Wireless Weather Station Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the subject ECE 3501 loT Fundamentals by ‘Yashraj Singh 19BEE0148 Anaswara Santhosh 19BEE0149 Antra Nakhasi 19BEEO162 Snehil Patel 19BEE0164 Under the Guidance of Prof/Dr. Abhishek G ‘School of Electrical Engineering VIT University, Vellore December 2021Executive Summary There has been an average increase of global temperature of 0.18°C per decade since 1981, consequently led to a seven-inch increase in the global sea level in the past 100 years; inevitably triggering recurrent intense droughts, storms, heatwaves, and unpredictable climate and weather. Hence, there has been a rise in demand for weather stations. ‘A weather station comprising of a few sensors can be used for measuring a variety of parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity, indoors and as well as outdoors. In this, project, we will be using the DHT1I sensor for monitoring temperature and humidity, with the BMP180 sensor to calculate the pressure. Arduino Uno microcontroller board will be used along with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for internet connectivity. The device is loT enabled; the data accumulated will be sent to the ThingSpeak channel, enabling live monitoring accessed remotely. The data will be stored there and analysed. Weather Stations are an imperative part of industrial processes, warehouses, and houses; to determine interior and exterior climate and humidity within walls. These IoT- enabled devices are increasing in practice within households. In this project, we aim to create a wireless weather station that can be used in our houses.Table of Contents Declaration Certificate Acknowledgments Executive Summary Table of Contents Table of Figures 1. Introduction 1.1.Objective 1.2.Motivation rature Review 2.1 Materials Used 3. Methodology 3.1 Block Diagram 3.2.Circuit Diagram 3.3.Execution 4. Results and Discussions 5. Scope of Future Work 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Appendix -1 vi ii iv vi Vii 2 B 14 15 16Table of Figures Figure 1: Direct Measurements of CO2 from 2005 — present Figure 2: Satellite sea level observations Figure 3: Global Land Ocean Temperature Index Figure 4: Average Arctic Sea ice extent each September since 1979 Figure 5: Wireless Weather Station available in the market Figure 6: DHT Sensor Figure 7: BMP180 Sensor Figure &: ESP8266 WiFi Module Figure 9: Arduino UNO Figure 10: ThingSpeak Figure 11: Block Diagram of the Project Figure 12: Circuit Diagram Figure 13: Hardware Circuit Figure 14: Algorithm to calculate pressure from BMP180 Figure 15: After setting up, ThingSpeak channel will look like this Figure 16: Humidity Graph from ThingSpeak channel Figure 17: Teperature Graph from ThingSpeak channel Figure 18: Pressure Graph from ThingSpeak channel Figure 19: Values printed in the Serial Monitor Figure 20-Graphs obtained over the period vil 9 10 10 ulIntroduction As Internet of Things technology has developed and became more affordable, more devices based on this technology are being introduced. IoT is a network of physical objects where in electronics are incorporated, along with software, sensors and microcontrollers, which enable users to obtain accurate and timely data through various services for data exchange among the users or other connected devices. In this loT-based wireless weather monitoring system, environmental parameters can be retrieved through sensors, Weather forecasting is done for predicting the weather from the values obtained from sensors or instruments. On the basis of weather forecasting patterns, precautions can be taken on even harsh weather conditions. A wireless weather system is a system with instruments and. equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. Weather monitoring is helpful in various applications like in the field of agriculture, medical suited environments and dis er management. They also play a major role in critical scientific systems or in simulation purposes. 1.1. Objective In this project, a wireless weather station consisting of a few sensors is developed for ‘measuring a variety of parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity, indoors and as well as outdoors, The data obtained from this can be accessed anywhere and anytime. Sensor DHTI1 is used for monitoring temperature and humidity, along with the BMP180 sensor to calculate the pressure, Arduino Uno microcontroller board is used along. with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for internet connectivity. As the device is loT enabled, the data accumulated will be sent to the ThingSpeak channel, enabling live monitoring access remotely. The data will be stored there and analysed. 