requirement. In the
ascending order, the list is arranged in an ‘alphanumerical’ manner (from 0 to 9, or A to
Z manner). In the descending order, the list is arranged in the reverse order (from Z to A
or 9 to 0 manner).
30

For example, you have a list of your favourite ice creams (see Fig. 3.1 (a)). Now, you want
to arrange their names in an ascending order. To sort the list, follow these steps.
1. Select the cells that you want to sort.
2. Click the Sort Ascending ( ) button on the Standard toolbar to sort the names
alphabetically in ascending order.
OR
To sort in descending order, click the Sort Descending button ( ) on the Standard
toolbar.
The list is sorted in the desired order.
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(a) Data to be sorted (b) Sorting in ascending (c) Sorting in descending
a
order order
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In
Fig. 3.1 Sorting data
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Sorting using the Sort Dialog Box

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You can also sort data in any order using the Sort dialog box. To use the Sort dialog box,
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follow these steps.

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1. Select the cells that you want to sort.

2. Click the Sort button ( ) on the Standard toolbar OR click the Data menu and then
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click Sort.
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The Sort dialog box appears.

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(a) Data to be sorted (b) Sort dialog box

Fig. 3.2 Sorting data
31

3. Specify the field name on the basis of which
you want to sort. Suppose you want to sort
based on the roll number in ascending order.
For this, select Roll No. under Sort Key 1 and
select the Ascending option.
4. If you want to apply more sorting conditions
on your data, use the Sort Key 2 and Sort
Key 3 options. Fig. 3.3 Sorted data
5. Click OK. Your data gets sorted by the
conditions specified.
3.2 FILTERING DATA
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Calc lets you filter the data if required. Filtering displays the data according to the
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conditions specified by the user. It displays only those rows that meet the specified
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condition. It is a faster and easier medium to retrieve data according to the requirement.
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There are two types of filters in Calc: AutoFilter and Standard Filter.
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3.2.1 Using AutoFilter di
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The AutoFilter function inserts a drop-down arrow on one or more data columns that lets
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you select the rows to be displayed. To filter a range of cells in a worksheet using AutoFilter,
follow these steps.
is
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1. Click any cell within the

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range of data to be filtered

in the worksheet.
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2. Click the Data menu and

then click AutoFilter OR
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click the AutoFilter icon

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( ) on the Standard
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toolbar.
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Fig. 3.4 Data to be sorted

The drop-down arrows
appear next to the first cell
of each column.
Fig. 3.5 Worksheet with drop-down controls
32

3. Click the drop-down arrow of any
column to filter the data of that particular
column. For example, if you want to
display the records of only those students
who have scored 80 marks in Computer,
click the arrow next to the Computer
field. A drop-down menu is displayed
as shown here. By default, all the check
boxes showing the marks are selected.
4. Click the ( ) check box at the bottom to
unselect the marked check boxes. Now,
select the check box beside 80.
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Fig. 3.6 AutoFilter drop-down menu
5. Click OK. The data gets filtered and only
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those rows that satisfy the condition are
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visible.
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Fig. 3.6 AutoFilter drop-down menu
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Fig. 3.7 Data after filtering

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6. To remove the filter, click the AutoFilter icon ( ) again on the Standard toolbar.
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3.2.2 Using Standard Filter

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Standard Filter is the method to filter data based on some conditions. For example,
you can view names of students having greater than or equal to 90 marks in Computer.
To apply the Standard Filter, follow these steps.
1. Click any cell within the range of data to be filtered in the worksheet.
2. Click the Data menu, point to More Filters option and then click Standard Filter in
the submenu that appears. The Standard Filter dialog box appears.
3. Select Computer from the first drop-down list under Field name.
4. Select the condition >= from the first drop-down list under Condition.
5. Type the value 90 in the first box under Value.
33

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Fig. 3.8 Standard Filter dialog box
a
6. Click OK to view the rows according to the condition specified.
di
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Fig. 3.9 Filtered data

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©
3.3 CONDITIONAL FORMATTING

Conditional formatting is used to format the cells or a range of cells according to a specified
condition. It is a useful feature of Calc that allows you to analyse the data in an effective
way. Suppose you want to highlight the marks of those students who have scored more
than 85 marks in Computer so that they are easily recognised in a worksheet.
To do this, follow these steps.
1. Select the range of cells for which the formatting is to be applied.
2. Click the Format menu, point to Conditional Formatting option and then click
Condition in the submenu that appears. The Conditional Formatting dialog box
appears.
34

3. Type the conditions in the boxes, for example, here we have selected Cell value is,
greater than and 85
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di
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Fig. 3.10 Conditional Formatting dialog box
rs
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4. You can choose any style from the Apply Style drop-down box or choose New Style
to create your own conditional formatting. The Cell Style diaog box will open where
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you can fill in the details of your style and save it. You can edit the style by clicking
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the Edit Style button.

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Fig. 3.11 Cell Style dialog box
5. Choose the desired font effects in the Cell Style dialog box. Here, we have chosen
the Font color as red.
35

Fig. 3.12 Choosing font colour in the Cell style dialog box
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6. Click OK in the Cell Style dialog box and the Conditional Formatting dialog box.
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The cells are highlighted in the chosen effect.
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Fig. 3.13 Data after applying conditional formatting

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7. To remove conditional
formatting, select the
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formatted cells and click

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the Format menu, point to

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the Conditional Formatting

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option and then click

Manage. The Manage
Conditional Formatting
dialog box appears.
8. In the dialog box, select the
range of cells, click Remove
and then click OK.
36 Fig. 3.14 Manage Conditional Formatting dialog box

Points to
Remember
Sorting is one of the key features of LibreOffice Calc. It enables you to arrange the
data either in the ascending or the descending order, according to the requirement.
You can also sort data in any order using the Sort dialog box.
Filtering displays the data according to the conditions specified by the user.
It displays only those rows that meet the condition.
Standard Filter enables you to specify the criteria to filter the data in the worksheet.
Conditional formatting is used to format the cells or a range of cells according to
a particular condition.
td
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Exercises
a
di
In
a. Which of the following menus contains the Conditional Formatting option?
rs
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(i) Data (ii) Styles

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(iii)
Format (iv) Tools
bl
b. Calc allows you to sort data in

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(i) Ascending order (ii) Descending order

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c. Which feature enables you to display the data according to the conditions
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specified by the user?

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(i) Filtering (ii) Sorting

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(iii) Conditional formatting (iv) None of these

d. Which feature of Calc is used to format a range of cells according to a
specified condition?
(i) Sorting (ii) Filtering
(iii) Conditional formatting (iv) None of these
e. Which function inserts a drop-down arrow on one or more data columns
that lets you select the rows to be displayed?
(i) Conditional formatting (ii) Standard Filter
(iii) AutoFilter (iv) None of these
37

f. Which of these lets you analyse the data in an effective way?
(i) Conditional formatting (ii) Standard Filter
(iii) AutoFilter (iv) None of these

a. List of data arranged in an alphanumeric manner is said to be in
................................ order.
b. In LibreOffice Calc, numeric data can be displayed in different formats with
the help of ................................ formatting.
c. ................................ is a faster and an easier way for retrieving data as per
td
requirements.
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d. The ................................ filter is a way to filter data based on some specific
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conditions.
a
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In
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a. You can sort the data up to only two fields at a time.

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b. The AutoFilter feature displays the drop-down controls next to the

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first cell of the selected column only.

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c. Autofiltering enables you to hide the rows which do not satisfy the
given criteria.
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d. The conditional formatting feature of Calc allows you to analyse

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the data in an effective way.

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e. Filtering is a quick way to find a set of data in a range.

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f. LibreOffice Calc lets you sort data in three ways.

©

a. What is sorting?
b. What are two different methods in which you can sort data?
c. Write the steps to filter the data.
d. What do you mean by standard filtering?
e. Write the steps to perform conditional formatting.
38

Activity
Open a new workbook. Enter this data in Sheet1 of the workbook.
td
.L
a. Sort the data in ascending order of names.
t
Pv
b. Apply filtering and display records of only those students who scored marks
between 80 and 90 in Maths and Computer subjects.
a
di
c. Apply conditional formatting such that the marks which are above 60 are
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displayed in green and the marks which are below 60 are displayed in red.
rs
he
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For Teacher
bl
the
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Demonstrate to the students how data can be sorted in different ways in Calc.
n
Explain how data can be filtered to display only the selected data satisfying certain
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criteria.
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ac
Show them how only the selected data can be formatted in various ways.
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©
39

Ria, you have learnt many features of Calc
so far. Today, I will familiarise you with
one more useful feature of Calc—charts.
Ria, a chart is a pictorial representation

What’s that Leno?
of data in the worksheet. It is generally
useful for comparison and analysis of
td
data. Let us learn about charts in Calc.
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Contents
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Elements of a Chart
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Types of Charts A chart is a graphical representation of data.

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Creating Charts It increases the readability and understandability of

Changing the Chart Type data. A chart can also be used to compare a series
of data over different time spans. Calc allows you
Changing the Chart Area to use the data entered in a worksheet to create a
Adding Chart Elements chart. You can place the chart either as a separate
worksheet or embed it in the same worksheet that
Moving Charts
contains the data.
Calc automatically maintains a link between the worksheet data and its graphic
representation on the chart. As you change the numbers or text in the data, the chart also
changes automatically. Hence, Calc can be used to create dynamic data–analysis models,
wherein any change in the data is appropriately reflected in the charts.
40

4.1 ELEMENTS OF A CHART
A chart has several elements that describe the data used. Some of these elements are
listed here (see Fig. 4.1).
Axis: A chart comprises three different axes.
x-axis: This is the horizontal axis of the chart, also known as the category axis.
y-axis: This is the vertical axis of the chart, also known as the value axis.
z-axis: This is the axis available in three-dimensional charts.
Axis title: This is the title given to an axis. It gives a clear understanding of the data
in the chart.
Data series: This refers to a group of rows and columns to be plotted on the chart.
Each data series uses a unique combination of colours or patterns. You can plot
td
more than one data series on a chart.
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Chart title: This is a textual description about the chart written on the top of the chart.
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Chart area: This is a rectangular area that contains all the elements of the chart.
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Plot area: This is a region enclosed within the axes of the chart.
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Legend: This is a colour-coded key located at the right of the plot area. It identifies
rs
each data series used in the chart.

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Gridlines: These are the lines (horizontal or vertical) used to identify the value of
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each data point within the chart.

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Data labels: These are the values that are present in the worksheet.
Data series Chart title Gridlines Chart area
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Data label
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Plot area
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Y-axis title
X-axis title Legend
Fig. 4.1 Elements of a chart
4.2 TYPES OF CHARTS

Calc provides a variety of charts and you can choose from them as per your requirement.
Some of the commonly used chart types are Column chart, Line chart, Pie chart, Bar
chart, Area chart, Scatter chart, and Net chart.
41

Note that the data shown in Fig. 4.2 is used to explain the different types of charts.
Fig. 4.2 Sample data
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4.2.1 Column Chart
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A Column chart is used to compare different items. Different categories are placed on the
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x-axis and the values are placed on the y-axis of the chart. In a Column chart, each data
point in a series is signified by the column that rises from the x-axis.
a
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Fig. 4.3 Column chart

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4.2.2 Line Chart

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A Line chart compares different values. It is used to display the changing trends over a
period of time.
Fig. 4.4 Line chart

42

4.2.3 Pie Chart
A Pie chart is used to plot a single set of
series. This chart displays the size of the items
that make up a data series as a proportion
of the sum of the items. It is round in shape
and hence, each data point in this chart is
displayed as a ‘slice’ of the circular chart.
All the slices combine to form a complete
circle. A Pie chart is different from other
charts as it displays only a single set of data.
For example, in the chart shown in Fig. 4.5, Fig. 4.5 Pie chart
the marks of all students in English are plotted.
td
In case you want to display multiple series of data in the Pie chart, you can use one of its
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variations called the Donut chart. In this chart, the data is arranged in the form of ‘rings’
and each ring represents a data series in the chart. For example, in the chart shown in
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Fig. 4.6, the inner ring displays the marks in English, while the outer ring displays the
a
marks in Computer.
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Fig. 4.6 Donut chart

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4.2.4 Bar Chart

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A Bar chart is also used to compare different items. It is similar to a column chart, except
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that the bars are aligned horizontally. It implies that the y-axis is placed horizontally and
the x-axis, vertically.
Fig. 4.7 Bar chart 43

4.2.5 Area Chart
An Area chart emphasises the change of magnitude over time. It is used when the user
wants to emphasise on the change over time. The data series are plotted one on top of
the other, displaying the sum of both the series for each category.
td
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Fig. 4.8 Area chart
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4.2.6 XY (Scatter) Chart
a
An XY (Scatter chart) shows the inter-relationship among different items. This chart is
widely used in representing scientific data.
di
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Fig. 4.9 XY (Scatter) chart

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4.2.7 Net Chart

A Net chart plots the data in concentric
circles. Each category has its own value
axis from the centre point. Lines are
drawn to connect all values in the same
data series.
Fig. 4.10 Net chart
44

4.2.8 Column and Line Chart
Calc allows you to represent your data using
a combination of Column and Line charts.
For example, Fig. 4.11 represents the marks
of students in Computer using a Line chart
and marks in English using a Column chart.
Fig. 4.11 Combination of Column and Line

4.3 CREATING CHARTS charts
Creating charts in Calc is a simple task.
First ensure that there is some data in the worksheet and then proceed to create a chart.
td
For example, to create a chart for the sample data shown in Fig. 4.2, follow these steps.
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1. Select the range of cells
t
for which the chart is to
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be created.
a
2. Click the Insert Chart
di
icon ( ) on the Standard
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toolbar OR click the Insert
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menu and then click

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Chart. The Chart Wizard

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window appears on the

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worksheet.
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Fig. 4.12 Chart Wizard window

3. Select the type of chart you want to insert from the Choose a Chart Type list. You will
n
see different chart subtypes of the chosen chart type in the rightmost pane.
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4. Click on the desired chart subtype. Depending on what chart subtype you select, you
m
may find some options under the chart subtypes to specify the look and shape of
ac
the chart.
M
5. Click Next. Choose the data range for which you want to create the chart from the
©
next window. By default, the selected range of cells appears in the Data range field.
Fig. 4.13 Choosing the data range

45

6. Click Next. Choose the desired data series from the next window. You can add or
remove a data series by selecting it from the Data series list and clicking on the Add
and Remove buttons.
td
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Fig. 4.14 Choosing the data series
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7. Click Next. Fill in the desired chart elements in the respective fields.
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di
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Fig. 4.15 Filling the chart elements

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8. Click Finish. The desired chart appears in the worksheet

©
Fig. 4.16 Chart inserted in the worksheet

46

4.4 CHANGING THE CHART TYPE
Calc allows you to change the type of the chart that has already been created. To change
the chart type, follow these steps.
1. Double-click the chart whose type you want to change. Various chart-related options
appear on the Formatting toolbar.
2. Click the Format menu and then click Chart Type OR click the Chart Type button
( ) present on the Formatting toolbar. You can also right-click on the chart and
select the Chart Type option from the shortcut menu. The Chart Type dialog box
appears.
3. Click the desired chart type from the list displayed in the left pane and then select
appropriate chart subtype from the list on the right..
4. Click OK.
td
The selected chart type is changed.
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(a) Chart Type window (b) Chart after changing the layout
Fig. 4.17 Changing the chart type
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4.5 CHANGING THE CHART AREA

m
ac
Chart area is the background behind all elements of the chart. You can modify the border,
M
colour and transparency of the background. To modify the chart area, follow these steps.
©
1. Double-click the chart whose background you want to change.

