2.

2 SETS

| such that

counting numbers
2.2 SETS

2. Subset - a set (say, A) is a subset of another set (say, B),

written as A ⊆ B , if and only if, every element of A
is also an element of B.

(Alternative way: A is contained in B or B contains A)

# of subsets of B is 2n where n is the cardinal number of set B

Proper subset, 
if
Def’n: A  B = { x | ((x  A) → (x B)  (A  B) }
Subset, ⊆
Def’n: A ⊆ B = { x | ((x  A) → (x B)  (A may be = B) }
EX 1. List all the possible subsets of set D = {1, 2, 3}.
How many subsets are there in all? 2^n so 2^3=8 subsets
There should be 8 SUBSETS in all, namely:
Ø or { } {1} {2} {3}
{ 1, 2 } { 1, 3 } { 2, 3 } { 1, 2, 3 }

EX 2. Refer to Ex 1. Which subsets of D are PROPER?

proper = remove the subset (1), (2), (3)
there are 7 proper subsets
EX 3. IF set F contains 5 elements, how many subsets should it have?
2^5= 32 subsets
EX 4. Refer to EX 3. How many of the subsets are proper?
31 proper subsets
- remove 1 only
Summary of important sets:

-all numbers divided by 0 is undefined

-zero divided by any numbers is zero
-zero divided by zero is undefined
ACTIVITY 1: Find the following:

1. The set of all odd integers

2. { x  Z | − 2  x  5}

3. { x  Z + | − 2  x  5}

4. { x  R | − 2  x  5}

5. { n  Z | n = 2 p, for some integer p }

6. { x  Z + | x is odd and x  20 }
Common Set Notations

Symbol Read as Given Example

 element of Let A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}. 2A

 not an element of 1 A

 subset of {2, 4}  A

 not subset of {2, 5}  A

∩ intersection Let B = {1, 2, 3, 4} A ∩ B = { 2, 4 }

∪ union A ∪ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}

ˊ complement If universal set, U = {0,1, 2, …, 9}, then, Aˊ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

 empty Let C = {5, 7} . B ∩ C = { } or 

\ minus or symmetric difference A \ B = {0, 6, 8}; B \ A = {1, 3}

Definitions

{ x  U | x  A and x  B }
Set operations and Venn Diagrams
ASSIGNMENT #1: Illustrate #s 1 – 8 using Venn diagrams. (SHADE lightly.)
ACTIVITY 2. Find the following:
ASSIGNMENT #2
ASSIGNMENT #3
4. Cartesian product of sets

For 2 sets, A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B is

AxB = the set of ALL ordered pairs (x, y) such that

x comes from set A and y comes from set B

For 3 sets, say A, B, and C:

A x B x C = the set of ALL ordered triples (x, y, z) such that

x comes from set A, y comes from set B,
and z comes from set C.
ACTIVITY 3
ACTIVITY 1 (ANSWERS)

1. The set of all odd integers = { … , -3, -1, 1, 3, … }

2. { x  Z | − 2  x  5} = { -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

3. { x  Z + | − 2  x  5}= {1, 2, 3, 4}

( ) OR, in interval notation: (-2, 5)

4. { x  R | − 2  x  5} = -2 5

5. { n  Z | n = 2 p, for some integer p } = { … , -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, … }

6. { x  Z + | x is odd and x  20 } = {1, 3, 5, … , 17, 19 }

ACTIVITY 2. (ANSWERS)

18
31
16
29
13
32 12 21
6
6 4

19

32

21

19
ACTIVITY 3 (SOME ANSWERS)

{(a, 0), (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 0), (b, 1), (b, 2)}

{(0, a), (1, a), (2, a), (0, b), (1, b), (2, b)}

{(0, a, x), (0, b, x), (1, a, x), (1, b, x), (2, a, x), (2, b, x)}

= |B| x |A| x |C| = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6

NO! (Why?)

C x C x C or C3 = {(x, x, x)} ; |C x C x C| = 1