1.2. Motivation Monitoring weather conditions is necessary in a lot of ways. The weather parameters are required to be monitored to sustain the development in agriculture, to ensure the safe working environment in industries, transportation and in overall health of living creatures. Air pollution is a significant threat to the health of living creatures and the environmentIndustrialization and growth in traffic has greatly impacted the increase of air pollution, causing deterioration in the air quality. One of the major factors affecting the air quality changes are the changes in day-to-day ‘weather, as it is the weather conditions that determine how quickly the pollutants are dispersed away from an area, Weather also plays a role in the thickness of the atmospheric layer, where the hazardous emissions are diluted, pial Figure I: Direct Measurements of CO2 from 2005 ~ present igure 2; Satelite Sea level observations =e “OWN, igure 3: Global Land Ocean Temperature Indes Figure 4: Average Arctic Sea ice exten each S since 1979 ¢ current level of CO2 in our atmosphere is 417 parts per million, Over the past 171 ‘years, human activities have raised atmospheric concentrations of CO2 by nearly 49% above pre industrial levels starting in 1850, There has been a 118°C temperature increase in global temperature change since 1880. Nineteen of the hottest years have occurred since 2000. 427 billion metric tons of ice sheets are lost per year which has led to an increase in the sea level by 7 inches. This has inevitably triggered recurrent intense droughts, storms, heatwaves, and. unpredictable climate and weather. Hence, there has been a rise in demand for weather stations to help people take precautions against harsh weather conditions. [1]Literature Review Measuring and forecasting weather conditions is critical in order to understand the formation, transformation, transport, and removal of the pollutants, Identification of the sources, effects on mixing, transformation and transportation will help to control the air quality and implement the required preventive actions to reduce emissions. Remote monitoring of weather parameters is important in various applications and industrial processes. In older times, weather monitoring systems were generally based on ‘mechanical and electromechanical instruments, Those had many drawbacks such as poor rigidity, requirement of human intervention, associated parallax errors and durability. Whereas the combination of sensors with data acquisition systems has proved to be a far better approach. for weather monitoring. Over the last decade, technological advances and scientific breakthroughs have allowed weather forecasts and warnings to become much more specific and accurate, As computer technology and high-speed dissemination systems evolved (c.g., Internet), customers/partners were demanding detailed forecasts in gridded, digital and graphic formats. Traditional weather text forecast products limit the amount of additional information that can be conveyed to the user community. The concept of digital database forecasting provides the capability to meet customer/partner demands for more accurate, detailed forecasts, Figure 5: Wireless Weat 1 Station available in the market The following are some of the researches referenced: 1. Wireless Arduino Based Weather Station: Using Arduino microcontroller, Adafiuit C3000 Wi-Fi Shield, DHTI1 sensor, raindrop sensor module and BMP180 sensor a2.1. weather station was created. The data was then sent to the cloud and using ThingSpeak, it was visualised and analysed, [2] . lo based weather station: The author uses a different sensor to scale the various parameter like humidity, temperature, pressure, rain value & the LDR sensor is used, The system also calculates the dew point value from the temperature prototype. The author in this used an additional functionality of the weather monitoring as SMS alert system and an email and tweet post alerting system, The author in this system uses node MCU 8266, and various sensors. [3] Remote Monitoring System of Temperature and Humidity Based on GSM: This survey discuss, the use of many sensors that are able to continuously read some factors that indicate the weather conditions such as temperature, humidity and light intensity in an industrial environment. [4] Materials Used DHTII Temperature and Humidity Sensor: The DHTL1 isa low-cost digital sensor that ‘measures temperature and humidity, It can easily be interfaced with any microcontroller, such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and so on, to measure humidity and temperature in real time. The temperature sensing element is a thermistor and a capacitive humidity sensing clement and a for temperature sensing. Temperature measuring range is 0° to 50°C + 2°C while the humidity range is 