Chart Type Chart Area Data Ranges Titles Vertical Grids X Axis
2. Click the Format menu and the click Chart
Area OR click the Chart Area button ( )
on the Formatting toolbar. The Chart Area Data Table Legend Horizontal Y Axis
dialog box appears. Grids
3. Click the Borders tab and select the desired

style, colour, thickness and transparency
level for the border of the chart area from
Style, Color, Width and Transparency
boxes, respectively.
Fig. 4.18 Chart Area dialog box

47

4. Click the Area tab in the dialog box and choose the desired colour to be filled in the
background from the colour palette under the Colors option.
5. Click the Transparency tab in the dialog box and specify the desired transparency mode
from three types of transparency modes available: No transparency, Transparency
and Gradient.
td
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(a) Area tab clicked and with (b) Transparency tab active and
background colour options specified
a
6. Click OK. di
In
The specified settings are applied to the chart area.
rs
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ac
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(c) Initial chart (d) Chart after changing the background

©
Fig. 4.19 Changing the chart area
4.6 ADDING CHART ELEMENTS

You can add many elements to a chart such as chart title, axis titles, legends, data labels,
data table, gridlines, etc. To add elements to a chart, follow these steps.
1. Double-click on the chart to which you want to add the elements. You will find
several buttons on the Formatting toolbar, namely, Chart Type, Chart Wall, Data
Ranges, and many more.
48

Chart Type Chart Area Data Ranges Titles Vertical Grids X Axis
Data Table Legend Horizontal Y Axis

Grids
Fig. 4.20 Chart elements buttons on the Formatting toolbar
3. Click the button of the element you want to insert or change.

4. Fill in the details in the respective window that appears.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to add more chart elements.
td
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di
In
rs
Fig. 4.21 Various elements added in the chart

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4.7 MOVING CHARTS

bl
Pu
A chart can be moved from one sheet to another or can be inserted as a separate sheet
(with only the chart in it). To move the chart, follow these steps.
n
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1. Select the chart.

m
2. Right-click on the chart and click Copy or Cut from the shortcut menu.
ac
3. Go to the desired location, right-click and select Paste. The chart is moved to the new
M
location
©
Note
The charts are saved along with the worksheets or workbooks. Thus, to save
a chart, follow the same steps as those of saving a workbook.
49

Points to
Remember
A chart is a graphic representation of data.
The several elements of a chart that describe the data are axis, axis title, data
series, chart title, chart area, plot area, legend, gridlines, data labels, and data
table.
Some of the commonly used chart types in Calc are Column chart, Line chart,
Pie chart, Bar chart, Area chart, XY (Scatter) chart, and Net chart.
After creating a chart, you can change its type and area as well as add various
elements to it. You can also move the chart from one sheet to another or insert it
as a separate sheet.
td
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Exercises
a
di
In
1. Tick () the correct option.
rs
he
a. Which of the following is a region enclosed within the axes of the chart?
is
(i) Chart area (ii) Legend

bl
Pu
(iii) Chart title (iv) Plot area

b. Which type of chart is suitable to use when the user wants to emphasise on
n
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the change over time?

m
(i) Pie chart (ii) Area chart

ac
(iii) Bar chart (iv) Column chart

M
c. Which type of chart plots data in concentric circles?

©
(i) Radar chart (ii) XY (Scatter) chart

(iii) Pie chart (iv) None of these
d. Which of the following menus contains the option to create a chart?
(i) Data (ii) Format
(iii)
Insert (iv) View

a. .............................. refers to a group of rows and columns to be plotted on
the chart.
50

b. The y-axis is also known as the .............................. axis.
c. The .............................. chart is used to compare different commodities or
values and display the changing trends over a period of time.
d. Various chart-related options appear on the .............................. toolbar.
e. You can add elements by clicking respective icons on the ..............................
toolbar.

a. A chart is always created on a separate worksheet.
b. Plot area is a rectangular area containing all the elements of a chart.
c. Values present in the worksheet are called data labels.
td
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d. In the Donut chart, the data is arranged in the form of rings
t
representing data series in the chart.
Pv
e. A Pie chart is used to plot a single set of series.
a
di
In
rs
a. What are charts? Mention any five elements of a chart.

he
b. Name any five types of charts.

is
bl
c. Write the steps to change the chart type.

Pu
d. Write the steps to move a chart on a separate worksheet.

n
e. Write the steps to add elements in a chart.

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m
ac
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Activities
©
1. Create a worksheet as shown in the following figure.
51

a. Create a Column chart for the data.
b. Change the chart type to Bar chart.
c. Change the layout of the chart.
d. Move the chart to another worksheet.
2. Create a worksheet for the following data.
td
t.L
a. Create a Pie chart for the sales in North region in the same worksheet.
Pv
b. Create any three-dimensional chart for the data in a separate worksheet.
a
di
c. Add the data labels as chart elements.In
rs
he
For the Teacher

is
bl
Pu
Discuss with the students the various elements of a chart.

Tell them about various types of charts available in Calc.
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Demonstrate how a chart can be created in Calc and how it can be modified in
m
various ways.
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M
©
52

Ria, do you remember the
REPEAT command in KTurtle,
which is used to repeatedly QBASIC also provides some iterative
execute a set of statements? statements that are used for the same
purpose. Come, let me tell you about
Yes Leno, I remember. these statements. I will also tell you how
to draw different shapes in QBASIC.
td
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a
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In
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ac
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Contents
©
Iterative Statements
Jump Statements QBASIC is the most widely used version of BASIC.
QBASIC Functions It provides a rich set of statements which can be used to
Graphics in QBASIC develop a number of applications. Its easy-to-use syntax
and close resemblance with the English language makes it
Sound Effects a suitable language for learning programming.
This chapter begins with an introduction of iterative statements and different types of
loops used in QBASIC. It also discusses some of the string and mathematical functions
available in QBASIC. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how graphics and
sound effects can be included in QBASIC programs.
53

5.1 ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
In your previous class, you have developed programs in which statements are executed
only once. However, sometimes we need to repeat a set of statements a number of times.
Iterative statements are used in these situations. Iterative statements, also known as loops,
enable you to execute the same sequence of statements repeatedly until a particular
condition is met. There are various types of loops in QBASIC such as WHILE...WEND,
DO...LOOP, and FOR...NEXT loop. Let us discuss them one by one.
5.1.1 WHILE…WEND
The WHILE...WEND loop executes a set of instructions as long as a given condition is
true. The syntax of the WHILE...WEND loop is given here.
WHILE <condition>
td
<instruction_list>
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WEND
t
Pv
where,
a
di
condition = a logical operation In
instruction_list= instructions to be executed repeatedly
rs
The steps in the execution of instructions in a WHILE...WEND loop are given here.
he
1. condition is evaluated.
is
bl
2. If condition evaluates to True, instruction_list is executed, otherwise the

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control is transferred to the instruction immediately after WEND.

n
3. The WEND statement transfers the control back to step 1.

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Example 1: Using WHILE…WEND loop in a program

m
CLS
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X = 10
M
WHILE X < 15
©
PRINT “The value of X is:”; X

X = X + 1
WEND
END
In this program, a variable X is declared and
assigned a value 10. The WHILE statement
checks the value of X. If the value of X is less
than 15, the PRINT statement prints a message
with the current value of X. The next statement
increments the value of X by 1. Then the WEND Fig. 5.1 Using WHILE…WEND loop
54

statement transfers the control back to the WHILE statement. The condition is evaluated
and the PRINT statement is repeatedly executed five times until the value of the variable
X becomes 15.
5.1.2 DO...LOOP
DO...LOOP is another type of loop that repeats a block of instructions while a condition
is True or until a condition becomes True. There are two different syntaxes of using
DO...LOOP which are given here.
Syntax 1:
DO [(WHILE | UNTIL) <condition>]
<instruction_list>
LOOP
td
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The steps for the execution of instructions in this loop are given here.
t
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2. When WHILE keyword is used, instruction_list is executed if condition
a
di
is True. The LOOP statement transfers the control back to the DO statement which again
In
evaluates condition. In this way, instruction_list is executed repeatedly till
rs
condition remains True. When condition becomes False, the loop

he
terminates and the control is transferred to the statement immediately after LOOP.
is
OR
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When the UNTIL keyword is used, instruction_list is executed if condition

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is False. The LOOP statement transfers the control back to the DO statement. In this
n
way, instruction_list is executed repeatedly until condition becomes True.

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When condition becomes True, the loop terminates and the control is transferred
m
to the statement immediately after LOOP.

ac
Syntax 2:
M
DO
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<instruction_list>
LOOP [(WHILE | UNTIL) <condition>]
The steps for the execution of instructions in this loop are given here.
1. instruction_list is executed.
3. When the WHILE keyword is used, the control is transferred to the DO statement if
condition evaluates to True. instruction_list is again executed. In this
way, instruction_list is executed repeatedly while condition remains True.
When condition becomes False, the loop terminates and the control is transferred
55

OR
When the UNTIL keyword is used, the control is transferred to the DO statement if
condition evaluates to False. instruction_list is again executed. In this
way, instruction_list is executed repeatedly until condition becomes True.
When condition becomes True, the loop terminates and the control is transferred
Note
Use the second syntax of DO...LOOP when a block of instructions is
required to be executed at least once.
td
Example 2: Using WHILE in a DO...LOOP
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CLS
t
Pv
X = 10
DO WHILE X < 15
a
PRINT X
di
In
X = X + 1
rs
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LOOP
is
END
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Pu
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ac
M
©
Fig. 5.2 Using DO WHILE…LOOP
In this program, a variable X is defined and initialised with a value 10. The DO WHILE
statement evaluates the condition X < 15. If the condition evaluates to True, the control is
transferred to the statement PRINT X, which prints the value of the variable X. The next
statement increments the value of X by 1. The LOOP statement transfers the control back to
the DO WHILE statement. The loop is executed 5 times and when the value of X becomes
15, the program terminates.
56

Example 3: Using UNTIL with the LOOP statement
CLS
X = 10
DO
PRINT X
X = X + 1
LOOP UNTIL X > 14
END
td
.Lt
Pv
a
di
In
rs
he
is
Fig. 5.3 Using DO…LOOP

bl
Pu
In this program, a variable X is defined and assigned a value 10. The PRINT X statement
prints the value of the variable X. Then the value of X is incremented by 1. The LOOP
n
illa
statement evaluates the condition X > 14 and if the condition is evaluated to False, the
control is transferred back to the DO statement. In this way, the loop is executed 5 times
m
and when the value of X becomes 15, the program terminates.

ac
M
5.1.3 FOR...NEXT
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The FOR...NEXT loop is used to repeatedly execute a statement or a block of statements

for the specified number of times. The FOR...NEXT loop is used when the exact number
of iterations required is known. The syntax of the FOR...NEXT loop is given here.
FOR (control_variable) = (start) TO (end) STEP (increment)
<block_of_instructions>
NEXT (control_variable)
where,
control_variable = a numeric variable that is used as a loop counter
57

start = the initial value of control_variable
end = the final value of control_variable
increment = the value by which control_variable is incremented each time
through the loop
block_of_instructions = instructions to be executed repeatedly
The steps for the execution of instructions in the FOR…NEXT loop are given here.
1. The value of control_variable is initialised with start.
2. The value of control_variable is compared with the value of end.
3. If the value is less than or equal to the end value, block_of_instructions is
executed.
4. After reaching NEXT, the value of control_variable is incremented by the value
td
specified by increment in STEP.
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5. Again the value of control_variable is compared with that of end. If the
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condition evaluates to True, the loop is executed again.
a
6. This process is repeated as long as the value of control_variable is less than

di
or equal to end. When the value of control_variable becomes greater than
In
end, the loop is terminated and the statements after NEXT are executed.
rs
he
is
Note
bl
Pu
If no STEP is used with the FOR statement, the control variable is incremented
by the default value, which is 1.
n
illa
Example 4: Using FOR...NEXT loop to print integers from 1 to 5

m
ac
CLS
M
FOR number = 1 TO 5
©
PRINT number
NEXT number
END
In this program, the control variable
number is assigned a start value 1 and
an end value 5. The statement PRINT
number prints the value of number.
The control then goes to the statement
NEXT number. This statement adds 1 to
number and transfers the control back to
Fig. 5.4 Using FOR…NEXT loop
58

the FOR statement. Again, the value of number is compared with the end value (that is,
5). If number has not exceeded the end value, the new value of number is again printed
(that is, 2). In this way, the PRINT number statement is executed 5 times. When the value
of number exceeds 5, the program terminates.
You can also use STEP to specify by what value the control variable should be incremented
each time in the loop.
Example 5: Using STEP with the FOR...NEXT loop
CLS
FOR number = 1 TO 5 STEP 2
PRINT number
NEXT number
td
END
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In this program, the control variable
t
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number is assigned a start value 1 and
the end value 5. STEP 2 is used to
a
di
specify that number will be increased In
by 2 each time the loop executes. The
PRINT number statement prints the
rs
value of number. The statement NEXT

he
number increments the value of number

is
by 2 and transfers the control back to the

bl
FOR statement. In this way, the loop is

Pu
Fig. 5.5 Using STEP with FOR…NEXT loop

executed three times.
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5.1.4 Nesting of Loops

m
Sometimes, two or more loops are used in a program where one loop contains another
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loop within it. This is known as nesting of loops and such loops are called nested loops.
M
Example 6: Nesting of FOR loops in a program

©
CLS
For X = 1 to 2
Print “Outer Loop”
For Y = 1 to 2
Print “Inner Loop”
Next Y
Next X
END
59

In this program, two FOR loops have been used,
first with the control variable X and second with
the control variable Y. For each execution of
the outer loop, the inner loop executes two
times. Hence, the text Inner Loop is printed
two times after each printing of the text Outer
Loop.
Fig. 5.6 Nesting of FOR loops
5.1.5 Terminating Loops

Any loop can be terminated prematurely using the EXIT command. For this, the name of
td
the loop such as FOR or DO has to be specified after EXIT.
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Example 7: Using the EXIT command in a FOR…NEXT loop
t
Pv
CLS
a
FOR I = 1 TO 5
INPUT “Enter numbers from 1 to 5:”;num di
In
rs
IF num > 5 THEN PRINT “Loop terminated”: EXIT FOR

he
sum = sum + num

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NEXT I
bl
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PRINT “The sum of first”; I – 1; “numbers is:”; sum

END
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ac
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(a) Normal termination of loop (b) Premature termination of loop

Fig. 5.7 Using EXIT in FOR loop
In this program, the user is asked to enter the numbers from 1 to 5. The FOR...NEXT
loop runs 5 times (FOR I = 1 TO 5). The loop breaks if the user enters a number greater
than 5. The statement EXIT FOR causes the program to terminate the loop. After the loop
has been executed, the PRINT statement prints the sum of the numbers.
60

5.2 JUMP STATEMENTS
In addition to loop statements, there are some other statements in QBASIC which are
used to break the normal flow of the program sequence. These statements are called
jump statements. Jump statements, when used, transfer the control to a specified line in
the program. The two jump statements used in QBASIC are GOTO and GOSUB. In this
chapter, we will discuss the GOTO statement only.
5.2.1 Labels and GOTO Statement

The GOTO statement is used to transfer the control from one location to another in a
program. Labels are used along with the GOTO statement to specify the location where the
control has to be transferred.
The syntax for a GOTO statement is given here.
td
GOTO <label_name>
t .L
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Note
a
di
When GOTO is used with the IF…THEN and the IF…THEN…ELSE statements,
In
it makes a loop.
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Example 8: Using GOTO statement in a program

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bl
CLS
Pu
X = 10
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start:
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PRINT X
m
X = X + 1
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IF X < 15 THEN GOTO start

©
END
In this program, a variable X is defined
and assigned a value 10. Then the label
start is defined. The statement PRINT
X prints the value of X. The next statement
increments the value of X by 1. The IF
statement evaluates the condition X < 15
and if the value of X is less than 15, the
control is transferred to the label start Fig. 5.8 Using GOTO statement
by the GOTO statement. In this way, the PRINT X statement is executed 5 times and when
the value of X becomes 15, the program terminates.
61

5.3 QBASIC FUNCTIONS
In QBASIC, you can use functions to save time while developing large programs. Functions
are the small programs that are used for some specific purposes. They are like procedures
that can be used anywhere in a bigger program. Once written, they can be used anytime
and any number of times in a program.
In QBASIC, some predefined functions are provided for performing some specific tasks
such as finding the length of a string or calculating the square root of a number. These
functions are divided into two groups: string functions and mathematical functions.
5.3.1 String Functions

String functions deal with the manipulation of text strings only. Some of the string functions
provided in QBASIC are discussed in this section.
td
t .L
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Note
a
All the string functions discussed in this section consider any space within the
string as a character. di
In
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LEN Function
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The LEN function is used to find the length of the string. The syntax of this function is
bl
given here.
Pu
LEN(stringexpression)
n
illa
where,
stringexpression = a string constant, a string variable, or a string expression
m
ac
Example 9: Using the LEN function in a program

M
CLS
©
str1$ = “Welcome to QBASIC”

PRINT LEN(str1$)
END
In this program, a string variable str1$
is defined and assigned a string value
Welcome to QBASIC. The LEN function
then finds the length of the string. The
PRINT statement prints the length of the
string.
Fig. 5.9 Using LEN function

62

LEFT$ Function
The LEFT$ function extracts the specified number of characters from the left side of a
string. The syntax of this function is given here.
LEFT$(stringexpression, n)
where,
n = the number of characters to be extracted
Example 10: Using the LEFT$ function in a program
CLS
str1$= “Welcome to QBASIC”
td
PRINT LEFT$(str1$,3)
.L
END
t
Pv
a
di
Welcome to QBASIC. The LEFT$ In
function extracts the three leftmost
characters of the string, that is, Wel.
rs
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The PRINT statement prints these three

characters.
is
bl
Pu
Fig. 5.10 Using LEFT$ function

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RIGHT$ Function
m
The RIGHT$ function extracts the specified number of characters from the right side of a
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string. The syntax of this function is given here.

