Flamingo

Flamingos or flamingoes[2] /fləˈmɪŋɡoʊz/ are a type of wading

Flamingos
bird in the family Phoenicopteridae, which is the only extant
family in the order Phoenicopteriformes. There are four flamingo Temporal range: Late Oligocene –
species distributed throughout the Americas (including the Recent
Caribbean), and two species native to Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Contents
Etymology
Taxonomy and systematics
Relationship with grebes
Phylogeny James's flamingos (P. jamesi)
Species Scientific classification
Description Kingdom: Animalia
Behavior and ecology Phylum: Chordata
Feeding
Vocalization sounds Class: Aves
Lifecycle Order: Phoenicopteriformes
Status and conservation Family: Phoenicopteridae
In captivity Bonaparte, 1831
Flamingos in Ancient Roman cuisine Genera
Other relationship with humans
References †Elornis
External links †Harrisonarvis
†Leakeyornis

Etymology †Phoeniconotius
Phoenicopterus[1]
The name "flamingo" comes from Portuguese or Spanish
Phoeniconaias
flamengo ("flame-colored"), which in turn comes from
Provençal flamenc - a combination of flama ("flame") and a Phoenicoparrus
Germanic-like suffix -ing. The word may also have been
influenced by the Spanish ethnonym flamenco ("Fleming" or
"Flemish").
The name of the genus, Phoenicopterus, is from the
Greek φοινικόπτερος phoinikopteros, lit. 'crimson/red-
[3]
feathered'); other genera names include Phoeniconaias, which
means "crimson/red water nymph (or naiad)", and
Phoenicoparrus, which means "crimson/red bird (though, an
unknown bird of omen)". Global distribution of flamingos
Taxonomy and systematics
The family Phoenicopteridae was introduced by the French
zoologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1831, with Phoenicopterus
as the type genus.[4][5]

Traditionally, the long-legged Ciconiiformes, probably a Play media

paraphyletic assemblage, have been considered the flamingos' Captive American flamingos feeding
closest relatives and the family was included in the order. Usually,
the ibises and spoonbills of the Threskiornithidae were considered
their closest relatives within this order. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of Charles Sibley and
colleagues, also supported this relationship.[6] Relationships to the waterfowl were considered as well,[7]
especially as flamingos are parasitized by feather lice of the genus Anaticola, which are otherwise
exclusively found on ducks and geese.[8] The peculiar presbyornithids were used to argue for a close
relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders.[9] A 2002 paper concluded they are waterfowl,[10]
but a 2014 comprehensive study of bird orders found that flamingos and grebes are not waterfowl, but
rather are part of Columbea, along with doves, sandgrouse, and mesites.[11]

Relationship with grebes

Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with

grebes,[12][13][14] while morphological evidence also strongly
supports a relationship between flamingos and grebes. They hold at
least 11 morphological traits in common, which are not found in
other birds. Many of these characteristics have been previously
identified on flamingos, but not on grebes.[15] The fossil
palaelodids can be considered evolutionarily, and ecologically,
intermediate between flamingos and grebes.[16]
Many molecular and morphological
For the grebe-flamingo clade, the taxon Mirandornithes studies support a relationship
("miraculous birds" due to their extreme divergence and between grebes and flamingos.
apomorphies) has been proposed. Alternatively, they could be
placed in one order, with Phoenocopteriformes taking priority.[16]

Phylogeny

Living flamingos:[17]
 
   
  P. chilensis (Chilean flamingo)

Phoenicopterus  
    P. roseus (Greater flamingo)
 
 
 
  P. ruber (American flamingo)
 
  Phoeniconaias minor (Lesser flamingo)
 
Phoenicoparrus  
       P. andinus (Andean flamingo)

 
  P. jamesi (James's flamingo)

Species

Six extant flamingo species are recognized by most sources, and were formerly placed in one genus (have
common characteristics) – Phoenicopterus. As a result of a 2014 publication,[18] the family was reclassified
into two genera.[19] Currently, the family has three recognized genera, according to HBW.[20]
Image Species Geographic location

Greater
flamingo Parts of Africa, S. Europe and S. and SW Asia
(Phoenicopterus (most widespread flamingo).
roseus)