20% to 80% + 5%. With a variety of applications, including the measurement of humidity and temperature in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, itis used in this project to forecast weather conditions, igure 6: DHTH1 Sensor2. BMPI180 Barometric Sensor: Bosch's BMP 180 is a Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor. It is a piezo resistive MEMS device with ultra-low power consumption. It is capable of ‘measuring atmospheric pressures ranging from 300 hPa to 1100 hPa. The actual BMPI80 Sensor is a small device measuring 3.6mm x 3.8mm. It comes ina 7-pin LGA package and communicates with a microcontroller via I2C or SPI. The I2C interface is used to communicate with the BMP180 barometric sensor. This means that it only uses two pins to communicate with the Arduino. Figure 7: BMP180 Sensor 3. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module: Espressif Systems’ Esp8266 Wi - fi module is a low-cost, easy-to-use, compact-sized, and low-power Wi-Fi module that supports both TCP/IP and Serial Protocol. The processor operates at 80MH7. It has an inbuilt regulator that helps provide 3.3V power to the board on a continuous basis. It supports APSD, making it an excellent solution for VoIP and Bluetooth applications. The module can work both as an Access point (can create hotspot) and as a station (can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the internet making the Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from the internet using APIs. igure 8: ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module4, Arduino UNO: The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board designed by Arduino.ce that is based on the ATmega328P microprocessor. The board has a number of digital and analog /O pins that may be used to connect to expansion boards and other devices. There are 14 digital pins and 6 analogue pins on the board, It may be programmed using the Arduino IDE and a USB type B connector. It takes voltages between 7 and 20V and may be powered by a USB connection or an external 9V battery. It has an Atmegal 6U2 that has been coded as a USB-to-serial converter. The Arduino UNO is the most user-friendly and widely used board in the Arduino board family. Figure 9 Antudno UNO 5. ThingSpeak: ThingSpeak is a Ruby-based open-source programme that allows users to speak with intemet-connected gadgets. By giving an API to both devices and social network websites, it makes data access, retrieval, and logging easier. ThingSpeak includes support for MathWorks! MATLAB numerical computing programme, allowing ThingSpeak users to analyse and display submitted data using MATLAB without having to acquire a MATLAB licence, We can feed data from the devices to ThingSpeak, produce real-time visualisations of live data, and deliver alarms, MATLAB z, oJ Sensor anaes FigsMethodology I. Block Diagram Temperature and Pressure Humidity Microcontroller (Arduino Uno) ESP8266 Modul ThingSpeak Server Figure 1 lock Diagram ofthe Project Humidity, Temperature and Pressure are three basic parameters to build any Weather Station and to measure environmental conditions. To measure the temperature and humidity, we will be using DHT11 sensor, while the BMP180 sensor to calculate the pressure.‘The signal generated from sensors is transmitted to a Microcontroller. It collects the {data from the sensors (DHTII and BMP180) and process the raw data to useful data. Arduino ‘UNO is used for this. To send the collected data to ThingSpeak server, ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is used for intemet connectivity. Sending these data to ThingSpeak server allows real-time ‘monitoring from anywhere in the world, as well as viewing the logged data on their website and graphing it over time for analysis. IL. Circuit Diagram Figure 12: Cire Diagram ‘The DHTII sensor is powered by the SV pin of the Arduino and its data pin is ‘connected to pin 5 for one-wire communication. The BMP180 sensor is powered by the 3.3V pin of Arduino and its data pins SCL (Serial Clock) and SDA (Serial Data) are connected to the A4 and AS pin of Arduino for I2C communication, ‘The ESP8266 module is also powered by the 3.3V pin of the Arduino and its Tx and Rx pins are connected to Digital pins 2 and 3 of Arduino for serial communication,Il. Execution Step — 0: Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Figure 13; Hardware Circuit Step — 1: Include the required Libraries. Include the necessary libraries like Wi-Fi to help connect to the internet, the DHT library to read the values from the DHTII sensor, Software Serial Library to allow ‘communication on other digital pins of the Arduino and the SFE_BMP180 library to help communicate with sensor. The DHT11 sends the 40-bit data that the DHT library helps