M
RIGHT$(stringexpression, n)
©
where
n = the number of characters to be extracted
Example 11: Using the RIGHT$ function in a program
CLS
PRINT RIGHT$(str1$,4)
END
63

Fig. 5.11 Using RIGHT$ function
In this program, a string variable str1$ is defined and assigned a string value
Welcome to QBASIC. The RIGHT$ function then extracts the four rightmost characters
td
of the string, that is, ASIC. The PRINT statement then prints these four characters.
t .L
Pv
MID$ Function
a
The MID$ function returns a substring of a string. It extracts a specified number of characters
di
from a string, starting from a specified position. The syntax of this function is given here.
In
MID$(stringexpression, start[, length])
rs
he
where,
is

bl
Pu
start = the starting character position of the substring to be extracted

length = the number of characters to be extracted
n
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Example 12: Using the MID$ function in a program

m
CLS
ac

M
PRINT MID$(str1$,3,5)
©
END
Welcome to QBASIC. The MID$ then
extracts five characters from the string,
starting from the third character. The
PRINT statement prints the extracted
characters.
Fig. 5.12 Using MID$ function

64

5.3.2 Mathematical Functions
QBASIC provides several functions for performing mathematical calculations. Some of
them are discussed in this section.
SQR Function
The SQR function is used to find the square root of a number. The syntax of this function
is given here.
SQR(numericexpression)
where,
numericexpression = a numeric constant, a numeric variable, or a numeric
expression
td
Example 13: Using the SQR function in a program
.L
CLS
t
Pv
PRINT SQR(1)
PRINT SQR(4)
a
PRINT SQR(9)
di
In
PRINT SQR(16)
rs
PRINT SQR(25)
he
END
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bl
Pu
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ac
M
©
Fig. 5.13 Using SQR function

In this program, the SQR function is used to find the square roots of 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25.
The PRINT statements then print the square roots of the numbers.
ABS Function
The ABS function returns the absolute value of a number. In other words, this function
converts a negative number to a positive number. If you pass a positive number, the ABS
function returns the same number.
65

The syntax of ABS function is given here.
ABS(numericexpression)
where,
numericexpression = a numeric constant, a numeric variable, or a numeric
expression
Example 14: Using the ABS function in a program
CLS
PRINT ABS(12)
PRINT ABS(-12)
END
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t.L
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a
di
In
rs
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bl
Fig. 5.14 Using ABS function

Pu
In this program, the numbers 12 and –12 are passed to ABS. The number 12 is returned
n
in both the cases. The PRINT statement prints the numbers.

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m
5.4 GRAPHICS IN QBASIC

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M
QBASIC allows you to draw different shapes like line, square, circle, etc., using special
statements. You can also fill different colours in a shape or draw a coloured outline of a
©
shape.
Screen Modes
In QBASIC, you can adjust the screen resolution according to the requirement. The screen
resolution is the number of pixels per square inch that a monitor can display. The higher
the resolution, the better is the display quality. Different screen modes are provided to
change the screen resolution. The two basic types of modes are text mode and graphics
mode. The text mode allows you to display only text on the screen, whereas the graphics
mode allows you to display text as well as graphics on the screen. These modes are
identified by different numbers. The various screen modes available under the text and
graphics modes and their respective resolutions are listed in Table 5.1.
66

Table 5.1 Screen modes
Screen Mode Resolution

0 80 × 25 text mode only
1 320 × 200 graphics
10 640 × 350 graphics
12 640 × 480 graphics
13 320 × 200 graphics
td
By default, QBASIC uses the screen mode 0 which is the text mode. In this mode, the
.L
screen is a grid of 80 columns and 25 rows. A program can write to any of these grids
t
Pv
locations. The top left corner of the screen is the location (1, 1), that is, column 1, row 1.
The bottom right corner of the screen is the location (80, 25), that is, column 80, row 25.
a
di
In
Note
rs
he
A grid location is identified by a pair of numbers known as the coordinates.

is
These coordinates are always specified by first writing the column number
bl
(x-coordinate) and then the row number (y-coordinate).

Pu
n
5.4.1 SCREEN Statement

illa
The SCREEN statement allows you to change the screen mode according to the requirement.
m
You can change the screen mode any number of times in your program. The syntax of the
ac
SCREEN statement is given here.

M
SCREEN <MODE>
©
where,
MODE = the number that sets the screen mode
5.4.2 COLOR Statement

The COLOR statement is used to change the colour of the text while working with graphics.
It lets you change the colour of the text to one of the available 16 colours (including black,
the background colour). The syntax of the COLOR statement is given here.
COLOR <Colour_Code>
where,
Colour_Code = the number that sets the colour
67

The various colour codes and their respective colours are listed in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Colour codes
Colour Colour Colour
Colour Colour Colour
Code Code Code
0 Black 6 Orange 12 Light red
1 Dark blue 7 White 13 Light magenta
2 Dark green 8 Grey 14 Yellow
3 Dark cyan 9 Light blue 15 Bright white
4 Dark red 10 Light green
5 Dark magenta 11 Light cyan
Example 15: Changing the text colour using the COLOR statement
td
CLS
.L
COLOR 6
t
Pv
PRINT “Orange”
a
END
di
In
rs
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bl
Pu
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ac
Fig. 5.15 Changing the text colour

M
In this program, the COLOR statement sets the colour of the text to orange. The PRINT
©
statement then prints the text in orange.
5.4.3 LINE Statement

The LINE statement is used to draw a line from one point to another. It can also be used
to draw rectangular boxes. The syntax of LINE statement is given here.
LINE (X1, Y1)-(X2, Y2), C, [B,[F]]
where,
(X1, Y1) = the coordinate of the starting point of the line—X1 represents the
column number and Y1 represents the row number
68

(X2, Y2) = the coordinate of the end point of the line—X2 represents the column
number and Y2 represents the row number
C = the colour code—if you do not specify a colour code, white is taken as the
default colour
B and BF = used to draw an empty or filled rectangle, respectively, where (X1, Y1)
and (X2, Y2) specify diagonally opposite corners
Example 16: Drawing a line using the LINE statement
CLS
SCREEN 9
LINE (10, 10) - (100, 100), 10
END
td
.L
t
Pv
a
di
In
rs
he
is
Fig. 5.16 Drawing a line

bl
In this program, the LINE statement is used with the starting point coordinates (10, 10),
Pu
the end point coordinates (100, 100) and a colour code 10. This draws a green line from
n
the specified starting point to the end point.

illa
Example 17: Drawing a rectangle filled with green colour

m
CLS
ac
M
SCREEN 9
©
LINE (10, 10) - (100, 100), 10, BF

END
In this program, the LINE statement is
used with a colour code 10 and the BF
option which draws a rectangle filled
with green colour. The diagonal of
the rectangle is from the starting point
(10, 10) to the end point (100, 100).
Fig. 5.17 Drawing a rectangle

69

5.4.4 CIRCLE Statement
The CIRCLE statement is used to draw a circle or an ellipse. This statement requires the
coordinates of the centre, the radius of the circle and the colour, if desired. The syntax of
the CIRCLE statement is given here.
CIRCLE (X, Y), R, C, SA, EA
where,
(X, Y) = the coordinate of the centre of the circle
R = the radius of the circle
C = the colour code—this is optional
SA = the starting angle if you want to draw an arc
EA = the end angle of the arc
td
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Example 18: Drawing a circle using the CIRCLE statement
t
Pv
CLS
a
SCREEN 9
CIRCLE (100, 100), 50, 9 di
In
rs
END
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In this program, the CIRCLE statement is

is
used to draw a circle with the coordinates

bl
of the centre being (100, 100), radius

Pu
50 and the colour code 9. This draws a

circle of radius 50 in blue colour.
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m
Fig. 5.18 Drawing a circle

ac
M
5.5 SOUND EFFECTS

©
You can add sound effects to your programs. Sound effects are used to draw the attention
of the user of the program to any erroneous action being performed during program
execution. Sound effects can also be used to play music. Some of the statements which
are used to produce sound in QBASIC are BEEP and SOUND.
5.5.1 BEEP Statement

The BEEP statement is a commonly used statement in QBASIC for producing a sound
to draw the attention of the user to some error. The BEEP statement, when executed,
produces a single sound that lasts for 1/4 of a second. The sound produced by the BEEP
statement is audible through external speakers only.
70

The syntax of the BEEP statement is given here.
BEEP
Example 19: Using the BEEP statement in a program
CLS
DO
BEEP
PRINT “Heard a beep? (Y or N)”
INPUT answer$
LOOP WHILE answer$ = “N”
END
td
In this program, the BEEP statement is used in a DO loop. The user is prompted for a
.L
response to whether the beep sound is heard or not. If the user’s response is Y, the loop
t
Pv
terminates. Otherwise, the loop continues.
a
5.5.2 SOUND Statement
di
In
A SOUND statement produces a sound through the computer’s internal speakers. It enables
rs
you to produce sounds of varying frequency and time duration. This feature can be used
he
to produce a variety of interesting sounds. The syntax of the SOUND statement is given
is
here.
bl
SOUND frequency, duration

Pu
where,
n
illa
frequency = the desired frequency of sound in Hertz—it can have an integer

value from 37 to 32,767
m
ac
duration = the number of system clock ticks for which the sound plays—the value
may range between 0 and 65,535 (there are 18.2 clock ticks in a second)
M
©
Example 20: Using the SOUND statement in a program

CLS
FOR I = 500 TO 1000 STEP 5
SOUND I, I/500
NEXT I
END
In this program, the FOR…NEXT loop is used to repeatedly execute the SOUND statement.
The frequency and the time duration in the SOUND statement vary as the value of the
control variable varies with each execution of the loop. On execution, this program
produces a sound with an increasing frequency.
71

Points to
Remember
I terative statements, also known as loops, enable the execution of the same
sequence of statements repeatedly until a particular condition is met. The various
types of loops in QBASIC are WHILE...WEND, DO...LOOP, and FOR...
NEXT.
J ump statements transfer the control to a specified line in the program. The two
jump statements used in QBASIC are the GOTO and the GOSUB statements.
F
unctions are the small programs that are used for some specific purposes.
QBASIC functions are divided into two groups: string functions and mathematical
functions.
td
Q
BASIC allows you to draw different shapes like line, square, circle, etc., using
.L
special statements.
t
Pv
The two basic types of screen modes available in QBASIC are text mode and
graphics mode.
a
di
You can add sound effects to your programs. Two statements which are used to
In
produce sound in QBASIC are BEEP and SOUND.
rs
he
is
bl
Pu
Exercises
n
illa

m
a. Which of the following loops is used to repeatedly execute a statement or a

ac
block of statements for a specified number of times?

M
(i) WHILE…WEND (ii)

DO…LOOP
©
FOR…NEXT
(iii) (iv) None of these
b. Which of the following statements is used to transfer the control from one
location to another in a program?
(i) GOTO (ii)
MOVETO
FOR…NEXT (iv)
(iii) WHILE…WEND
c. Which of the following functions returns a substring extracting a specified
number of characters from a string, starting from a specified position?
(i) LEFT$ (ii)
RIGHT$
CENTER$ (iv)
(iii) MID$
72

d. Which of the following statements is commonly used for producing a sound
to draw attention of the user to some error?
(i) SOUND (ii)
BEEP
MUSIC (iv)
(iii) LOUD
e. When one loop contains another loop within it then it is known as
(i) Nested loops (ii) Inner loops
(iii) Outer loops (iv) Jump statement

a. .............................. deal with the manipulation of the text strings only.
b. The .............................. loop is used when the exact number of iterations
td
required is known.
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c. Any loop can be terminated prematurely using the ................... command.
t
Pv
d. .............................. statements, when used, transfer the control to a specified
a
line in a program.
di

In
e. .............................. is the number of pixels per square inch that a monitor
can display.
rs
he

is
bl
a. The control variable in the FOR...NEXT loop controls the number

Pu
of times the loop is to be executed.

n
b. The MID$ function extracts the specified number of characters

illa
from the left side of a string.

m
c. The SCREEN statement allows you to change the colour of the screen.
ac
d. The LEN function is used to find the length of the string.

M
©
e. The SQR function is used to find the square of a number.

a. Explain the working of these iterative statements.
(i) WHILE...WEND (ii) DO...LOOP (iii) FOR...NEXT
b. Write a short note on the jump statement.
c. Explain various types of string functions in QBASIC.
d. What are screen modes?
e. Explain LINE and CIRCLE statements with example.
73

Activities
1. Write a program to print your name five times.
2. Write a program to print the multiplication table of 5 using the FOR...NEXT
loop.
3. Write a program to print odd numbers in descending order.
4. Write a program to draw these shapes.
a. b.
td
t.L
Pv
a
di
In
rs
he
For the Teacher

is
bl
Explain to the students the use of FOR…NEXT, WHILE…WEND, and DO…LOOP in

Pu
a program.
n
Discuss the uses of the various built-in string and mathematical functions available
illa
in QBASIC.
m
Demonstrate how graphics and sound effects can be included in QBASIC

ac
programs.
M
©
74

Ria, you have seen many web pages
on the Internet. Do you know, you Ria, you can develop web pages
can also design a web page? by using the HTML language.
Let me introduce you to HTML.
Wow! that’s great!
How can I do so?
td
t.L
Pv
a
di
In
rs
he
is
bl
Pu
n
illa
The increased usage of the Internet gave rise to the

m
Contents need for developing web pages. Hence, developers

ac
needed a language that could easily be used by

M
Basics of HTML a ‘novice’ user to develop web pages. This led to

©
Structure of an HTML the foundation of the Hypertext Markup Language

Document (HTML), which went on to become one of the
essential elements in web designing.
The chapter discusses the basics of HTML including basic HTML terms, HTML editors,
and creating, saving and viewing HTML documents. It also discusses the basic structure
of an HTML document.
6.1 BASICS OF HTML

Hypertext Markup Language comprises two major components, namely, hypertext and
markup. Hypertext is the text that enables you to organise information by connecting
different pieces of information together. Hence, it enables you to create links between
75

different documents and also between different parts of the same document. Markup is
the special code that specifies to the web browser how parts of the document are to be
processed.
The main advantage of HTML is that it does not require any additional software to execute
any code. Also, different multimedia components can be displayed together in a web
page. There are some other advantages of HTML too, which are as follows.
It can be used with all kinds of browsers.
It does not require prior knowledge of any programming language.
6.1.1 Basic Terms Used in HTML

The HTML code consists of tags, attributes and elements. All these work together to
identify the parts of a document and instruct the web browsers how to display them.
td
.L
Tags
t
Pv
Tags are used to describe how a web page should be displayed. They determine the major
a
structural components in a document such as headings, paragraphs, horizontal lines, etc.
di
Note that a large number of tags exist in HTML and each tag performs a specific task.
In
A tag consists of a left-angle bracket (<), a tag name and a right–angle bracket (>).
rs
For example, <HR> is a tag where HR is the name of the tag. Note that while writing
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tags, you should not include extra spaces. If the browser encounters a space, it does not
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recognise the tag and consequently, displays the wrong output.

