CLOZE TESTS

1. The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters.
These hunters had tracked (1) _______________ one after another of the
microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries:
tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But (2) _______________remained some terrible
diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets,
beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were (3) _______________ by
the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented
or cured by consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the (4)
_______________of the 1920's and 1930's, nutrition became a science and the
vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters.
In the 1940's and 1950's, biochemists strived to learn (5) _______________each
of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in
metabolism depend on one or (6) _______________of the vitamins as coenzymes
to perform the chemistry that provides cells with energy for growth and function.
Now. these enzyme hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of
hunters who are tracking genes - the blueprints for each of the enzymes - and are
discovering the defective genes that cause (7) _______________diseases -
diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use
recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and (8)
_______________them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the
massive production of hormones and (9) _______________for medicine and for
better crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion dollar (10)
_______________.
2. Situated in the central mountains of Alaska, a peak named Denali rises 20,320 feet
above sea level. It is the (1) _______________peak in North America and the
center of Denali National Park. One of America's greatest wilderness areas, the
park has had (2) _______________access to visitors, but 5 in spite of this tourism
rose from under 6,000 visitors in 1950 to over 546,000 visitors in 1990. The
increasing (3) _______________of this park is prompting serious discussions

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 about the future use of Denali as well as how to preserve wilderness areas in (4)
_______________.
One important issue of land use arises when parts of National Parks are owned by
individuals. In Denali, (5) _______________most of the land in this vast tract of
more than a million acres is owned by the National Park Service, several thousand
acres are still (6) _______________owned as mining tracts. These mining tracts in
Denali were once abundant sources of gold, but they were sources of (7)
_______________metals such as arsenic and lead that polluted rivers and
streams.
Environmentalists were successful in getting the government to require mining
companies to submit statements showing the potential impact 20 of a mining
project before they are (8) _______________to begin mining. Because of this
requirement, many individuals closed their mines and some sold their land to the
National Park Service. Some land owners, (9) _______________, are wondering if it
is better to sell their land to the government or keep it for possible future use.
Tourism in this previously remote 25 area is bound to rise, as more roads are built
to provide easier access to the park. This increase in the number of visitors creates
a demand for hotels and other real estate development. The economic implications
of this are of (10) _______________to the land owners, but are dismaying to those
interested in preserving the wilderness.
3. It’s the curse of online clothes shopping. You come across a shirt you simply must
have, (1) _______________to find that what you receive doesn’t fit (2)
_______________being in your size. How can you order clothes (3)
_______________confidence when you can’t try them on?
A new wave of start-ups are finding clever ways to address the problem. Virtual (4)
_______________rooms are one solution. The London-based firm Fits.me, founded
in 2010, creates them for brands such as Hugo Boss and Superdry. The company
(5) _______________up with researchers at several universities to build robot
mannequins that can adjust their proportions to match just about any set of human
measurements.
To set up the fitting room, developers run through most of the size-shape
combinations the dummies can assume, and take several thousand photos of them

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 (6) _______________in every available size of each shirt or dress, from extra small
to XXXL. Software then looks at measurements (7) _______________in by
shoppers, such as height, arm length and collar size, and displays the mannequin
photo set that (8) _______________matches their body trying on clothes in sizes
the user is interested in. Potential problems – where a shirt is too tight, for
example – are flagged up. In a trial involving the British clothing brand Henri Lloyd,
the return (9) _______________for garments was 4.5 per cent for a group of
customers who used the software, compared with 15.3 per cent for a group that
did not.
“There’s no (10) _______________that virtual fitting tools will become a standard
part of online shopping,” says Fits.me CEO Heikki Haldre.
4. ELEANOR was nearly 50 when she collapsed and died. While African elephants
can live up to 70 years, female life (1) _______________is just 22 in her group
in Samburu, Kenya, and Eleanor was the oldest member of her family –;
the matriarch. This made her passing particularly significant. For almost a week
after her death her carcass was visited not just by members of her immediate
family, but by a succession of animals from four unrelated families. Elephants are
mysteriously curious about death, a response perhaps (2) _______________when a
leader dies.
It has (3) _______________been clear that elephant groups rely on their
elder stateswomen, but just how important these females are is only
gradually becoming apparent. Matriarchs are at the hub of a complex,
multilayered social network, and we are now getting insights into the nature of
the ties that (4) _______________ these close-knit groups and the key (5)
_______________ that wise old leaders play in enhancing the survival of their
members. Matriarchs carry with them a treasure trove of crucial information.
They have a unique influence over group decision-making. And, like our own
leaders, the most successful may even possess certain personality traits.
Much of what we know about elephant social life comes from research done.
at Amboseli National Park in Kenya, (6) _______________the population lives in (7)
_______________ close to a natural, undisturbed state. But this is unusual. Across
Africa elephant numbers are dwindling as (8) _______________for ivory has surged

