Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Schools Division of Passi City
PASSI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Program
Tel. No. 311-5997

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
SELF-LEARNING MODULE
QUARTER 1 – WEEK 3

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

1. Write and balance chemical equations (STEM_GC11CRlf-g-37).

2. Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to calculate
the amount of reactant needed or amount of product formed in
terms of moles or mass (STEM_GC11MRIg-h-38).
3. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction
(STEM_GC11MRIg-h-39).
Pre-assessment: Directions. Answer the following questions about
the chemical equation shown below:

1. What are the reactants?

2. What is the product?
3. What do we call the number "2" in front of the H2 (and H2O)?
4. Is the reaction balanced?
5. Why is there no coefficient for O2?
6. How many hydrogen atoms are needed to produce two H2O
molecules?
7. How many oxygen atoms are needed to produce two H2O
molecules?
8. How many hydrogen molecules are needed to produce two H2O
molecules?
9. How many oxygen molecules are needed to produce two H2O
molecules?
10. Write the "word equation" that you would use to describe this
reaction. (Use words in a sentence, not formulas or an arrow.
Ignore the coefficients.)

Lesson 1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Atoms are conserved in chemical reactions. Hence, there will

always be the same number of atoms of each element on both sides of
any chemical equation. In a chemical equation, the original acting
species called the reactants are shown to the left of the arrow while the
substances formed as a result of the reaction are to the right of the
arrow and are called products. Consider the following chemical reaction
as represented by the formula equation:

Using word equation, one can state that magnesium burns in air
(combines with oxygen) to form magnesium oxide. Following the law
of conservation of matter and energy, one has to determine whether
or not the above equation is balanced. A balanced equation is one in

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which the number of atoms of each element in the reactant is equal to
the number of atoms of that element in the product.

Looking at the subscripts and coefficients involve in the reaction is

equal to the number of atoms of that element in the product.

The equation is unbalance because there are two (2) atoms of

oxygen to the left of the arrow but only one (1) atom of oxygen is present
at the right of the arrow.

There are three basic steps in balancing chemical equations:

1. Write the unbalanced equation.

2. Balanced the equation by introducing coefficients in any of the

species or substances. Coefficients are whole written in front of
the symbols or formulas. They should be the smallest whole
numbers possible. Note that the subscripts of a compound are
fixed, hence, should not be altered to balance the equation.

3. Indicate the state of matter of the reactants or products.

a. Use (g) for gaseous substances, (s) for solid, (l) for liquids and
(aq) for species in solution in water.
b. Write the state of matter immediately following the formula of
the substance it describes.

Magnesium oxide, also known as magnesium alba – the white

mineral from magnesia, is easily made by burning magnesium ribbon
which oxidizes in a bright white light, resulting in a powder. Inhalation
of magnesium oxide fumes can cause metal fume fever.

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EXERCISES! Try this on your notebook. Balance the following chemical equations:

Performance Task 1
A. Complete the following equations.
1. ___H2 + I2 → ____ HI
2. ___H2 + CI2 → ____ HCI
3. ___H2 + O2 → ____ H2O
4. ___Mg + HCl → ____ MgCI2 +_____H2
5. ___Zn + H2SO4 → ____ ZnSO4 + ____H2

B. Zinc sulfate has the formula ZnSO4.

a. How many zinc atoms are represented in this formula?
b. How many sulfur atoms are represented in this formula?
c. How many oxygen atoms are represented in this formula?

C. The formula for sodium sulfate is Na2SO4.

a) How many atoms of sodium are represented by this formula?
b) How many atoms of sulfur are represented by this formula?
c) How many atoms of oxygen are represented by this formula?
d) How many atoms overall are represented by this formula?

D. The reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid can

be represented using a symbol equation. Balance the equation
below to show this reaction.

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 Lesson 2: Mole or Mass Ratios of Reactants
and Products
Relating the mass of any substance A to the mass of another
substance B in a reaction may be done in three steps as shown in the
diagram below.

1. Convert the masses of the given substance A to the number of

moles using its molar mass.
2. Calculate the mole of the sought substance B from the mole of the
given substance A using the mole ratio derived from the coefficients of
the involved substances in a balanced equation. For example, in the
reaction

3. Convert the mole of sought substance B to mass using its molar

mass.

Sample Problem No 1:
The combustion of the mineral pyrite (FeS2) produces another
mineral hematite (F2O3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2).

a. How many grams of O2 (MM=32.0g/mol) will completely react with

75.0 grams of FeS2 (MM= 119.85 g/mol)?

b. How many grams each of Fe2O3 (MM=159.7 g/mol) and SO2

(MM=64.0 g/mol) will be produced from the reaction of 75.0 grams
of FeS2 with 55.1 grams of O2?

Solution:
Try to balance the equation to arrive at the same equation below.

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a. Mass O2 to react with FeS2

b. Mass of Fe2O3 produced

Mass of SO2 produced

Since the law of conservation of mass applies to any reaction, the

sum of the amounts of the reactants and that of the products should be
equal.

Reactants are the substances you start with and undergo chemical
reaction. On the other hand, products are the substances you end up
with and produced in a chemical reaction.

Sample Problem No 2:
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the
production of agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced
by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gases:

(The balanced equation says that 3 moles H2 are stoichiometrically

equivalent to 1 mole N2 and to 2 moles NH3. The ratio of moles H2 to
moles NH3 is 3:2; the ratio of moles N2 to moles NH3 is 1:2.)

a. How many moles of NH3 will be produced if 10.4 moles H2 react

completely with N2?

b. How many moles of N2 are needed to produce 42.4 moles NH3?