Old
World

Lesser flamingo
Africa (e.g. Great Rift Valley) to NW India (most
(Phoeniconaias
numerous flamingo).
minor)

Chilean
flamingo
Temperate S. South America.
(Phoenicopterus
chilensis)

James's
flamingo
High Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
(Phoenicoparrus
jamesi)

New
World
Andean
flamingo
High Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
(Phoenicoparrus
andinus)

American Caribbean islands, Caribbean Mexico, southern

flamingo
Florida,[21] Belize, coastal Colombia, northern Brazil,
(Phoenicopterus
Venezuela and Galápagos Islands.
ruber)
Prehistoric species of flamingo:

Phoenicopterus floridanus Brodkorb 1953 (Early Pliocene

of Florida)
Phoenicopterus stocki (Miller 1944) (Middle Pliocene of
Rincón, Mexico)
Phoenicopterus siamensis Cheneval et al. 1991
Phoenicopterus gracilis Miller 1963 (Early Pleistocene of
Lake Kanunka, Australia)
Phoenicopterus copei (Late Pleistocene of W North
America and C. Mexico)
Phoenicopterus minutus (Late Pleistocene of California,
US)
Phoenicopterus croizeti (Middle Oligocene – Middle
Miocene of C. Europe)
Phoenicopterus aethiopicus
Phoenicopterus eyrensis (Late Oligocene of South
Australia)
Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae (Late Oligocene of
South Australia)

P. croizeti fossil
Description
Flamingos usually stand on one leg with the other tucked beneath the body. The reason for this behaviour is
not fully understood. One theory is that standing on one leg allows the birds to conserve more body heat,
given that they spend a significant amount of time wading in cold water.[22] However, the behaviour also
takes place in warm water and is also observed in birds that do not typically stand in water. An alternative
theory is that standing on one leg reduces the energy expenditure for producing muscular effort to stand and
balance on one leg. A study on cadavers showed that the one-legged pose could be held without any
muscle activity, while living flamingos demonstrate substantially less body sway in a one-legged
posture.[23] As well as standing in the water, flamingos may stamp their webbed feet in the mud to stir up
food from the bottom.[24]

Flamingos are capable flyers, and flamingos in captivity often require wing clipping to prevent escape. A
pair of African flamingos which had not yet had their wings clipped escaped from the Wichita, Kansas zoo
in 2005. One was spotted in Texas 14 years later. It had been seen previously by birders in Texas,
Wisconsin and Louisiana.[25]

Young flamingos hatch with grayish-red plumage, but adults range

from light pink to bright red due to aqueous bacteria and beta-
carotene obtained from their food supply. A well-fed, healthy
flamingo is more vibrantly colored, thus a more desirable mate; a
white or pale flamingo, however, is usually unhealthy or
malnourished. Captive flamingos are a notable exception; they may
turn a pale pink if they are not fed carotene at levels comparable to
the wild.[26]
American and Chilean flamingos in
The greater flamingo is the tallest of the six different species of captivity
flamingos, standing at 3.9 to 4.7 feet (1.2 to 1.4 m) with a weight
up to 7.7 pounds (3.5  kg), and the shortest flamingo species (the
lesser) has a height of 2.6 feet (0.8  m) and weighs 5.5 pounds
(2.5  kg). Flamingos can have a wingspan as small as 37 inches
(94 cm) to as big as 59 inches (150 cm).[27]

Flamingoes can open their bills by raising the upper jaw as well as
by dropping the lower. [28]

Behavior and ecology Flamingos in flight at Río Lagartos,

Yucatán, Mexico

Feeding

Flamingos filter-feed on brine shrimp and blue-green algae as well

as insect larvae, small insects, mollusks and crustaceans making
them omnivores. Their bills are specially adapted to separate mud
and silt from the food they eat, and are uniquely used upside-down.
The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called
lamellae, which line the mandibles, and the large, rough-surfaced
tongue. The pink or reddish color of flamingos comes from
carotenoids in their diet of animal and plant plankton. American
flamingos are a brighter red color because of the beta carotene
availability in their food while the lesser flamingos are a paler pink
due to ingesting a smaller amount of this pigment. These
carotenoids are broken down into pigments by liver enzymes.[29]
The source of this varies by species, and affects the color
saturation. Flamingos whose sole diet is blue-green algae are darker
than those that get it second-hand by eating animals that have
digested blue-green algae).[30]