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 in recent years. On the black market, a pair of tusks can (9) _______________ the
equivalent of 15 years of an unskilled worker's salary, so the incentive for poachers
is (10) _______________. Once poachers have killed the biggest males, mature
matriarchs are their next targets. What happens to a group that loses its matriarch
is not clear. But one thing is certain; if we want to help elephants we need to
understand the structure and function of leadership within their society.
5. Man is a unique being. He is different from all other creatures because he does not
merely take part in the environment. Man reshapes his environment
(1)__________________will to some purposes. He does not have a
(2)___________________habitat and is able to adapt himself to living in different
environments. Among the many ways in which Man has changed his environment
(3)__________________the building of cities and roads, the utilization of
(4)___________________for farming and the reclaiming of land from the sea. While
some of the changes are harmless, some are extremely harmful to the environment.
An example of a harmful result of Man’s actions is that of pollution. Through the use
of scientific knowledge and (5)___________________technology. Man has
(6)____________________his well-being and life expectancy in the process,
however, he has also (7)_________________about the growing problem of
worldwide pollution. One of the main sources of air pollution is motor vehicles. Fumes
emitted from the car (8)__________________contain many chemicals which are
harmful to people, animals and plants. Industry also
(9)___________________significantly to the pollution of the atmosphere. There is
no major city in the world today in which we can enjoy clean air.
It is important for us to be environment-conscious and
(10)__________________actions which cause harmful effects to our environment.
6. Cell phones have been popular in Japan since the early 1990s, but it was not (1)
_______________1999 that their use really took off. The age of cell phones has

emerged, but with it come problems.

Cell phones are used on buses and trains, in restaurants, and in all (2)
_______________of life. They cause problems when they (3) _______________during
meetings, concerts, wedding, or even funerals. What’s more, people speak loudly in
public, and students read and text messages during lessons. More seriously, when a

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 cell phone is used near a person using a (4) _______________to regulate his
heartbeat, its radio waves may (5) _______________with the functioning of the
pacemaker.
Now, something is being done to (6) _______________these problems. In many
places, new technology is being used to block cell phone calls. Airline (7)
_______________are requested to stop using cell phones while on board. Concert
halls ask their audience to switch their phones to the (8) _______________mode.
However, phone users fear that if they do not answer their phones, they will (9)
_______________ valuable business opportunities. That’s why many do not (10)
_______________off their phones even when they are asked to.
7. The 1950 World Cup, held in (1) _______________, was the first to include British(2)
_______________. British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920, partly out of (3)
_______________to play against the countries they had been at war with, and partly
as a protest against foreign influence on football, but rejoined in 1946 following
FIFA's invitation. The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay,
who had (4) _______________the previous two World Cups. Uruguay won the
tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil, in the match called
"Maracanazo" ((5) _______________: Maracanaço).
In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978, 16 teams competed in each
tournament, except in 1938, when Austria was (6)
_______________ into Germany after qualifying, leaving the tournament with 15
teams, and in 1950, when India, Scotland, and Turkey withdrew, leaving the
tournament with 13 teams. Most of the participating nations were from Europe and
South America, with a small (7) _______________from North America, Africa, Asia,
and (8) _______________. These teams were usually defeated easily by the European
and South American teams. Until 1982, the only teams from (9)
_______________Europe and South America to advance out of the first round

were: USA, (10) _______________in 1930; Cuba, quarter-finalists in 1938; North

Korea, quarter-finalists in 1966; and Mexico, quarter-finalists in 1970.