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<HR> ----- Correctly written tag

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< H R > ----- Incorrectly written tag

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< HR > ----- Incorrectly written tag

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Fig. 6.1 HTML tags

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Note
HTML tags are not case sensitive: <H1> means the same as <h1>.
Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about a tag such as alignment, font colour and
size of the text. Attributes are defined in a tag after the tag name. Each attribute has a
name and a value. The value of the attribute is specified after the name of the attribute
and the equal to ‘=’ sign. Note that the value of the attribute may or may not be specified
within the quotes. For example, <FONT ALIGN=“CENTER” SIZE=“10”> aligns the
76

text in the centre with the text size as 10. Here, ALIGN and SIZE are the attributes, and
CENTER and 10 are the values of these attributes, respectively.
Elements
An element is a fundamental component to create a web page. It indicates how a browser
should display the information in the web page. An element generally comprises a starting
tag (and its attributes), the content and an ending tag. The ending tag, also known as the
closing tag, is preceded with a forward slash (/). For example, in Fig. 6.2, <H1> is the
opening tag with ALIGN as the attribute and </H1> is the ending tag.
Content
Tag name
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<H1 ALIGN=“CENTER”>THIS IS HEADING</H1>
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Name Value
End tag
a
Attributes
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HTML element
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Fig. 6.2 Understanding elements

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One of the key features of HTML is that the elements can be nested. This implies that an
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element can contain one or more than one element within it. For example, if you want to
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italicise and underline some text, you can use both italicise and underline tags.
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Elements can be classified into two types.

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Container element: It has a starting and an ending tag. For example, to make a
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certain section of the text bold, the opening tag <B> is used and the ending tag
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</B> is used. The web browser displays the text enclosed within the opening and
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closing tags in bold.

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Empty element: It has only the opening tag and its attributes. Empty elements perform
their specific functions without affecting the rest of the document. For example, the
horizontal rule tag <HR> can be used directly and does not require any ending tag.
6.1.2 HTML Editor

An HTML editor is a software application that facilitates the creation of HTML documents.
There are two types of HTML editors, namely, WYSIWYG and text editor.
WYSIWYG editor: It stands for What You See Is What You Get. It has an in-built
interface that allows you to quickly design as well as preview your web pages. The
main advantage of a WYSIWYG editor is that there is no need to have prior knowledge
of HTML tags—they are automatically generated. Few WYSIWYG editors existing
77

in the market are FirstPage, Google Web Designer, Microsoft Expression Web and
Adobe Dreamweaver.
Text editor: It allows you to manipulate the HTML tags directly. To use a text editor,
we need to have knowledge of HTML tags. These editors do not generate any HTML
codes. Some examples of text editors are Notepad, WordPad and Text Editor.
6.1.3 Creating and Saving HTML Documents

An HTML document can be created using a WYSIWYG editor or a text editor. In this
section, we discuss how to create an HTML document using Text Editor. To create an
HTML document using Text Editor, follow these steps.
1. Open a Text Editor document.
2. Type the HTML code, as shown in Fig. 6.3 (a).
td
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3. To save the document, click Save on the top-right corner.
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OR
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Press Ctrl+S.
a
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A dialog box to save the document appears. In
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(a) Entering HTML code in Text Editor (b) Saving the document
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Fig. 6.3 Creating and saving an HTML document
4. Specify the location where you want to save the document from the left pane of the
dialog box, specify the name of the document in the Name text box and then
click Save.
While saving an HTML document, some points must be noted.
The name of an HTML document cannot include characters such as /, \, *, ?, |,
and ,.
The name of the document should be relevant so that you can remember it and
access it in future.
78

Did You Know
An HTML document should always be saved with .htm or .html extension.
If the extension given is not .html, then the document is by default saved without an
extension.
6.1.4 Viewing HTML Documents

When an HTML document is created, it is viewed in the web browser. When a web page
is viewed in the web browser, it displays only the actual information (without the tags,
elements and attributes) formatted according to the tags or elements.
To view an HTML document, you first need to open the Mozilla Firefox web browser.
td
To view your created web page, follow these steps.
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1. Click the Firefox icon ( )
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on the Launcher.
a
The Firefox window appears.
2. Press Ctrl+O. The Open
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In
File dialog box appears (see
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Fig. 6.4).
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3. Select the file to be opened

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from the available list or

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locate the file from the left

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pane of the dialog box.

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Click Open. The web page is

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opened in Mozilla Firebox, as Fig. 6.4 Locating the web page

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shown in Fig. 6.5.

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Fig. 6.5 Web page in Mozilla Firefox web browser
79

Note that you do not have to close Text Editor after making any changes in your file. You
can switch to the web browser and press the F5 key to view your most recent modifications.
6.2 STRUCTURE OF AN HTML DOCUMENT

Every HTML document comprises four major elements, namely, HTML, HEAD, TITLE
and BODY.
HTML Element
The HTML element is used to mark the beginning and the end of the HTML document.
It is the first element of every web page. This element indicates to the web browser that
the page is an HTML document.
The syntax of an HTML element is
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<HTML>.......</HTML>
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HEAD Element
a
The HEAD element specifies the header information about the HTML document such
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as title, keywords, etc. The content written between the opening and closing tags of the
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HEAD element is not displayed in the web page.
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The syntax of the HEAD element is

<HEAD>.......</HEAD>
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TITLE Element
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The TITLE element provides a title to a web page. The title of a web page is displayed in
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the title bar of the browser window. It is defined within the HEAD element of the HTML
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document. The title of a web page can contain up to 64 characters.

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The syntax of the TITLE element is

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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>.......</TITLE>
</HEAD>
BODY Element
The BODY element provides content to your web page. It specifies the main content
such as images, text, background of the web page, alignment of text, etc., in an HTML
document. The tag <BODY> is placed immediately after the closing tag </HEAD>.
The closing tag </BODY> of the BODY element is placed before the closing tag </HTML>
of the HTML element. All the other elements such as formatting tags, images, etc., are
placed within the opening and closing tags of the BODY element.
80

The syntax of the BODY element is
<BODY>.......</BODY>
Example 1: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as sample.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Sample Web Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is a sample web page. Every HTML document comprises four
major elements, namely, HTML, HEAD, TITLE and BODY.
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This sample web page uses all these elements.
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
a
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the sample.html file to see the output.
di
In
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Fig. 6.6 Sample web page
Points to
Remember
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) comprises two major components, namely,
hypertext and markup.
HTML code consists of tags, attributes and elements.
81

Tags are used to describe how a web page should be displayed.
Attributes provide additional information about a tag such as alignment, font,
colour, size of the text, etc.
An element indicates how a browser should display the information in the web
page and generally comprises a starting tag, the content and an ending tag.
HTML editor is a software application that facilitates the creation of HTML
documents. There are two types of HTML editors, namely, WYSIWYG editors
and text editors.
An HTML document can be created using a WYSIWYG editor or a text editor.
When an HTML document is created, it is viewed in the web browser.
When a web page is viewed in the web browser, it displays only the actual
td
information (without the tags, elements and attributes) formatted according to
.L
the tags or elements.
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Pv
Every HTML document comprises four major elements, namely, HTML, HEAD,
TITLE and BODY.
a
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In
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Exercises
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n

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a. Which of these enables you to organise information by connecting different

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pieces of information together?

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(i) Hypertext (ii) Hyperlink

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(iii)
HTML (iv) Tags
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b. Which of the following is used to describe how a web page should be

displayed and determines the major structural components in a document?
(i) Attributes (ii) Tags
(iii)
Elements (iv) Hypertext
c. Which of the following elements mark the beginning and end of an HTML
document?
(i) HEAD (ii) TITLE
(iii)
HTML (iv) BODY
82

d. Which of the following is correct?
(i) <HEAD> (ii) <HR>
(iii) < HEAD > (iv) none of these
e. Which of the following HTML elements provides content to your web page?
(i) HEAD (ii) TITLE
(iii)
HTML (iv) BODY

a. HTML stands for ........................................................... .
b. Every HTML document comprises four major elements: HTML, HEAD,
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TITLE and .............................. .
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c. .............................. provide additional information about a tag such as
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alignment, font colour, size of the text, etc.
d. An HTML document should always be saved with the .............................. or
a
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.............................. extension. In
e. There are two types of HTML editors, namely, .............................. and
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.............................. .
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a. Tags are used to define the structure of an HTML document.

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b. The HEAD element specifies the main content of an HTML document.

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c. A container tag has only an opening tag and its attribute.

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d. Attributes are defined in a tag after the tag name.

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e. The tag <BODY> is placed immediately after the closing tag </HEAD>.
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a. Discuss the two major components of HTML. Write any two advantages of
HTML.
b. What do you understand by the term ‘element’ with reference to HTML?
c. Differentiate between container and empty elements.
d. Write the steps involved in the creation of an HTML document using
Text Editor.
e. Explain the terms ‘tag’, ‘attribute’ and ‘element’.
f. Write a short note on HTML editors.
83

Activity
Create an HTML document on “SAVE ENVIRONMENT–SAVE EARTH”. Save the file
with a .html or .htm extension and view it in the web browser.
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a
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For the Teacher

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Discuss with the students the basics of Hypertext Markup Language.

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Explain to them the structure of an HTML document.

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©
84

Sure Ria. Come, let us learn about
various HTML elements that are
used to create a web page.
Leno, I have learnt the

basics of HTML. Can you
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explain a little more about it?
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Contents
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BODY Element
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BREAK Element
PARAGRAPH Element
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HORIZONTAL RULE Element

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COMMENT Element
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HEADING Element In the previous chapter, you learnt about the

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basics of HTML, such as creating, saving and

©
BOLD, ITALIC and UNDERLINE

viewing an HTML document. This chapter
Elements
discusses the various HTML elements
CENTER Element such as BODY element, BREAK element
FONT Element PARAGRAPH element, and many more.
7.1 BODY ELEMENT

The BODY element provides content to a web page. The content includes images, text,
background of the web page, alignment of the text, etc. The BODY element is placed
immediately after the closing tag </HEAD>. The closing tag </BODY> of the BODY
element is placed before the tag </HTML>. All the other tags such as formatting tags,
images, etc., are placed within the opening and closing tags of the BODY element.
85

The syntax of the BODY element is
<BODY>.....</BODY>
Some of the attributes associated with the BODY element are background, bgcolor,
text, and leftmargin and topmargin.
Background Attribute
The background attribute is used to provide a background for the web page.
The background can be an image or text (converted into an image) which is ‘tiled’ across
the web page.
The syntax of the background attribute is
<BODY BACKGROUND=“URL or path/filename”>
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Content
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</BODY>
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where,
a
URL or path/filename = location of the image which is to be placed as the background
of the web page.
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Bgcolor Attribute
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The bgcolor (background color) attribute provides a coloured background to the web
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page. By default, the background colour of the web page is white.

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The syntax of the bgcolor attribute is

<BODY BGCOLOR=“#rrggbb or color name”>....</BODY>
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where,
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rrggbb is a six-digit hexadecimal number.

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Note that all browsers do not understand the colour names. Hence, colours are represented
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in a hexadecimal (hex) number. This number is formed with the combination of red, green
©
and blue and is determined using the formula of #RRGGBB, where RR is the hex value for
red, GG is the hex value for green and BB is the hex value for blue. These numbers are
always preceded with a # symbol. For example, the hexadecimal number of white colour
is #FFFFFF.
Text Attribute
The text attribute provides a colour to the text in the web page. It is useful when a
coloured background or an image is used in the background. By default, the text colour of
the web page is black. It is generally used to establish a contrast between the background
colour and the text colour in the web page. As the background colour, the text colour is
also represented in hexadecimal numbers.
86

The syntax of the text attribute is
<BODY TEXT=“#rrggbb”>
Content
</BODY>
The hexadecimal numbers of some of the colours are listed in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Representation of colours in Hexadecimal
Colour Hexadecimal Value

Black #000000
White #FFFFFF
Silver #C0C0C0
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Olive #808000
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Red #FF0000
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Aqua #00FFFF
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Blue #0000FF
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Yellow #FFFF00
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Maroon #800000
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Green #008000
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Purple #800080
Orange #FF9900
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AliceBlue #F0F8FF
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Brown #A52A2A
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Linen #FAF0E6
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Orchid #DA70D6
Teal #008080
Leftmargin and Topmargin Attributes

The leftmargin attribute is used to specify the width of the margin from the left edge of
the web page. The topmargin attribute is used to specify the width of the margin from
the top of the web page.
The syntax of the leftmargin and the topmargin attributes is
<BODY LEFTMARGIN=“value” TOPMARGIN=“value”>....</BODY>
87

Example 1: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as IT.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> EXPLORING IT </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor=“Yellow” text=“blue” leftmargin=“50”
topmargin=“50”>
EXPLORING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY was first published in the
year 2002. The series found immediate and enthusiastic
acceptance from schools across the nation for its lucid
explanation of the fundamentals and student-friendly presentation.
Teachers and students alike found it a most useful classroom
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support for computer education.
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the IT.html file to see the output.
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Fig. 7.1 Using attributes of the BODY element

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7.2 BREAK ELEMENT

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The BREAK element is used to insert a blank line or return in an HTML document.
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It specifies that the text following the BREAK element should be displayed in the next line
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in the web page. It is an empty element. It can be used any number of times in the HTML
document.
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The syntax of the BREAK element is

<BR>
©
Example 2: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as break-tag.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Working with Breaks</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the first line. <BR><BR>This is the second line, <BR>which
is broken.
</BODY>
</HTML>
88

Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the break-tag.html file to see the output.
Fig. 7.2 Using the BREAK element
7.3 PARAGRAPH ELEMENT

The PARAGRAPH element divides and arranges the text into distinct paragraphs in a web
page. This element is required as the web browser cannot recognise return, tabs or more
td
than one space. The text enclosed within the PARAGRAPH element is displayed in a new
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line. It also inserts a line before and after the text. In some web browsers, the first line in
t
a paragraph is indented.
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The syntax of the PARAGRAPH element is
a
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<P>.....</P> In
Example 3: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as Paragraph.html
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<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Paragraphs</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<P>
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Paragraphs are used to create distinct subdivisions of a text.