the microcontroller read. the data is in the following format: S-bit integral relative humidity data + 8-bit decimal relative humidity data + 8-bit integral temperature data + 8-bit decimal temperature data + 8-bit check sum As for the SFE_BMP180, the maths behind calculating the data from the pressure sensor is quite complicated and this library simplifies the process.s(ur- acon Acs! aeme=2"1¢- M0) er extee re(oes00) evose ose) Lrsvescoyat ing 20612 iedlengh “(000 2) featean ist oxtooteo0) ip ser" 2}7e43 fesiowaoe) wen te essone] te reg-Pra seetps(er/00)"2t secroatoes weed Crgore(me,oriaseorspue] fieler ese) Bueecoon owen [pepmbccs usecase ricer) | [acai aseranepya one kavoronat 10 eid egOs'6 MBL OFT ASE) DISPLAY PRESSURE VALUES Figure 14 Algorithm to calculate pressure from BMPI8O Step — 2: Make the device oT enabled Create a ThingSpeak channel. In the channel settings, define and enable the different fields of data incoming from the circuit. There are three fields required: Humidity, Temperature and Pressure. In the code, define the ThingSpeak server and the API key obtained from the ThingSpeak channel, Define the Wi-Fi Router’s SSID and password and using the different ‘commands of ESP8266 connect to the internet. Figure 15: After seting up, ThingSpeak channel will look lke thisStep — 3: Read the value from the sensors u Every 60 seconds read the temperature, humidity and pressure values transmitted by the sensors. Send this data to the ThingSpeak server for the different fields already set. (See “Appendix — 1 for the code) Step — 4: Get the output Print the values on the serial monitor and observe the graphs plotted on the ThingSpeak channel Restart the Wi-Fi Module and repeat the above steps. Figure 16: Humidity Graph from ThingSpeak channel i, I Figure 17: Temperature Graph from ThingSpeak chanel eather station Figure 18: Pressure Graph from ThingSpeak channel —i— igure 19: Values printed in he Serial Monitor12 Iv. Results and Discussions ‘The hardware circuit of a wireless weather station was created. This device was loT enabled as it sends the data received from the sensors to the ThingSpeak channel. In the channel the graphs for humidity, temperature and pressure were plotted. Initially, the device was only operated for a few minutes to check the functionality of it. It was then switched ON for a few minutes a day from 24" November 2021 to 2™! December 2021. ‘The data obtained from each day was noted down and compared to the weather data available of the area, The area is Indirapuram, Ghaziabad, aie igure 20:Graphs obtained over the period ‘The following table shows the values taken from the weather forecast and those from the sensors. As the weather forecast informs the values of a place, in certain areas within the place the values are bound to be bit different. The data obtained from the sensors shows the weather inside a house, Hence, they are bound to more accurate to actual environment indoors. The weather station can help us monitor the environment indoors and take decisions accordingly. It may also be noted, that the values differ a bit from the weather forecast but are approximately near to them.WEATHER FORECAST SOR VALUE: Pressure Temperature | Humidity | Pressure | ‘Temperature Humidity Nowe] vue | 28C | atm | ANE | 0c ate ovemver| mbar | 266 | 82% | iy | 227 | 72% Noone) WS | awe cox | 3 | aoe | 6am ovemver| mbar 27 | 50% |e | IRC December | mi | 2°C | 6% | ine | tere | 70% peccmer{ nner | 17 | 9% | ME | mre | 78%4 V. Scope of Future Work In this project, the DHT11 and BMP180 sensors were used to measure the temperature, pressure and humidity of an area, Other parameters can also be added to increase the scope of the understanding of the weather of an environment. These include air pollution using the MQ gas sensor, the Light Intensity using an LDR, rain sensor to measure rain droplet in the atmosphere ete. Apart from the user experience of the software can be improved by deploying an app ‘that has the data, Different analysis can also be incorporated from the data like the high and low temperatures, average pressure and humidity ete, [5] An SMS alert system and email notification systems for drastic change in the environment and alerts can also be included. [6] An LCD display can be interfaced to give the data, Zigbce and other low-cost communication networks can be incorporated. These techniques function as communication channel in the hardware with sensor. They also are low power and fulfil the unique needs of an [oT network. [7] In this project, the basic foundation was laid on, Adding the above features will improve the device and enhance its range of capabilities.15 VI. Conclusion Weather has become increasing unpredictable; blizzards, heavy rainfall, flooding and heatwaves