WORD FORMATION
1. Many people donated money to help the pp in Africa who are staying as a result of
__________________ food. (scarce)

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2. It may be __________________ to force them into making decision, and if you
upset them, they are quite likely to overact. (produce)
3. I was surprised by his __________________ to break the law. (prepare)
4. It was very __________________ of them to call round and ask if we wanted help
moving furniture. (neighbor)
5. The printed instructions are quite __________________; there’s no need for me to
further explain anything. (destroy)
6. The control center is deep underground and completely __________________
except by direct hit from a nuclear missile. (destroy)
7. The committee members promised that appropriate __________________
measures would be taken against the offenders. (discipline)
8. I have a(n) __________________ neighbor who plays loud music late at night.
(consider)
9. Politeness is one thing. Real kindness is another. You must learn to
__________________ between two. (different)
10. __________________ fish always live in lakes and rivers. (water)
11. The pilot did manage to get the plan ________________ . (air)
12. He was still rumbling __________________ when Pike returned bearing a
folder of foolscap sheets. (content)
13. __________________ conditions can be diagnosed from the early stage.
(cancer)
14. I’ve finally figured out why soap operas are, and __________________
logically should be, so popular with generations of __________________ people
who are too old to go out. (house)
15. Dozens of police motorcycles have been taken off the road in London after
routine inspections found them not to be __________________. (road)
16. The boat had been freshly repainted in bright colours for the occasion, and
beside it stood 5 sinewy ___________________ sailors. (weather)
17. The two-year course in art and design has turned him into a
___________________ young man, interested in fashion and photography.
(groom)

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 18. I had no choice but to cut back to a ___________________ style-getting
involved in exceptions only. (hand)
19. The boats surrounded the whales, drove them into nets, where they became
___________________ and were rendered helpless by harpoon thrusts. (mesh)
20. The economy appears to have begun recovering, but businesses don’t expect
consumers to return to ___________________ ways anytime soon. (spend)
21. James is a ___________________ . He eats chocolate as a hobby.
(chocolate)
22. In ___________________, descent and relationship are determined through
the female line. (matri)
23. Impedance ___________________ is a plethysmography technique of using
sensors to detect the properties of the blood flow in the thorax. (graph)
24. Last year I had a ___________________. (appendical)
25. My house is ___________________ from the two pubs in the village.
(distance)
26. When gorillas descend, they do so ___________________, lowering
themselves with their arm. (foot)
27. You can see the display of __________________ in the exhibition.
(Wellington)
28. The unresponsive audience made the lecturer somewhat
__________________. What a shame. (heart)
29. They won the case because of the __________________ in court of the
defendant. (disappear)
30. He accused the local of authority if __________________. (administrate)
31.

essence critic various efficient logic

centre press exceed retail avoid

In Britain, what is described as ‘food miles’, the distance which food is transported from
the place where it is grown to its point of sale, continues to rise. This has major

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economic, social and environmental consequences, given the traffic congestion and
pollution which 1. ___________________ follow.
According to 2. ___________________ groups, the same amount of food is travelling
50% further than twenty years ago. What’s more, the rise in the demand for road
haulage over this period has mostly been due to the transport of food and drink. The
groups assert that the increase in the number of lorry journeys is 3.
___________________ and that many of these are far from 4. ___________________.
In the distribution systems employed by British food 5. ___________________,fleets of
lorries bring all goods into more 6. ___________________ located warehouses for
redistribution across the country. 7. ___________________ as this might appear, the
situation whereby some goods get sent back to the same areas from which they came is
8. ___________________.
In response to scathing 9. ___________________ from environmentalists, some food
distributors now aim to minimize the impact of food miles by routing vehicles, wherever
possible, on motorways after dark. This encourages greater energy 10.
___________________ whilst also reducing the impact on the residential areas through
which they would otherwise pass.
32.
refer masterfulness thick maths dimension
philosophy long particular geometric similar

‘It is simply this. That Space, as our (1) _______________have it, is spoken of as having
three dimensions, which one may call (2) _______________, Breadth, and (3)
_______________, and is always definable by (4) _______________ to three planes, each
at right angles to the others. But some (5) _______________ people have been asking
why three dimensions (6) _______________ —why not another direction at right angles to
the other three?—and have even tried to construct a Four-Dimension (7)
_______________. Professor Simon Newcomb was expounding this to the New York
Mathematical Society only a month or so ago. You know how on a flat surface, which has
only two dimensions, we can represent a figure of a three-(8) _______________ solid, and
(9) _______________ they think that by models of thee dimensions they could (10)
_______________ one of four—if they could master the perspective of the thing. See?’