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The paragraph element indicates the start of a paragraph in the

HTML document. There can be more than one paragraph element used
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in the web page.</P>

<P>
The paragraph element also indicates the web browser that the
enclosed text should be displayed in the next line. A web browser
cannot recognize the return, tabs, or more than one space. If
you do not use a paragraph element, your text appears as one
single paragraph in the web browser.</P>
</BODY>
</HTML>
89

Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the Paragraph.html file to see the output.
Fig.7.3 Using the PARAGRAPH element
One of the commonly used attributes of the PARAGRAPH element is the align attribute.
Align Attribute
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The align attribute adjusts the positioning of the paragraph in the web page according
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to the requirements. The value of this attribute can be RIGHT, LEFT, or CENTER.
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By default, the paragraphs are left-aligned.
Example 4: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as Paragraph-align.
a
di
html In
<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Align Attribute</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<P ALIGN=“CENTER”>This paragraph is centre-aligned. </P>

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<P ALIGN=“RIGHT”>This paragraph is right-aligned. </P>

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<P ALIGN=“LEFT”>The paragraph is left-aligned. </P>

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</BODY>
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©
</HTML>
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the Paragraph-align.html file to see the
output.
Fig. 7.4 Use of align attribute in the PARAGRAPH element
90

Note
The difference between the BREAK element and the PARAGRAPH element
is that the BREAK element ‘only’ breaks the line, while the PARAGRAPH
element breaks the paragraph and also inserts a blank line.
7.4 HORIZONTAL RULE ELEMENT

The HORIZONTAL RULE element is used to generate a horizontal line (rule) across the
web page. It is an empty element. It is used to divide the web page into separate sections.
By default, the horizontal rule is shaded and ‘engraved’ (3-dimensional).
There are various attributes used with the HORIZONTAL RULE element, namely, align,
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size, width, noshade and color.
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Align Attribute
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The align attribute aligns the horizontal rule in the web page according to the requirement.
a
The value of this attribute can be LEFT, RIGHT or CENTER.
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Width Attribute
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The width attribute is used to define the width of the horizontal rule. The width can be
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specified as an absolute number, percentage or number of pixels.

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Note
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To use the align attribute, it is necessary to use it with the width attribute.
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Size Attribute
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The size attribute is used to define the size (thickness) of the horizontal rule. The size of
the horizontal rule is defined as the number of pixels. By default, the size of the horizontal
rule is 2 pixels.
Noshade Attribute
The noshade attribute is used to display 2D horizontal rules. Note that without the
noshade attribute, the HORIZONTAL RULE element displays a 3D rule.
Color Attribute
The color attribute is used to display a coloured horizontal rule. The colour can be used
either by specifying the colour name or the hexadecimal number.
91

Did You Know
When the color and noshade attributes are used together in a web page, the color
attribute makes the noshade attribute ineffective.
Example 5: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as hr_attribute.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Horizontal Rule</TITLE>
</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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See the coloured horizontal rule
t
Pv
<HR ALIGN=“RIGHT” SIZE=“5” WIDTH=“80%” COLOR=“BLUE”>
a
This is another horizontal rule with the ‘noshade’ attribute.
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In
<HR NOSHADE SIZE=“11”>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the hr_attribute.html file to see the output.
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©
Fig. 7.5 Using attributes of HORIZONTAL RULE element
7.5 COMMENT ELEMENT

The COMMENT element inserts comments in a web page. Comments are used to provide
information that can be useful to anyone who views the code of the web page. Comments
can be inserted any number of times in the web page. Note that the comments are not
displayed in the web browser.
The syntax of the COMMENT element is
<COMMENT>.....</COMMENT>
92

Some Web browsers do not support the <COMMENT> tag. Thus, you can use <!- and ->
symbols to insert the comments. The text entered between <! - and -> is ignored in the
web page.
Example 6: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as comment.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Comments</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<COMMENT>Welcome to My Web Page</COMMENT>
In this page, comments are used. The comments are not displayed
td
in the web browser. <!-Comments in the web browser can be
.L
inserted using the comment tag. ->
t
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</BODY>
a
</HTML>
di
In
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the comment.html file to see
the output.
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Fig. 7.6 Using the COMMENT element

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©
7.6 HEADING ELEMENT

The HEADING element is used to organise a page logically into separate sections with
section headings for easier comprehension. There are six levels of headings in HTML that
are represented by numbers within the tag. Headings are displayed in a larger font and in
bold.
The syntax of the HEADING element is
<Hn>.....</Hn>
where,
n = specifies the heading level and can have any value from 1 to 6.
93

The six HEADING tags are <H1> to <H6>. Each level heading has a different font size.
Heading 1 has the largest font, while heading 6 has the smallest font. A web page can
contain all the levels of headings.
One of the commonly used attributes of the HEADING element is the align attribute.
Align Attribute
The align attribute adjusts the position of a heading in the web page according to the
requirement. The value of this attribute can be RIGHT, LEFT or CENTER. By default, the
headings are left-aligned.
Example 7: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as Headings.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
td
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<TITLE> Headings</TITLE>
t
</HEAD>
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<BODY>
a
<H1 ALIGN=“CENTER”> THIS IS HEADING 1</H1>
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<H2 ALIGN=“LEFT”> THIS IS HEADING 2</H2>
rs

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<H6 ALIGN=“RIGHT”> THIS IS HEADING 6</H6>

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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the Headings.html file to see the output.
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©
Fig. 7.7 Using the HEADING element
7.7 BOLD, ITALIC AND UNDERLINE ELEMENTS

These elements can be used when you want to highlight some text by making it bold, italic
or underlined in the web page.
94

BOLD Element
The BOLD element specifies that the text enclosed in its starting and ending tags should
be displayed in bold. This element can be used between other elements while creating a
web page.
The syntax of the BOLD element is
<B>.....</B>
ITALIC Element
The ITALIC element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed in italics.
The syntax of the ITALIC element is
<I>.....</I>
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UNDERLINE Element
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The UNDERLINE element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as
underlined text.
a
The syntax of the UNDERLINE element is
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In
<U>.....</U>
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Example 8: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as return.html
<HTML>
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<HEAD>
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<TITLE> Making text bold, italics and underlined</TITLE>

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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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This text is <B> displayed in bold </B> whereas this text is

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<I> displayed in italics </I>. However, this is <B><I> bold and

italics. </I></B>. This is an <U> example of underlined text. </U>
©
</BODY>
</HTML>
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the return.html file to see the output.
Fig. 7.8 Using the BOLD, ITALIC and UNDERLINE elements
95

7.8 CENTER ELEMENT
The CENTER element is used to align the text or an image in the centre of the web page.
This element can be used more than once in the web page.
The syntax of the CENTER element is
<CENTER>.....</CENTER>
Example 9: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as center.html
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Using CENTER Element</TITLE>
</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<CENTER>This element is used to align text </CENTER> in the
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centre of the browser window. Any text that is centred should be
between the opening and the closing <CENTER>tags of the CENTER
a
element.
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In
</CENTER>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the center.html file to see the output.
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©
Fig. 7.9 Using the CENTER element
7.9 FONT ELEMENT

The FONT element is used to change the size, font type or colour of the text in the web
page.
The syntax of the FONT element is
<FONT>.....</FONT>
The FONT element uses different attributes to enhance the text in the web page. These
attributes are color, face and size.
96

Color Attribute
The color attribute sets the colour of the text which is displayed in the HTML document.
The colours can be represented either in hexadecimal numbers or by their names.
By default, the colour of the text is black.
Face Attribute
The face attribute sets the type of the font (font name) of the text. It is browser dependent
as some fonts may or may not be provided in particular browsers. Note that if the browser
does not support the font, the default font of the browser is used.
Size Attribute
The size attribute sets the size of the text. There are seven sizes available (ranging from
td
1 to 7) for the font. Size 7 represents the highest, while 1 represents the lowest size in the
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range. The default size of the font is 3.
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Example 10: Write this HTML code in Text Editor and save it as font.html
<HTML>
a
<HEAD>
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<TITLE>Fonts</TITLE>
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</HEAD>
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<BODY>
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<FONT SIZE=“5”>Welcome!!!!! </FONT>

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<FONT SIZE=“3”>This is My Web Page!!!!</FONT>

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<FONT COLOR=“RED”>Also, the text </FONT>

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<FONT COLOR=“BLUE”> is displayed in different colours in </FONT>

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<FONT COLOR=“PURPLE”>the web page. </FONT>

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<FONT FACE=“COMIC SANS MS”> Here, you can see different types
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of fonts, sizes and colours used in the web page.</FONT>

</BODY>
</HTML>
Now, open Mozilla Firefox and browse the font.html file to see the output.
Fig. 7.10 Using FONT element

97

Here, the browser does not support the Comic Sans Ms font, so the default font of the
browser is used.
Points to
Remember
The BODY element provides content to a web page which includes images, text,
background of the web page and alignment of the text.
The BREAK element is used to insert a blank line or ‘return’ in an HTML document.
The PARAGRAPH element divides and arranges the text into distinct paragraphs
in a web page.
The HORIZONTAL RULE element is used to generate a horizontal line (rule)
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across the web page.
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The COMMENT element inserts comments in a web page. Comments are used
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to provide information that can be useful to anyone who views the code of the
web page.
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The HEADING element is used to organise a page logically into separate sections
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with section headings for easier comprehension.
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The BOLD element specifies that the text enclosed in its starting and ending tags
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should be displayed in bold.

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The ITALIC element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed in italics.
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The UNDERLINE element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as
underlined text.
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The CENTER element is used to align the text or an image in the centre of the
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web page.
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The FONT element is used to change the size, font type or colour of the text in
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the web page.

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Exercises
a. Which of the following attributes provides a coloured background to the web
page?
(i) bgcolor (ii)
color
background (iv)
(iii) back
98

b. Which of the following elements is used to insert a blank line or return in an
HTML document?
(i) BRK (ii) BRE
(iii) none of these
BREAK (iv)
c. Which of the following values can the align attribute have?
(i)
LEFT (ii) RIGHT
(iii) All of these
CENTER (iv)
d. How many heading levels are available in HTML?
(i) five (ii) six
(iii)
seven (iv) eight
e. Which of the following is not an attribute of the FONT element?
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(i) color (ii) face
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size (iv)
(iii) height
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a
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The BODY element is placed immediately after the closing tag ................. .
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b. The ......................... attribute is used to specify the width of the margin
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from the left edge of the web page.

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c. The ......................... attribute provides a coloured background to the web

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page.
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d. There are ......................... levels of headings in HTML that are represented by

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numbers within the tag.

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e. The ......................... element is used to align the text or an image in the centre
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of the web page.

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f. The ......................... element is used to change the size font type, or colour
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of the text in the web page.

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a. The width attribute defines the thickness of the horizontal rule.
b. The BREAK element is used to insert a blank line.
c. <Hn>.....</Hn> is used to organise a page logically into separate
sections with section headings for easier comprehension.
d. The PARAGRAPH element is used to insert a blank line in an
HTML document.
e. Comments cannot be inserted any number of times in a web
page.
99

a. Explain the various attributes of the BODY element.
b. Explain the six levels of headings in HTML.
c. Explain the BOLD, ITALIC and UNDERLINE elements with the help of
examples.
d. What is the CENTER element? Explain with the help of examples.
e. What is use of the ‘align’ attribute of the PARAGRAPH element?
Activities
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1. Create the given web page according to the following specifications.
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he title of the page should be ‘Delhi’.
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Set the background colour to ‘Pink’.
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Set the text colour to ‘Blue’, Size 3 and Style ‘Arial’.

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The heading ‘Delhi–the Capital of India‘ should be displayed as the first
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level heading.
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2. Write the HTML code to create the following web page.

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For the Teacher

Explain to the students the various elements and tags of HTML along with their
attributes.
Demonstrate to them how these elements can be used to create attractive web
pages.
100

Leno, my computer is behaving
abnormally. I really don’t Virus! what’s that?
Ria, viruses are programs
understand what has happened. that harm your computer.
Come, I will tell you more
Ria, I think your about them.
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system has been
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infected by a virus.
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Computer systems are vulnerable to many kinds of

threats that can cause various types of damages,
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Contents resulting in significant data loss. These threats

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What is a Computer Virus? can be in the form of computer viruses, worms

and Trojan horses. All of these threats cause
Worms not only loss of data but they also disrupt the
Trojan Horses normal functioning of the computer. It is therefore
Preventing Virus Infection important to know about these threats and the
measures by which we can prevent our computer
Anti-virus Software from being infected by them.
This chapter discusses the various computer threats in detail. It discusses about the different
types of viruses and the modes through which a computer virus spreads. It also discusses
some anti-virus software which are used to detect and remove viruses from computer
systems.
101

8.1 WHAT IS A COMPUTER VIRUS?
A computer virus is a program which is designed to perform undesired and malicious
actions by replicating and attaching itself to other programs. Viruses are created in order to
gain illegal entry into a computer and obtain or destroy some vital information. Computer
viruses are generally written in the same programming languages (such as Assembly, C,
Visual Basic and Java) that are used to create other computer programs.
8.1.1 What Does a Computer Virus Do?

Viruses are written to alter the computer system adversely without the knowledge of
the user. The amount of destruction caused by viruses varies widely. Some viruses just
display pictures or messages on the screen periodically. On the other hand, others can be
extremely destructive, erasing the data on the disk or corrupting programs.
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After infecting a system, a virus tries to take control of the system. It replicates by making
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copies of itself and also tries to carry out the harmful tasks written in its program. A virus
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cannot spread in the system by itself. It tries to attach itself to another program in order to
spread. Some viruses are programmed to activate at a preset time. They check the system
a
clock continuously, and when the preset time matches the system time, they harm the
computer system.
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Computer viruses disrupt the system by deleting files in the system, formatting the hard
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disk, overwriting the system BIOS, or completely disabling the computer. The various
harmful effects of viruses are listed here.
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corrupting the data or program files

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increasing the size of files by attaching themselves to the files

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interference with the display

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formatting the hard disk, thus destroying the data

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infecting disks by corrupting boot sectors—the boot sector of the hard disk contains
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special programs that are required to start up the computer system

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slowing down the system by occupying most of the memory space

scrambling file names by manipulating the directory contents
renaming all files with a single name
Note
A computer virus does not infect the computer hardware such as keyboard,
monitor, etc. It infects only the software.
102

8.1.2 How Does a Computer Virus Enter the System?
Viruses usually enter the computer system through external sources such as infected pen
drives, compact discs and the Internet. These are the various ways through which viruses
can enter the system.
Viruses can enter the system when the system is booted with an infected pen drive.
Some viruses infect the system when a file is copied from an infected disk or pen
drive.
Some viruses infect even when there is an attempt to erase the contents of an infected
disk or pen drive.
Viruses can also be passed from one computer to another when data or programs
are accessed on a network or a file is downloaded from the Internet. The more a
system comes in contact with the Internet or with infected pen drives, the higher is
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the risk of it being infected by a virus.
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If a virus is in the network, it tries to locate the computers that are prone to virus
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attacks. The main purpose is to infect as many systems as possible. It infects a system
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by attaching itself to the files in the computer.
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8.1.3 Types of Computer Viruses
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Computer viruses can be classified into various categories, as listed here.

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Boot-sector virus: This type of virus hides in the boot sector of a hard disk or a pen
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drive and infects the start-up instructions, which are required to boot the system.
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A boot-sector virus overwrites the original boot record with the infected one. When
other disks are used, the virus is transferred to their boot sectors also. This type of
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virus is difficult to find since the boot record is the first program that is loaded when
a computer starts. The most common boot-sector viruses are Stoned/Marijuana,
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Danish Boot, Devil.941, Michelangelo and Disk Killer.

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Program virus: This is the most infectious type of computer virus. It usually resides
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inside the memory. It infects the executable files such as .COM and .EXE files by
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attaching its copy to them and hence, is also known as the file virus. After attaching
to the files, it modifies the host programs. Subsequently, whenever the program runs,
the virus also runs along with it. The examples of a program virus are Acid Rain
Trojan, Alien.298, Umbrella.3173, Sunday and Cascade.
Stealth virus: This type of a virus attempts to hide its presence. Some of the simple
techniques include hiding the change in date and time and hiding the increase in
the file size. Some even prevent anti-virus software from reading the part of the file
where the virus is located. The examples of stealth virus are Stoned Monkey, Frodo,
Joshi and Whale.
Multipartite virus: This virus can infect both the boot sector of a disk as well as the
executable files. It is the worst virus because it can combine a lot of techniques to
103

prevent its detection. The examples of multipartite virus are Ghostball, Invader, Flip,
and Tequila.
Macro virus: This type of virus infects data files. For example, this virus can attach
itself to a word-processing or a spreadsheet file (typically a Writer or Calc file) as a
macro. A macro is a saved sequence of commands which can be played back with
a single command or a keyboard stroke. Once the file is accessed, it replaces one
of the Writer or the Calc standard macros with an infected version, which can then
infect all subsequent documents. The examples of macro virus are WM_Concept.A
and Melissa.
8.2 WORMS
One of the other common computer threats is a worm. Worms are programs that are
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designed to find their way into the data-processing programs, and alter or destroy the
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data. Worms often use networks such as the Internet to spread from one computer system
to another, thus attacking systems that are linked through communication lines. After
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being active within a system, worms behave like viruses. Internet worms exploit e-mail
programs and network software to multiply themselves. Once it infects a system, a worm
a
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may look for an address book and mail itself to everyone listed in the book. It may simply
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send a copy of itself to each recipient, as you send out a new e-mail.
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Internet worms may also search the Internet for unprotected system drives which are shared
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across a network with no password. When they find such drives, they copy themselves
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to the new hosts and install their start-up instructions. The next time these machines are
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started, the worms become active.