have become the new normal, Whether to protect oneself and property from damage orto make decisions, knowing the environment of an area is essential. This project concentrates on the increasing importance of gathering and dissemination of information regarding the ‘weather especially in indoors environments. In this project, the values of temperature, pressure and humidity were measured in an indoor environment in Ghaziabad. This data then was sent to the ThingSpeak channel and graphs of the variation in the different fields were plotted over a duration of a week. These values were then compared to local weather forecast. It was observed that while the values were not exactly the same, they were in the general vicinity of each other. Hence, indoor environment differs from the outdoor environment and there is a need to constantly monitor so as to not cause harm to property.16 VIL. References [I] C. Schramek and S. Harmeling, “Climate Change,” CARE Intemational, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001 [2] A. Katyal, R. Yadav and M. Pandey, “Wireless Arduino Based Weather Station,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. V, n0. 4, pp. 274-276, 2016. [3] R. K. Kodali and S. Mandal, “Io based weather station,” in International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), Kumaracoil, India, 2016. [4] J. Ding, J. Zhao and B. Ma, “Remote Monitoring System of Temperature and Humidity Based on GSM,” in 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Tianjin, China, 2009. [5] A. Munandar, H. Fakhrurroja, M. I. Rizqyawan, R. P. Pratama, J. W. Wibowo and I. A. Fakhry Anto, “Design of real-time weather monitoring system based on mobile application using automatic weather station,” in International Conference on Automation, Cognitive Science, Opties, Micro Electro-Mechanical System, and Information Technology (ICACOMIT), Jakarta, Indonesia, 2017, [6] M. Popa and C. Japa, “Embedded weather station with remote wireless control,” in Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR) Proceedings of Papers, Belgrade, Serbia, 2011 [7]Z. K. Hussein, H. . J. Hadi, M. R. Abdul-Mutaleb and Y. S. Mezaal, “Low cost smart weather station using Arduino and ZigBee,” TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 282-288, 2020,7 Appendix — 1 #finelude ifinclude #Hinclude include include include SFE_BMPI80 pressure; i#define DHTPIN $ ##define DHTTYPE DHTI1 DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE); ‘define TEMPTYPE 0 ‘define ALTITUDE 216 // Altitude from Bussero (MI) Italy ‘define server = "api.thingspeak.com"; String apiKey JUUC8HZPTIP2IAWG"; char buffer{ 10]; char t_buffer(10}; char h_buffer{10];, char P_buffer[10]; SofiwareSerial ser(2, 3); // RX, TX void setup() { Wire.beging; pressure.begin(); iJ enable debug serial Serial-begin(9600); ser.begin(9600); ser printhn("AT+RST"18 } void loop) { Trsmission(); // ESPR266 delay(60000); // 60 seconds } void Trsmission() { int8_th = dht.readHumidity(); int16_tt = dht.readTemperature(TEMPTYPE); char status; double T,P,p0,a; status = pressure.startTemperature(); if (status = 0) { delay(status); status ~ pressure. getTemperature(T); if (status !=0) { status = pressure.startPressure(3); if (status = 0) { 1! Wait for the measurement to complete: delay( status); status = pressure getPressure(P,); if (status = 0) {19 pO ~ pressure.sealevel(P,ALTITUDE); // we're at 1655 meters (Boulder, CO) a= pressure.altitude(P,p0); } else Serial printin("error retrieving pressure measurementin"); 3 else Serial.printIn("error starting pressure measurementin"); J else Serial printin("error retrieving temperature measurementin" 3 float temp = float humidity = h; float Pression ~ pO; String strTemp = dtostrfitemp, 4, 1, t_buffer); String strHumid = dtostrfthumidity, 4, 1, h_buffer); String strPres = dtostrf(Pression, 4, 2, P_buffer); Serial.print("Temperature: "); Serial.printin(strTemp); Serial print("Humidity: "); Serial.printin(strHumid); Serial.print("Pressure: "); Serial printin(stePres); String emd = "AT=CIPSTARTA\"TCP\"\\""; emd += "184.106.153.149"; //api.thingspeak.com. emd += "\",80"; ser.printhn(emd); iffser.find("Error")){ Serial printin("AT+CIPSTART error"); return;I iffser.find("Error")){ Serial printin("AT+CIPSTART error"); return; $ i prepare GET string, String getStr="GETT /update?api_key="; getStr += apiKey; gelStr +=" field! getStr += String(strTemp); getStr +=" &field2="; getStr += String(strHumid); getStr +=" &field getStr += String(stPres); getStr+="rinirin", 1) send data length emd = "AT+CIPSEN! emd += String(getStr.length(); ser.println(emd); ‘ser print(getStr); iffser.find(">")){ ser.print(getStr); } else{ ser.println("AT+CIPCLOSE"); alert user Serial_printin("AT+CIPCLOS! ser.printin("AT+RST"); } 20char buffer[10] } 21