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c. How many grams of NH3 will be produced from 25.7 moles N2?

d. How many grams of NH3 will be produced if 122 g N2 reacts

completely with H2?

SUMMARY

A balanced chemical equation allows for the calculation of the

amount of product from a given amount of reactant and vice versa.
Relating the mass of any substance A to the mass of another substance
B in a reaction may be done in three steps:
1. Convert the masses of the given substance A to the number of
moles using its molar mass.
2. Calculate the mole of the sought substance B from the mole of
the given substance A using the mole ratio derived from the coefficients
of the involved substances in a balanced equation.
3. Convert the mole of sought substance B to mass using its molar
mass.

Performance Task 2
Solve the following problems. Show the process and box your
final answer. Round off your final answer in two decimal places.

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 Lesson 3: Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield
of the Reaction

Theoretical Yield

The theoretical yield, the maximum amount of product that can be

produced, is predicted from the amounts of reactants used and the
mole ratio of products to reactants shown by the balanced equation.

The actual yield, which is the amount of product isolated, is usually

less than the theoretical yield.

Percent Yield

The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical
yield, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated using the following
equation:

The sample problem below illustrates the steps in determining the

theoretical and the percent yield of the reaction.
➢ Potassium chlorate decompose upon slight heating in the
presence of a catalyst according to the reaction below.

In a certain experiment, 40.0g KClO3 is heated until it completely

decomposes. The experiment is performed and the oxygen gas is
collected and its mass is found to be 14.9g.
a. What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas?
b. What is the percent yield for the reaction?

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Solution:
a. Calculation of theoretical yield
First, we will calculate the theoretical yield based on the stoichiometry.

Step 1: Identify the "given" information and what the problem is asking
you to "find".
Given: Mass of KClO3 = 40.0g
Mass of O2 collected = 14.9g

Find: Theoretical yield, g O2

Step 2: List other known quantities and plan the problem.

1 mol KClO3 = 122.55 g/mol
1 mol O2 - 32.00 g/mol

Step 3: Apply stoichiometry to convert from the mass of a reactant to

the mass of a product:

Step 4: Solve.

⁖ The theoretical yield of O2 is 15.67 g.

b. Calculation of percent yield

Now we will use the actual yield and the theoretical yield to
calculate the percent yield.

Step 1: Identify the "given" information and what the problem is asking
you to "find".
Given: Theoretical yield =15.67 g
Actual yield = 14.9 g
Find: Percent yield, % Yield

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Step 2: List other known quantities and plan the problem.
No other quantities needed

Step 3: Use the percent yield equation below

Step 4: Solve

Since the actual yield is slightly less than the theoretical yield, the
percent yield is just under 100 %.

SUMMARY

Theoretical yield is calculated based on the stoichiometry of the

chemical equation. In most reaction, whether carried out in the
laboratory or even in nature, the yield, which is called the actual yield,
is always less than the theoretical yield. The percent yield is determined
by calculating the ratio of actual yield/theoretical yield.

Performance Task 3
Solve the following problems. Show the process and box your
final answer. Round off your final answer in two decimal places.

1. A reaction with a calculated yield of 9.23 g produced 7.89 g of

product. What is the percent yield for this reaction?
2. 5.96 g of ammonia (17. 031 g/mole) reacts completely according to
the following reaction:

3. 9.87 g of ammonia (17. 031 g/mol) reacts completely according to

the following reaction:

If 13.74 g of urea CN2OH4 (60.056 g/mol) are produced, what is

the percent yield for this reaction?

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4. 85.4 g of chlorine (70.91 g/mol) reacts completely according to the
following reaction:

If 104 g of phosphorus trichloride (137.3 g/mol) are produced,

what is the percent yield for this reaction?

5. What is the theoretical yield of sodium oxide if you start with 20 g of

calcium oxide?

REFLECTION:

You have to fill in the L component of the KWL chart to eneralize

the things they have learned about the topic.

KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to know Learned
1. I have learned
2. that…..
3.

NOTE: Just answer 1 out of 3 Performance Tasks and the

Assessment as required outputs to be submitted.
ASSESSMENT will be done online. A 15-item test created in
Google Form and the link will be sent on the STEM group
chat for you to click and open to answer the multiple-choice
type of questions.

Those who are in quarantine or under community lockdown,

you may opt to pass the pictures of your outputs and send
through your class group chat on messenger.
Please follow the assigned schedule for the submission of
answer sheets/outputs per week.
Queries/clarifications about the lesson will entertained
through text messaging or in FB messenger on weekdays
(Mon-Fri), 8:00-11:00 & 1:00-5:00)
Thank you!!!
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References

1. Science Links CHEMISTRY (III) Rex Bookstore.

2.
https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/jzoval/worksheets_tutorials/ch6_worksheets
/ balancing_equations_worksheet_and_key_7_23_09.pdf
3. Bayquen, Aristea V., Peǹa, Gardee T., & Ramos, John Donnie A. (2016).
Exploring Life Through Science. General Chemistry 1. Quezon City, Philippines:
Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
4. Percent Yield Calculations. Retrieved August 3, 2020 from
https://www.elcamino.edu/faculty/pdoucette/21A-percent-yield-practice-
problems-key.pdf
5. Theoretical and Percent Yield. Retrieved August 3, 2020 from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Intro
ductor
y_Chemistry_(CK12)/12%3A_Stoichiometry/12.9%3A_Theoretical_Yield_and_P
ercent
_Yield

Prepared by:

JAYSSE JAMES P. PADILLA

SHS,Teacher II

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