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8.3 TROJAN HORSES

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The term Trojan Horse is related to ancient Greek mythology. During the war between
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Greece and Troy, the Greek army surrounded the city of Troy. But they were unable to
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enter the city. They decided to make a hollow wooden horse with soldiers hidden inside
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it. The wooden horse was presented to the citizens of Troy as a gift. During the night, the
©
soldiers came out of the horse and conquered the city.

In computer terminology, a Trojan horse is a program which performs similar destructive
activities. It is not a virus since it does not replicate or spread like a virus. However, it can
damage files, place a virus on your computer or break passwords.
Trojan horses enter into a computer through an e-mail or through free programs
downloaded from the Internet. In the computer system, they may lie dormant for months
before they are activated. One of the main purposes of these programs is to receive
information from a computer system. An example of a Trojan horse is a program that
behaves like a system log-on to retrieve user names and password information that can be
used later to break the system. Some of the most common Trojan horses are Back Orifice,
Netbus, Beast and Zeus.
104

8.4 PREVENTING VIRUS INFECTION
The following is a list of the do’s and don’ts for preventing virus infections in a system.
Avoid booting the computer with a pen drive. If it is required to boot from a pen
drive, use a pen drive that is virus-free.
Do not exchange your disks or pen drives with others. If you do so, always scan the
disk or pen drive with an anti-virus software before using it.
Do not use pirated software. If the software has been obtained illegally, it may contain
a virus.
Always keep at least one set of back-up copies of all original disks. This does not
prevent a virus infection but it helps in the recovery process if a virus corrupts the
data.
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Always keep the Auto-Protect, Internet-worm Protection, and E-mail scanning
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features of an anti-virus software on to prevent downloading of the infected files.
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Update the anti-virus software frequently so that it can detect and delete new viruses.
Always check if your computer demonstrates any strange behaviour such as these:
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slowing down
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disappearance of files
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taking longer to load programs

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presence of unusually large-sized program files

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decrease in the free space available on the disk

recent creation dates on old program files
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unusual displays on the computer screen

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8.5 ANTI-VIRUS SOFTWARE

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Anti-virus software are application programs designed to detect and remove viruses,
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worms, and Trojan horses from the computer system. An anti-virus software looks for these
computer threats in all the files and folders of the computer system. It looks for changes
and activities in the systems that are typical in case of a virus attack. Scanners that are built
within the anti-virus software look for particular types of codes within programs. If a virus
is detected, the anti-virus program performs one of these steps.
It removes the virus and repairs the infected file.
It deletes both the virus and the infected file.
If it detects an unknown virus, it quarantines (isolates) the infected file. Such a file is
stored in a special area called Quarantine. Files that are in quarantine cannot interact
with the rest of the system.
105

A commonly used anti-virus software is ClamAV. In this section, we will discuss ClamTK,
which is the GUI version of ClamAV.
8.5.1 Clam TK Anti-virus Program

ClamTK is a lightweight on-demand anti-virus scanner for Linux systems. It has an easy-
to-use interface. It acts as a shield against the viruses, worms, Trojans, spywares and other
malicious programs. It also checks incoming and outgoing e-mail attachments for viruses.
When loaded in a computer system, the ClamTK anti-virus program checks these areas
for viruses.
Boot records
Programs when you use them
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All local hard disks
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Files downloaded from the Internet
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Pen drives when in use
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Mobile phones and other devices when connected to the computer
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Scanning and Removing Viruses
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To find and remove viruses using ClamTK anti-virus program, follow these steps.
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1. Install ClamTK from the Ubuntu Software centre.

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2. Click the Show Applications button ( ) on the Launcher. The application screen
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appears displaying all the available applications.

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3. Click the ClamTK icon ( ) the screen. If you do not find the icon here, you can
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search for it by typing its name into the search bar.

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Fig. 8.1 Starting ClamTK
106

The Virus Scanner window appears.
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Fig. 8.2 ClamTK main window
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4. Click the Settings button ( ) under the Configuration section. Various scan options
Pv
appear (see Fig. 8.3).
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5. Check the boxes against
the types of files you
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need to scan. Click Back
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to return to the main

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window.
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Fig. 8.3 Scan options

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6. Click the Scheduler button ( ) and

set a time to scan your home directory
and update your anti-virus signature
everyday. Click Close. You return to
the main window.
Fig. 8.4 Scheduling a scan time 107

7. You can do a manual scan of your files by double clicking Scan a file or Scan a
directory under the Analysis section. Whatever option you click, the corresponding
dialog box appears where you can select the file or directory you want to scan.
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(a) Selecting a file (b) Selecting a directory
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Fig. 8.5 Selecting the file/directory to scan
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8. Click OK to start the scanning process. After the scanning is completed, ClamTK
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displays a summary of the scan.
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Fig. 8.6 Summary of the scan

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9. Click the Close button.

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Points to
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Remember
©
A computer virus is a program which is designed to perform undesired and

malicious actions by replicating and attaching itself to other programs.
Viruses disrupt the system by deleting files in the system, formatting the hard disk,
overwriting the system BIOS or completely disabling the computer.
Viruses usually enter the computer system through external sources such as
infected pen drives, compact discs and the Internet.
Computer viruses can be classified into various categories: boot-sector virus,
program virus, stealth virus, multipartite virus, and macro virus.
108

Worms are the programs that are designed to find their way into data-processing
programs, and alter or destroy the data.
A Trojan horse enters into a computer through an e-mail or through free programs
downloaded from the Internet.
Anti-virus software is an application program which is designed to detect and
remove viruses, worms and Trojan horses from the computer system.
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Exercises
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a. Which of the following application programs is used to detect and remove
viruses, worms and Trojan Horses?
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(i) Anti-worm (ii) Anti-theft
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(iii) Anti-virus (iv) None of these

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b. Which of the following is an anti-virus software?

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(i) ClamTK (ii) Beast

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(iii)
Melissa (iv) Tequila
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c. Which of the following viruses can infect both the boot sector of the disk as
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well as the executable files?

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(i) Program virus (ii) Stealth virus

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(iii) Multipartite virus (iv) Macro virus

d. What can the viruses not do from the following?
(i) Corrupting the data or program files
(ii) Damaging the hardware
(iii) Increasing the size of the files by attaching themselves to the file
(iv) Formatting the hard disk
109

e. Which of the following are the ways through which a computer virus can
enter the system?
(i) When the system is booted with an infected pen drive
(ii) When data or programs are accessed on a network or a file is
downloaded from the Internet
(iii) When a file is copied from an infected disk or pen drive
(iv) All of these

a. A computer virus .............................. by making copies of itself and also
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tries to carry out the harmful tasks written in its program.
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b. A .............................. virus hides in the boot sector of a hard disk or a pen
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drive and infects the start-up instructions.
a
c. An .............................. software is an application program which is
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designed to detect and remove viruses from the computer system.
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d. .............................. often use networks to spread from one computer

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system to another, thus attacking systems that are linked through

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communication lines.
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e. The .............................. section of ClamTK anti-virus program lets you do a

manual scan.
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a. A boot-sector virus overwrites the original boot record with the

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infected one.
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b. Disk Killer is a type of program virus.

c. A multipartite virus can infect both the boot sector of a disk as
well as the executable files.
d. Quarantines are the viruses that an anti-virus program can scan
in your computer system.
e. Zeus is a Trojan horse.
110

a. What is a computer virus?
b. What are the different ways through which a computer virus enters a
computer system?
c. What does a virus do after entering the system?
d. Discuss the preventive measures which should be undertaken to avoid a
virus infection.
e. What is anti-virus software? Discuss the different scanning options provided
by ClamTK anti-virus program.
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f. Explain the following terms.
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(i)
Worms (ii) Trojan horses
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g. Discuss the various types of viruses.
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Activities
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Pu
1. Search for the examples of different types of viruses along with their date of
creation.
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2. Install anti-virus software on your computer and scan the different drives in
your system.
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For the Teacher

©
Explain to the students the various types of known viruses and their modes of
operations.
Discuss with them the preventive measures one should take in order to save their
computers from being attacked by viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other types
of computer threats.
Demonstrate to them how computers can be scanned for viruses using anti-virus
software.
111

Leno, I know how to search for Yes Ria, you can save the entire web page,
information on the Internet only part of text, or any image on the web
but can I save this information page. Today, I will explain to you how this
for future reference? is done. I will also tell you about various
Internet services used for communication.
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Pv
a
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Pu
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The Internet is a fast and economic medium

of communication. You can send or receive
©
Contents messages from one computer to another

Searching on the Internet through the Internet in a few seconds.
It is also a large reservoir of information
Saving the Information available on countless topics contributed by people
on the Internet throughout the world. However, to make use
Communication on the Internet of this information, you need to perform a
search using any of the available search tools
E-commerce
such as search engines.
This chapter discusses how to find information and people on the Internet. It also
discusses various other services of the Internet such as e-mail, chatting, videoconferencing,
newsgroup and e-commerce.
112

9.1 SEARCHING ON THE INTERNET
Searching is one of the most important and interesting features of the Internet. You can
find facts and figures, get information on any topic of your choice, and increase your
knowledge and awareness using the Internet. In addition, the Internet can be used to find
people and retrieve information about them.
9.1.1 Finding Information

The information available on the Internet can be accessed in two ways: one by directly
entering the URL of the website containing the information, and another by using the
search engines. A search engine is software that enables you to search information on the
Internet. It displays the results of a search based on the criteria entered by the user.
A search engine mainly uses two tools: a spider or a crawler and an indexer. A crawler
td
searches the Internet for new terms and stores the searched terms in a database.
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An indexer then indexes all the terms in the database to make the searching process fast.
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The working of both crawler and indexer jointly results in the efficient working of the
search engine. Some popular search engines are Google, Yahoo and AltaVista.
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You can search for any information or even a website whose address is not known using a
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search engine. For this, you need to enter the keyword(s) or a phrase. The search engine
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then examines the database containing the keyword(s) and retrieves a list of hyperlinks
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from which you can get the desired information.

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Did You Know

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You can use logical operators such as AND, OR, and NOT, double quotes (“ ”),
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parenthesis (), and asterisk (*) to refine your search on the Internet.
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To find information on a particular topic using a search engine, follow these steps.
©
1. Connect to the Internet.

2. Open Mozilla Firefox
by clicking the Firefox Type the address here
icon ( ) on the
Launcher.
The Mozilla Firefox window
appears.
Fig. 9.1 Mozilla Firefox window

113

3. Type the address of a search engine such as www.google.com in the address bar and
press the Enter key. The home page of Google opens.
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Fig. 9.2 Google home page
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4. Enter the search keyword, for example, Internet, in the search text box and then
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press Enter or click the Google Search button. A web page with a list of hyperlinks
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and a brief description of what each hyperlink contains appears. These hyperlinks
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link to the pages that contain the searched keyword.

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Fig. 9.3 List of hyperlinks
5. Click on the desired hyperlink to open the web page in the same window.
OR
Right-click on the hyperlink and click Open in New Tab or Open in New Window
option from the shortcut menu to open the web page in a new tab or window,
respectively.
6. Keep clicking on the hyperlinks on the main search page till you find the required
information.
114

9.1.2 Finding People
The Internet provides you with a special search feature that helps you find and locate
people online. You can use a specific people-search website (such as www.wink.com or
www.peoplefinder.com) or a social networking website (such as www.facebook.com) for
finding details about persons.
Through these websites, you can get e-mail address, contact number, or any other
information of most persons using the Internet (if available on the Internet). To find people
on the Internet, follow these steps.
1. Open the web page for people search. For example, type ‘people search wink’ in the
search text box and press Enter.
2. Click on the hyperlink Wink People Search-iTools. The Wink People Search page
appears.
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Fig. 9.4 Web page for people search

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3. Enter the name (first name, last name or user name) and the location (city, state,
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country name, or zip code) of the person to be searched in the Name and Location
text boxes, respectively.
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4. Click the Find person button. A web page with a list of persons with the search name
appears. You can click on the link of the desired person to view his/her details.
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©
9.1.3 Education through Internet

The Internet is a major source of education for
students who are living in distant and rural areas.
Students can take recommendations on various
topics from professionals around the world. Students
can also use the Internet to perform online research,
communicate with colleagues, distribute lecture
notes and course material to juniors, and publish
papers and articles. Online education is a great
benefit for students who cannot afford to study in Fig. 9.5 Education through Internet
educational institutions.
115

9.2 SAVING THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THE
INTERNET
While browsing and searching on the Internet, you find certain information and want
it to be available on your computer even when not being connected to the Internet.
For this, you can save the entire web page, a selected part of the web page, images, links
and addresses.
9.2.1 Saving Text

To save a part of the text from a web page, follow these steps.
1. Select the text that you want to save.
2. Right-click on the selected text and click Copy from the shortcut menu that
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appears.
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Fig. 9.6 Saving text

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3. Open any word processor such as Text Editor, LibreOffice Writer, etc., and paste the
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copied text.
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4. Save the file where you have copied the text for future reference.
©
9.2.2 Saving Images

To save the pictures or images from a web page, follow these steps.
1. Right-click on the image to be saved.
2. Click Save Image As from the shortcut menu that appears. The Save dialog box
appears (see Fig. 9.7).
3. Select a location where you want to save the image.
4. Type a name for the image in the Name box.
5. Click the Save button.
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(a) Image to be saved (b) Save dialog box
Fig. 9.7 Saving an image
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9.2.3 Saving a Web Page
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You can also save the entire web page to view it even when you are not connected to the
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Internet. To save a web page, follow these steps.
a
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1. Click the Open menu button ( ) placed below the Close button (
In ) on the
top-right of the Mozilla Firefox window. A menu appears.
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2. Click Save Page As from the submenu that appears. The Save dialog box appears.
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3. Select the location where you want to save the file.

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4. Type a name for the page in the Name box if you want to save the page with a
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different name.
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5. Click the Save button.

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(a) Selecting the Save Page As option (b) Save dialog box
Fig. 9.8 Saving a web page
117

Did You Know
Mozilla Firefox provides a useful feature called Bookmarks. Using this feature, you
can save the addresses of your favourite websites and open them whenever required
without typing or remembering the website addresses.
9.3 COMMUNICATION ON THE INTERNET

The Internet provides various fast and economic modes of communication that help you
to communicate with people located at different places around the world. Messages can
be sent or received from one computer to another through the Internet almost instantly.
This section discusses some communication services provided by the Internet such as
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e-mail, chatting, videoconferencing and newsgroups.
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9.3.1 E-mail
a
E-mail, or electronic mail, is the process of exchanging messages electronically using
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computers. E-mails allow users to communicate with each other in lesser time and at
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nominal costs. Apart from textual data, images, and audio and video files can also be sent
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through e-mails.
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There are numerous advantages of using the e-mail facility provided by the Internet.
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Some of these advantages are listed here.

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High Speed: Messages can be sent very quickly irrespective of the distance.
Low Cost: It is an inexpensive mode of communication.
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Reliability: It is a reliable mode of communication, that is, once the message is

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sent from a source computer, it will definitely be delivered. If any error occurs, an
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appropriate message will be displayed.

