Q2 What is the key factor on which drift current

depends?

The amount of drift current depends on the concentration of charge

carriers and their mobility in the material or medium.

Q3 What is the function of the diodes in a photovoltaic

installation

Diodes are extensively used in solar panel installations. Since the prevent

backflow of current (unidirectional flow of current), they are used as
blocking devices. They are also used as bypass devices to maintain the
reliability of the entire solar power system in the event of a solar panel
failure.

Q4 What happens to the current when PV cells are

connected in series and parallel?

When wiring solar panels in parallel, the amperage (current) is additive,

but the voltage remains the same. ... If you had 4 solar panels in a series
and each was rated at 12 volts and 5 amps, the entire array would be 48
volts and 5 amps.
Q5 Differentiate between dark and illuminated curves

The dark curve is a typical current vs. volt plot for a diode. A
reverse bias will produce very little or negligible current and a
forward bias will produce a very large current after a threshold.
The other lighter curve beneath the dark curve shows what
happens under illumination.

Q6 What is difference between Fresnel and Parabolic

troughs?

In general terms, we may say that Fresnel technology has more potential

for rooftop applications, while parabolic troughs can have a higher
potential when mounted on ground.
Q8 Why solar collectors are more efficient than PV cells?

It's a simple technology: the panels on your roof are the collectors of
sunlight, thus heating up the liquid in the tubes which is then transported
into your cylinder ready for use. ... They can be up to 70% more efficient
in collecting heat from sun rays than solar PV. The technology itself is
less complex than solar PV.

Q9 What is sustainability and how it can be achieved

through renewable energy technologies

Renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and

geothermal energy are generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel sources.
However, some renewable energy projects, such as the clearing of forests to produce
biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage.

Q1010. What do you mean by chemical to physical energy

conversion?

Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and heat. ...

Biomass: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light and
heat. Natural gas: Combustion reaction converts chemical energy into light
and heat. Food: Digested to convert chemical energy into other forms of
energy used by cells.
Q11 What is Bitz limit and how it is determined?

The Betz limit is the theoretical maximum efficiency for a wind turbine,
conjectured by German physicist Albert Betz in 1919. Betz concluded that
this value is 59.3%, meaning that at most only 59.3% of the kinetic energy
from wind can be used to spin the turbine and generate electricity.

Q12 What is the key feasibly areas of wind energy in

Pakistan?

Pakistan has immense wind potential in Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber

Pakhtun Khwa (KPK). 
The Gharo-Jhimpir wind corridor in Sindh was identified as the most
lucrative site for wind power plants. The wind power potential covered an
area of 9700 km2 with a gross wind power potential of 43000 MW.

Q13 What is the difference between upwind and

horizontal wind turbines?

As already mentioned, the horizontal axis wind turbine is the most common
design of wind turbine. The axis of rotation is parallel to the ground.
Upwind machines have the rotor facing the wind. In addition, an upwind
machine needs a yaw mechanism to keep the rotor facing the wind.

Q14 What is difference between Fuel Cell and battery?

The biggest difference between the two is that a battery stores energy,
while a fuel cell generates energy by converting available fuel. ... It takes
an energy source, such as propane, diesel or natural gas, and converts it
into electrical energy.

Q15 What are key applications of fuel cells according to

various types of fuel cells.

Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial,
industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible
areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts,
automobiles, buses, boats, motorcycles and submarines.

Q16 What is difference among undershot, breast shot and

overshot water wheels?

Overshot and backshot water wheels are typically used where the available
height difference is more than a couple of meters. Breastshot wheels are
more suited to large flows with a moderate head. Undershot and stream
wheel use large flows at little or no head.

Q17 What is working principle of OTEC?

OTEC uses the ocean's warm surface water with a temperature of

around 25°C to vaporize a working fluid, which has a low-boiling point,
such as ammonia. The vapor expands and spins a turbine coupled to a
generator to produce electricity. ... The bigger the temperature difference,
the higher the efficiency.
Q18 What is earth’s temperature gradient?

The geothermal gradient is the amount that the Earth's temperature

increases with depth. It indicates heat flowing from the Earth's warm interior
to its surface. On average, the temperature increases by about 25°C for
every kilometer of depth.

Q19 What is difference between temperature and salinity

gradients ocean energy

Salinity gradient technologies generate electricity from the chemical

pressure differential created by differences in ionic concentration
between freshwater and seawater. Seawater has a higher osmotic
pressure than freshwater due to its high concentration of salt.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process or technology for

producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal
gradients) between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters. Energy
from the sun heats the surface water of the ocean.

Q20 What are main Biomass Energy Resources in

Pakistan?

Rural areas of Pakistan are replete with a variety of biomass resources

(animal dung waste, MSW, agri-industrial, and agricultural waste),
which can be used to produce about 12 million cubic meters of biogas per
day, which is enough to fulfill the energy requirements of 28 million rural
people.