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Content: Any form of data such as text, graphics, sound or video can be sent through
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e-mails.
Structure of an E-mail Address

To use e-mail facility, one requires an e-mail address. An e-mail address is divided into two
parts, namely, the username and the name of the mail server. The two parts are separated
by the symbol @. The structure of an e-mail address is given here.
username@mailservername.com
For example,
pmadan.2008@gmail.com is an e-mail address.
118

where,
pmadan.2008 = the username
gmail = the name of the mail server
.com = a commercial website
Though each mail server has a different user interface or layout, they all offer some basic
services as described in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1 E-mail services
E-mail Service Description

Inbox folder Stores all incoming e-mails
Drafts folder Stores e-mails that have been composed but not sent—an e-mail
saved in Drafts remains there until you send it or delete
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Sent folder Contains a copy of the outgoing e-mails so that you can review or
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resend them if needed
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Spam folder Contains all the junk e-mails that you do not want to read
Trash folder Contains the e-mails deleted from any other folder
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Composing a mail Allows you to create a new e-mail message
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Replying to a mail Allows you to reply to a received e-mail
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Forwarding a mail Allows you to forward a received e-mail to someone else

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Attachments Allows you to send pictures, documents or any other files with
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your e-mail message

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Deleting a mail Allows you to delete unwanted messages from the Inbox or any
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other folder
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Move Allows you to move messages from one folder to another

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Online Contacts Allows you to store online the names, phone numbers and
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addresses of your friends and relatives

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Fig. 9.9 Web page showing various e-mail services

119

9.3.2 Chatting
The Internet enables you to have a real-time communication with people over the Internet.
This is known as chatting. The web chat facility has become very popular as it is very
economical. Also, unlike e-mail, the response to a message is instant and immediate in
chatting. To chat online, many types of chat services are available, such as chat rooms
and Instant Messaging (IM).
A chat room is a website, a part of a website or an online service in which many users talk
to each other in real time by posting messages. Anyone in the chat room can participate in
the conversation, which is usually on a topic of common interest. Some common websites
that offer chat room facility include teenchat.com and tinychat.com. The chat programs
that users need to download before using include ICQ (I Seek You) and IRC (Internet
Relay Chat).
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Instant messaging (IM) is a form of online communication that allows instant exchange
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of text-based messages between a sender and a receiver. It is similar to online chat as it
also offers communication via text messages in real time over the Internet. However, the
t
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difference between the two is that IM is a communication between known people, while
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online chat can be held among unknown people also. Some popular IM services are
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Google Hangouts, World of Chat Messenger, Hike Messenger and Skype.
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Note
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An IM service may be application-based that requires you to download a

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program or web-based that you can access using a web browser.

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Using Google Hangouts

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Google Hangouts is a web-based IM service that allows two or more users to communicate
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through text, voice or video messages. It has been developed by Google. You can access
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this service online through Gmail

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or Google+ websites on the

©
desktop PCs or through mobile

apps available for Android and
iOS systems.
To use Google Hangouts online
through Gmail, follow these steps.
1. Open a web browser such
as Mozilla Firefox, on your
computer.
2. Type hangouts.google.com
in the Address bar of the
browser. The first screen of Fig. 9.10 First screen of Google Hangouts
Google Hangouts appears.
120

3. Click the Sign in button. The Sign in page of Google appears with a cursor blinking
under the Email or phone option.
4. Type your username at the cursor position and click the NEXT button. A screen
appears that prompts you to enter your password.
5. Type your password and click the NEXT button.
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(a) Typing username (b) Typing password
a
Fig. 9.11 First screen of Google Hangouts
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The main screen of Google Hangouts appears.
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6. To send a message to any of your contacts already added in your Gmail account,
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click the MESSAGE button ( ) on the right side of the main screen.
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7. Type the name, phone or e-mail address of the person to whom you want to send
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the message in the search box. As you start typing, a list of matching results appears.
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(a) Main screen of Google Hangouts (b) Searching for the contact
Fig. 9.12 Finding a contact to send a message
8. Click on the desired name from the list. A separate chat window with the selected
username opens up.
9. Type your message in the text area.
10 Press the Enter key. The message is delivered instantly to your chosen contact and
he/she can then reply to your message.
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(a) Typing message (b) Message sent
Fig. 9.13 Sending message to the chosen contact
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Emoticons
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When you have a face-to-face conversation with your friend or a relative, you can express
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your emotions using facial expressions. Even though the person on the other side cannot
see you, you can express and convey your emotions while writing e-mails and chatting by
a
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making use of emoticons or smileys. Some of the commonly used emoticons are listed in
In
Table 9.2.
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Table 9.2 Some popular emoticons or smileys

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Keys used Smiley Expression

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:-) or :) Happy
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:-O Surprised
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:-D Laughing
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8-} Silly
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:-( Sad
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B-) Cool
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:-? Thinking
:-& Sick
<:-P Party
=D> Applause
Acronyms
In addition to emoticons, you can make use of some acronyms or abbreviations in your
e-mails or while chatting. These acronyms are used to speed up typing. They can be
written in uppercase or in lowercase. Some of the popularly used acronyms are listed in
Table 9.3.
122

Table 9.3 Some popular acronyms
Acronym Meaning Acronym Meaning

AAMOF As a matter of fact AFAIK As far as I know
AIR As I remember AYT Are you there
BBFN Bye bye for now BOL Best of luck
CUL See (c) you later DK Don’t know
DOB Day/date of birth FYI For your information
G2G Got to go HAND Have a nice day
ICBI I can’t believe it IK I know
J/K Just kidding NM Never mind
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9.3.3 Videoconferencing
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Videoconferencing allows two or more people, who are geographically apart, to
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communicate and interact via audio and video transmission. It enables conversation
between people located at different places with a facility to see each other while they
a
converse. Videoconferencing is an extremely useful means of communication because
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it saves the time and expense of travel and can often accomplish many of the things a
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physical meeting can.
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Fig. 9.14 Videoconferencing
There are five basic components that are required to conduct videoconferencing.
These components are listed below.
Camera: to capture the images to send across the network
Monitor or Television: to display the images of the people participating in
videoconferencing
Microphone: to capture the sound at the sender’s end
Speakers: to play the captured sound at the receiver’s end
Coder/Decoder (codec): to compress and decompress video and audio data, allowing
transmission across the network.
123

In addition to these components, videoconferencing software must also be installed on
your computer. Some of the commonly used software for videoconferencing are Skype,
Cu-SeeMee and Microsoft NetMeeting.
9.3.4 Newsgroup
On the Internet, one can also share news, views, ideas and information on topics sych as
politics, science, computers, etc. This can be accomplished using a newsgroup service.
A newsgroup, also known as a Usenet, is an online discussion group among people on
the Internet who share a common interest. Many websites, such as www.easynews.com,
www.google.com, and www.usenetserver.com provide the facility of newsgroups.
People interested in a specific topic write articles and post them on the bulletin board of
the newsgroup server so that others can read, reply and comment on them. You can read
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and post newsgroup articles using newsreader software such as Mozilla Thunderbird or
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Netscape News or using a web browser such as Mozilla Firefox.
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9.4 E-COMMERCE
a
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The Internet, due to its enormous growth, is no longer restricted to personal use.
In
Organisations all over the world are using the Internet as a medium to conduct business.
This includes providing information about the product, buying and selling of a product
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as well as providing services such as after-sale service for the product. This is referred to
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as E-commerce, Electronic commerce, or EC. Products such as CDs, jewellery, books,

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clothes, etc., can be bought using e-commerce. Similarly, services such as booking a
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holiday package, consulting a doctor, booking the air or railway tickets, checking your
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bank details, etc., can be availed using e-commerce.

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Some popular websites offering e-commerce facilities are www.flipkart.com,

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www.shoponthenet.co.uk, www.amazon.com, and www.onlineshopping.com. Anybody

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who wants to conduct online business with the company or the individual can select and
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order the desired product(s) or avail the desired service. Once the order is placed, the next
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step is to make the payment. Payments are made online generally through credit cards.
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E-commerce is classified into different categories according to the purpose it serves for the
seller and the buyer. The various categories of e-commerce are listed here.
Business-to-Customer (B2C): In this type of e-commerce, the products or services
are sold from a firm to a consumer.
Business-to-Business (B2B): In this type of e-commerce, both the buyer and seller
are two companies.
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): In this type of e-commerce, consumers sell goods
and services to other consumers.
Business-to-Government (B2G): In this type of e-commerce, the business community
interacts electronically with government agencies or public sector organisations.
Submissions of VAT returns, income tax, etc., all come under this category.
124

Points to
Remember
A search engine is a software that enables you to search information on the
Internet. It mainly uses two tools: a spider or a crawler and an indexer.
The Internet provides you with a special search feature that helps you find and
locate people online.
E-mail or electronic mail is the process of exchanging messages electronically
using computers.
The Internet enables you to have a real-time conversation with people over the
Internet. This is known as chatting.
You can express and convey your emotions while writing e-mails and chatting by
td
making use of emoticons or smileys. You can also make use of some acronyms
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or abbreviations to speed up typing.
t
Pv
Videoconferencing enables conversation between people located at different
places with a facility to see each other while they converse.
a
di
There are five basic components that are required to conduct videoconferencing,
In
namely, camera, monitor or television, microphone, speakers, and coder/decoder
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(codec).
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A newsgroup, also known as a Usenet, is an online discussion group among

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people on the Internet who share a common interest.

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Providing information about the product, buying and selling of a product as well
as providing services such as after-sale service for the product on the Internet is
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referred to as E-commerce, Electronic commerce, or EC.

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E-commerce is classified into different categories which are Business-to-

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Customer (B2C), Business-to-Business (B2B), Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C),

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and Business-to-Government (B2G).

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©
Exercises
a. Which of the following is not an advantage of e-mail facility?
(i) High speed (ii) Reliability
(iii)
High cost (iv) Content
125

b. Which of the following is a videoconferencing software?
(i) Skype (ii) Cu-SeeMee
(iii) Microsoft NetMeeting (iv) All of these
c. In which type of e-commerce, products or services are sold from a firm
to a customer?
(i) Consumer-to-Consumer (ii) Business-to-Customer
(iii)
Business-to-Business (iv) Business-to-Government
d. Which folder contains all the junk e-mails that you do not want to read?
(i) Spam (ii) Trash
(iii)
Draft (iv) Sent
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e. Which software enables you to search for information on the Internet?
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(i) Search engine (ii) Chat program
(iii) Videoconferencing software (iv) None of these
a
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In
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a. A ………………… is a website, a part of a website or an online service in

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which many users talk to each other in real time by posting messages.
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b. An e-mail address is divided into two parts, namely, the …………………

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and the name of the ………………… .

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c. A newsgroup, also known as a …………………, is an online discussion

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group among people on the Internet who share a common interest.

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d. ………………… enables conversation between people located at different

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places with a facility to see each other while they converse.

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e. ………………… can be written in uppercase or lowercase.

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f. A ………………… searches the Internet for new terms and stores the
searched terms in a database.
g. ………………… folder stores all the incoming e-mails.

a. The Internet cannot be used for finding people.
b. E-mail is a fast, economic and reliable mode of communication.
c. An indexer searches the Internet for new terms.
126

d. In the B2B type of e-commerce, the products or services are sold
from a firm to a consumer.
e. The Trash folder contains all the e-mails that have been composed
but not saved.
f. You cannot express your emotions while writing e-mails and chatting.

a. Discuss any three means of communication which can take place over
the Internet.
b. How can you express your emotions while chatting on the Internet?
c. What is the structure of an e-mail address?
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d. How is chatting different from videoconferencing?
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e. What is a search engine?
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f. Write the steps involved in finding people on the Internet.
a
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g. Write a short note on e-commerce. In
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Activity
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Open the website www.google.com and find some information on the ‘solar eclipse’.
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a. Save the relevant information.

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b.
Compose a new
M
mail, copy the saved

©
information in the
message box, and send
it to any of your friends
whose e-mail address is
known to you.
127

For the Teacher
Demonstrate to the students how we can search for information and people on
the Internet.
Discuss with them the various means of communication on the Internet such as
e-mail, chatting, videoconferencing and newsgroup.
Explain in brief how buying and selling of products is possible on the Internet
through electronic commerce.
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In
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©
128

National Cyber Olympiad
Sample Questions
1. Which of these is a type of boot-sector virus?
(a) Devil.941 (b) Umbrella.3173
(c) Sunday (d) WM_Concept.A
2. Which of the following is not a loop statement in QBASIC?
DO…LOOP
(a) (b) FOR…NEXT
WHILE…WEND (d)
(c) LOOP…IF
td
3. Which of these is not a communication service provided by the Internet?
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(a) E-mail (b) Chatting
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(c) Newsgroup (d) E-commerce
a
4. Which of these symbols separates the two parts of an e-mail address?
di
In
(a)
$ (b) *
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(c)
@ (d) &
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5. Which of these folders contains all the e-mails that have been composed but not sent?
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(a) Inbox (b) Drafts

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(c) Trash (d) Sent

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Which of these Calc functions is used to determine the lowest number within a range?
6.
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(a)
SUM (b) AVERAGE
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ac
(c)
MAX (d) MIN
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7. Which of the following is anti-virus software?

©
(a) Zeus (b) ClamTK

(c) Beast (d) Melissa
8. Which of these is an image editor?
(a) Lotus 123 (b) GIMP
(c) Oracle (d) Quark Express
9. Which of these symbols precedes a formula in Calc?
(a) Ampersand (&) (b) Equal to sign ‘=’
(c) Number sign (#) (d) Asterisk (*)
129

10. Find the odd one out.
(a) Plotter (b) Barcode reader
(c)
OCR (d) OMR
11. Which QBASIC statement draws a square?
LINE
(a) (b) RECTANGLE
SQUARE
(c) (d) None of these
12. Which of these emoticons expresses a happy expression?
(a)
:-( (b) :-?
(c)
:-O (d) :-)
13. Which of these is an attribute of the BODY element?
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color
(a) (b) background
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font face (d)
(c) bottom margin
14. Which of these attributes of the FONT element is used to set the type of the font?
a
Size
(a)
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(b) Shape
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Face
(c) (d) Face color
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15. Which of these is the jump statement in QBASIC?

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GOTO
(a) (b) JUMPTO
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JUMP
16. The horizontal or vertical lines used to identify the value of each data
n
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point within the chart are known as

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(a) Gridlines (b) x-axis

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(c) y-axis (d) Data labels

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17. Which of these is NOT a high-level language?

©
(a) Assembly code (b) QBASIC

(c) C++ (d) PASCAL
18. What does OCR stand for?
(a) Optical Code Recognition
(b) Optical Character Recognition
(c) Optical Character Reader
(d) None of these
130

19. Which of these is not a category of e-commerce?
(a) Business-to-Customer (b) Business-to-Government
(c) Digital Middleman (d) Business-to-Business
20. Which of these captures the sound at the user’s end in videoconferencing?
(a) Camera (b) Microphone
(c) Speakers (d) Monitor
21. Which of these elements encloses all the other elements and tags in HTML?
<BODY>. . .</BODY> (b)
(a) <HTML>. . .</HTML>
<HEAD>. . .</HEAD> (d)
(c) <END>. . .</END>
22. Which of these HTML elements provides a title to a web page?
td
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<BODY>. . .</BODY> (b)
(a) <HTML>. . .</HTML>
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<HEAD>. . .</HEAD> (d)
(c) <TITLE>. . .</TITLE>
23. Which of these HTML elements is used to underline the text in a web page?
a
<UN>. . .</UN> (b)
(a) <UND>. . .</UND>
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<U>. . .</U>
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24. Which of these HTML elements is used to generate a horizontal line (rule) in a web
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page?
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<HR>. . .</HR> (b)

(a) <HR>
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<U>. . .</U> (d)

(c) <HRULE>. . .</HRULE>
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25. Which of these is a popular IM service?

m
(a) Google Hangouts (b) Hike Messenger

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(c) Skype (d) All of these

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26. LibreOffice Calc and Lotus 123 are examples of

©
(a) Electronic spreadsheets (b) Word processors

(c) Image editors (d) Presentation software
27. The cell address $A$4 in a formula implies that it is a(an)
(a) Mixed cell reference
(b) Absolute cell reference
(c) Relative cell reference
(d) None of these
131

28. Which of these formulas is used to find the average of contents in cells B1 to B5?
(a) =AVG(B1:B5) (b) =AVERAGE(B1,B5)
(c) =AVERAGE(B1:B5) (d) None of these
29. The cell address C2 in a formula implies that it is a(an)
(a) Mixed cell reference (b) Absolute cell reference
(c) Relative cell reference (d) None of these
30. Which of these displays the contents of the active cell in the worksheet?
(a) Input line (b) Title bar
(c) Name Box (d) Status bar
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ANSWERS
a
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1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b)
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6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)

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11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a)
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16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (b)
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21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (d)
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26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a)
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132

Project Work
Students are required to complete this project work which has been designed to sharpen
their skills in Calc, QBASIC, and HTML. The tools/commands required to complete this
project have already been discussed in the respective chapters and students will find the
exercises easy.
LibreOffice Calc
Create a worksheet and enter the data given in the following table.
Minimum Maximum
City
Temperature Temperature
Delhi 5 20
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Mumbai 25 21
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Chennai 33 42
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Kolkata 30 32
a. Find the minimum value from the Minimum Temperature column.
a
b.
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Find the maximum value from the Maximum Temperature column.
In
c. Find the average of minimum and maximum temperatures.
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d. Display the value of temperature in yellow if the cells in the Minimum Temperature
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column hold a value greater than 30.

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e. Display the value of temperature in green if the cells in the Maximum Temperature
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column hold a value less than 30.

n
f. Create an Area chart for the table in the same worksheet on which you are working.
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m
QBASIC
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1. Write a program which

M
prompts the user to enter

©
any number from 1 to 10.

The program should
then generate the
multiplication table
of the number up to
10 terms using the
FOR...NEXT loop.
For example, if the user
enters 8 as the input
number, the table of 8 is
displayed in this format.
133

2. Write programs to draw the following figures.
a. b.
HTML
Write the HTML code to create the following web page.
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©
134

Revision
Worksheet 1
a. Which of the following is the correct syntax used for drawing a circle in
QBASIC?
(i) CIRCLE (X, Y), R, C, SA, EA
(ii) CR (X, Y), R, C, SA, EA
(iii) CIRCLE (X, Y) SA, EA, C, R
(iv) CR (X, Y) SA, EA, C, R
td
b. Which of the following plotters is used in designing ships, buildings, etc.?
.L
(i) Drum plotter (ii) Flatbed plotter
t
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a
c. Which of the following Calc functions displays the current date and time?
(i) Current (ii)
di
Date
In
(iii)
Time (iv) Now
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d. Which of the following is offered by e-mail?

is
(i) High speed (ii) Low cost

bl
Pu

e. Which of the following HTML elements divides and arranges the text into
n
illa
distinct paragraphs in a web page?

m
(i) BREAK (ii)

PARAGRAPH
ac
DIVIDE (iv)
(iii) ARRANGE
M
©

a. In an OCR system, an .............................. is used to produce a digital image of
the text document.
b. The .............................. section in the Print dialog box allows you to print more
than one copy at a time.
c. The WHILE...WEND loop executes a set of instructions as long as a given
condition is .............................. .
d. .............................. is the technique of recognising a pre-specified mark made
by a pencil or pen on a paper.
e. When one loop contains another loop, it is known as a ....................... of loops.
135

f. There are .............................. levels of headings in HTML.
g. A .............................. virus resides inside the memory of a computer.

a. Labels are used along with the GOTO statement to specify the location
where the control has to be transferred.
b. The NOW function in Calc displays the current time only.
c. The HTML element is used to mark the beginning and the end of an
HTML document.
d. OCR refers to the technique of recognising special magnetic codes.
e. Font color is one of options provided in conditional formatting in
td
Calc.
.L
f. The LEFT$ function in QBASIC is used to find the length of a string.
t
Pv
g. ClamAV is the GUI version of ClamTK.
a
di
4. Answer the questions. In
a. Discuss any three commonly used application software.
rs
b. Write a short note on the functions in QBASIC.

he
c. Write a short note on touch screens.

is
bl
d. Explain the following graphic statements of QBASIC.

Pu
(i) PSET (ii)

COLOR
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e. Differentiate between Column chart and Bar chart.

f. Write a short note on e-commerce.
m
ac
g. Write a short note on the HEAD element of HTML.

M
h. State the difference between stealth virus and macro virus.

©
136

Worksheet 2
1. Tick () the correct option.
a. Which of the following is not a communication service provided by the Internet?
(i) E-mail (ii) Chatting
(iii)
Videoconferencing (iv) E-commerce
b. A graphical representation of data in the worksheet is called a
(i) Chart (ii) Table
(iii)
Axis (iv) Pictures
c. Which of the following refers to the technique of recognising special magnetic
codes?
td
(i) OCR (ii) OMR
.L
(iii)
Smart card (iv) MICR
t
Pv
d. Which of the following functions in QBASIC is used to find the length of the
string?
a
(i) LENGTH$ (ii)
LEN$
di
In
LEFT$ (iv)
(iii) RIGHT$
rs
he
e. Which of the following statements is not true?

is
(i) A tag consists of a left-angle bracket, a tag name, and a right-angle bracket.
bl
Pu
(ii) Each attribute has a name and a value.

(iii) An element comprises a starting tag, the content, and the ending tag.
n
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(iv) An element cannot contain one or more than one element within it.
m
ac

M
a. The .............................. chart is used to plot a single set of series.

©
b. A .............................. virus infects the executable files such as .COM and .EXE
files by attaching its copy to them.
c. ClamTK is an .............................. software.
d. An .............................. is displayed if the function is entered incorrectly or the
task is not carried in a proper way.
e. .............................. displays only those rows in the worksheet that meet the
conditions specified by the user.
f. The .............................. element in HTML provides a title to a web page.
g. In the .............................. category of e-commerce, the business community
interacts electronically with government agencies.
137

h. The .............................. tis a value that the function uses to ferform a calculation
in Calc.

a. A Trojan horse does not replicate or spread like a virus.
b. WM_Concept.A is an example of a multipartite virus.
c. Smart card refers to the technique of recognising special magnetic

codes.
d. The chart area is a region enclosed within the axes of a chart.
e. Gridlines are the values that are present in the worksheet.
td
.L
f. The CIRCLE statement is used to draw a circle or an ellipse.
t
Pv
g. Using acronyms, you can express your emotions while chatting.
a
di
h. The TODAY function display the current date and time. In
rs

he
a. Write a short note on magnetic strip.

is
bl
b. How can you move a chart in Calc?

Pu
c. Explain the following terms.

n
(i) Multipartite virus (ii) Boot-sector virus

illa
d. Explain the jump statement in QBASIC.

m
e. Write the steps to change the layout of a chart in Calc.

ac
M
f. State the difference between BEEP and SOUND statements in QBASIC.

©
g. Write the steps to view an HTML document.

h. Write a short note on Newsgroup.
138

Terminology
Absolute reference: the cell reference in a formula that does not change when it is copied
to another location in the worksheet
Anti-virus software: an application program which is designed to detect and remove
viruses, worms, and Trojan horses from the computer system
Application software: the set of programs designed to perform a specific task
Assembler: a language translator that translates a program written in the assembly language
into the machine language
Assembly language: the language that uses letters, words, and symbols called mnemonics
instead of the binary digits
Barcode reader: an input device which is used to read the Universal Product Code or the
td
barcode of a product
.L
Chart: a graphical representation of data in a worksheet
t
Pv
Computer virus: a program which is designed to perform undesired and malicious actions
a
by replicating and attaching itself to other programs
di
Compiler: a language translator that translates a program written in a high-level language
In
into the machine language
rs
Desktop publishing software: the software which allows a user to design and create printed
he
documents
is
Device drivers: the system software responsible for the proper functioning of various
bl
Pu
devices connected to the computer

Drum plotter: a type of plotter used to produce continuous output such as plotting an
n
earthquake activity or for long graphic output structures such as tall building structures
illa
E-commerce: a medium to conduct business online which includes providing information

m
about the product, buying and selling of a product as well as providing services like
ac
after-sale service for the product

M
Filtering: a feature that displays the data according to the conditions specified by the user
©
Flatbed plotter: a type of plotter used in designing ships, aircraft, buildings, etc.
Formula: the entries that perform calculations on the values stored in a cell or range of
cells
Function: a predefined formula in Calc
High-level language: the language that uses English-like statements which are much easier
to learn and use
HTML: the language used for creating web pages
Image editor: a program that is designed specifically for capturing, creating, editing and
manipulating images
139

Interpreter: a language translator that reads one statement of a program (written in a
high-level language) at a time, translates it into the machine language and executes it
immediately
Language translator: the tool that translates a high-level programming language into a
machine language
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector: a device which is used for displaying presentations
created on a computer
Machine language: the fundamental language of a computer that is written using binary
digits
Magnetic strip: a special type of strip which is used to store data—it is generally used with
a plastic card
MICR: stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition—the technique of recognising
special magnetic codes
td
.L
Newsgroup: also known as a Usenet, is an online discussion group among people on the
Internet who share a common interest
t
Pv
Operating system: the system software that acts as an interface between the computer’s
a
hardware and the user
di
OCR: stands for Optical Character Recognition—the process of providing text as input to
In
a computer by means of a document reader
rs
OMR: stands for Optical Mark Recognition—the technique of recognising a pre-specified

he
mark made by a pencil or a pen on a paper

is
Plotter: an output device that is used to generate graphical outputs such as images, charts,
bl
graphs, blueprints, maps, circuit diagrams, and other line-based diagrams

Pu
Relative reference: the cell reference in the formula that changes when it is copied to
n
another location in a worksheet

illa
Smart card: a pocket-sized card which contains a microchip—it is possible to write

m
information onto the chip as well as read from it

ac
Software: refers to the set of computer programs that are loaded into a computer for its
M
proper functioning and processing of information

©
Sorting: one of the key features of Libre Office Calc that arranges the data either in the
ascending or descending order
System software: a set of programs that are designed to control the operations of a
computer system
System utilities: the system software that performs some specific tasks related to the
maintenance of the computer hardware and data
Touch screen: a special kind of an input device which enables you to choose an icon or a
menu item displayed on a screen by simply touching it with your finger
Videoconferencing: allows two or more people who are geographically apart from each
other to communicate and interact with each other via audio and video transmission
140

Exploring Information Technology for classes 1 to 7 is a series of computer textbooks based on Ubuntu
and LibreOffice. It covers other Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) such as KolourPaint and
KTurtle. It also discusses various software applications, including Adobe Flash, QBASIC and HTML. This
new series of Exploring Information Technology has been designed with emphasis on interactive and
creative approach. It serves as an ideal classroom support for computer education. It is based on the
latest guidelines of National Curriculum Framework (NCF), NCERT and all major state boards.
EXPLORING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7

Each of these uniquely fashioned books incorporates the features of a textbook, a workbook as well as
a manual to ensure maximum benefit to the student.
d
KEY FEATURES
Lt
Text is presented in a clear and simple language, with enhanced visual appeal.
t.
All the ideas and concepts are explained with clear-cut and practical examples.
Pv
Each and every topic is thoroughly researched and certified by consultant teachers from schools.
a
The illustrations given in the chapters lend enormous support as learning aids.
di
For the Teacher boxes provide teaching ideas and tips for the teachers.
In
Did You Know and Note boxes impart more information and interesting facts about the topic being
rs
discussed.
he
An exhaustive set of questions and activities are given at the end of each chapter to reinforce
is

bl
Revision exercises and Project work at the end of the book help to sharpen the concepts learnt in
Pu
the chapters.
Sample questions based on National Cyber Olympiad at the end of the book help students prepare
n
for the Olympiads.

illa
ITL Education Solutions Limited (ITL ESL) is a part of the ITL group which has operations all over
m
the world with a significant presence in education and IT-enabled services. It specialises in handling
ac
educational projects in IT domains with a dedicated R&D wing of industry experts that helps in designing
M
and developing content.

We will be happy to respond to you on any query relating to the series.
©
Write to us at cs-support@macmillan.co.in
Macmillan Education listens to educators, and works to meet their

teaching-learning needs through relevant products and services.
For any requirements or feedback, write to
macmillanmarketing@macmillaneducation.com
` 405
ISBN 938951821- 0
Macmillan Publishers India Pvt. Ltd. 9 789389 518214

Weight:
www.macmillaneducation.in Customer Support Number: +91-8130588966

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Exploring Information Technology for classes 1 to 7 is a series of computer textbooks based on Ubuntu

EXPLORING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 7

Macmillan Education listens to educators, and works to meet their

Macmillan Publishers India Pvt. Ltd. 9 789389 518214

Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 1 02/12/19 3:09 PM

First published 2020

MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

Designed and developed by the Research & Development Wing,

21, Patullos Road, Chennai 600002, India

Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 2 4/5/2021 10:35:46 AM

Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 3 02/12/19 3:09 PM

2 Formulas and Functions in LibreOffice Calc 14

3 Sorting and Filtering in LibreOffice Calc30

4 Creating Charts in LibreOffice Calc 40

8 Computer Viruses 101

9 Internet Services 112

National Cyber Olympiad (Sample Questions) 129

Project Work 133

Prelims Exploring IT- Class 7.indd 4 02/12/19 3:09 PM

A computer consists of a number of inter-related

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 1 12/1/2020 11:23:51 AM

1.1.1 Barcode Reader

Barcode readers are widely used in supermarkets,

can be either fixed-position or hand-held. With fixed-

1.1.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Optical Character Recognition is the process of providing text as input to a computer by

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 2 12/1/2020 11:23:51 AM

1.1.3 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

is used to print the codes.

MICR is widely used in banks. The magnetic codes

are generally found at the bottom of a bank’s cheque.

(name, branch, etc.), account number, and the cheque

number which are printed before the cheques are given

to the customers for use. The cheque is then passed

through the MICR reader which reads all the magnetic

codes on it and sends the information to the computer.

The banking industry prefers MICR because it gives

1.1.5 Magnetic Strip

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 3 12/1/2020 11:23:52 AM

Fig. 1.5 Magnetic strip

1.1.6 Smart Card

A touch screen is a special kind of input device which enables

you to choose an icon or a menu item displayed on a screen

by simply touching it with your finger. Touch screens use

either optical grids or a pressure-sensitive film. They register

accessed with minimum efforts. However, it is not suitable for

1.2 OUTPUT DEVICES

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 4 12/1/2020 11:23:52 AM

(a) Drum plotter (b) Flatbed plotter

Fig. 1.8 Types of plotters

1.2.2 LCD Projector

Fig. 1.9 LCD projector

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 5 12/1/2020 11:23:53 AM

System software Application software

Operating Language Word Electronic Image

Operating System (OS)

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 6 12/1/2020 11:23:53 AM

substitutes the required machine code for each instruction.

Compiler Interpreter Assembler

Fig. 1.11 Types of language translators

1.3.2 Application Software

Exploring IT Class 7 (Ubuntu Edition).indb 7 12/1/2020 11:23:53 AM

are examples of such software.

Did You Know

2 Formulas and Functions in LibreOffice Calc 14

3 Sorting and Filtering in LibreOffice Calc30

4 Creating Charts in LibreOffice Calc 40

8 Computer Viruses 101

9 Internet Services 112

National Cyber Olympiad (Sample Questions) 129

Project Work 133

Machine language: The machine language is the fundamental language of a

A smart card is a pocket-sized card that contains a microchip. It is possible to

A plotter is an output device that is used to generate graphical outputs such as

Function Wizard ( ): It is used to insert a predefined function in the active cell.