Vocalization sounds

Flamingos are considered very noisy birds with their noises and Play media
vocalizations ranging from grunting or growling to nasal honking. American flamingos vocalizing at the
Vocalizations play an important role in parent-chick recognition, Stone Zoo in Massachusetts, USA.
ritualized displays, and keeping large flocks together. Variations in
vocalizations exist in the voices of different species of
flamingos.[31][32]

Lifecycle

Flamingos are very social birds; they live in colonies whose population can number in the thousands. These
large colonies are believed to serve three purposes for the flamingos: avoiding predators, maximizing food
intake, and using scarce suitable nesting sites more efficiently.[33] Before breeding, flamingo colonies split
into breeding groups of about 15 to 50 birds. Both males and females in these groups perform synchronized
ritual displays.[34] The members of a group stand together and display to each other by stretching their
necks upwards, then uttering calls while head-flagging, and then flapping their wings.[35] The displays do
not seem directed towards an individual, but occur randomly.[35] These displays stimulate "synchronous
nesting" (see below) and help pair up those birds that do not already have mates.[34]
Flamingos form strong pair bonds, although in larger colonies,
flamingos sometimes change mates, presumably because more
mates are available to choose.[36] Flamingo pairs establish and
defend nesting territories. They locate a suitable spot on the mudflat
to build a nest (the female usually selects the place).[35] Copulation
usually occurs during nest building, which is sometimes interrupted
by another flamingo pair trying to commandeer the nesting site for
their use. Flamingos aggressively defend their nesting sites. Both
the male and the female contribute to building the nest, and to
protecting the nest and egg.[37] Same-sex pairs have been
reported.[38]

After the chicks hatch, the only parental expense is feeding.[39]

Both the male and the female feed their chicks with a kind of crop
milk, produced in glands lining the whole of the upper digestive
tract (not just the crop). The hormone prolactin stimulates
production. The milk contains fat, protein, and red and white blood
cells. (Pigeons and doves—Columbidae—also produce crop milk
(just in the glands lining the crop), which contains less fat and more American flamingo and offspring:
protein than flamingo crop milk.)[40] The arcuate (curved) bill is adapted
to bottom scooping.
For the first six days after the chicks hatch, the adults and chicks
stay in the nesting sites. At around 7–12 days old, the chicks begin
to move out of their nests and explore their surroundings. When
they are two weeks old, the chicks congregate in groups, called
"microcrèches", and their parents leave them alone. After a while,
the microcrèches merge into "crèches" containing thousands of
chicks. Chicks that do not stay in their crèches are vulnerable to
predators.[41]

Status and conservation

In captivity

The first flamingo hatched in a European zoo was a Chilean

flamingo at Zoo Basel in Switzerland in 1958. Since then, over 389
flamingos have grown up in Basel and been distributed to other
zoos around the globe.[42]
Chilean flamingo feeding its young
Greater, an at least 83-year-old greater flamingo, believed to be the
oldest in the world, died at the Adelaide Zoo in Australia in
January 2014.[43]

Zoos have used mirrors to improve flamingo breeding behaviour. The mirrors are thought to give the
flamingos the impression that they are in a larger flock than they actually are.[44]

Flamingos in Ancient Roman cuisine

While many different kinds of birds were valued items in Roman
food, flamingos were among the most prized in Ancient Roman
cuisine. An early reference to their consumption, and especially of
their tongues, is found in Pliny the Elder, who states in the Natural
History X; 67:

"phoenicopteri linguam praecipui saporis esse apicius docuit,

nepotum omnium altissimus gurges"[45]
Colony of flamingos at Lake Nakuru
["Apicius, that very deepest whirlpool of all our epicures, has
informed us that the tongue of the phœnicopterus is of the most
exquisite flavour"].[46]

Although a few recipes for flamingos are found in Apicius' extant

works, none refer specifically to flamingo tongues. The three
flamingo recipes in the De re coquinaria (On the Subject of
Cooking) involve the whole creature:

220 — roasted with an egg sauce, a recipe for wood

pigeons, squabs, fattened fowl; flamingo is an
afterthought.
230 — boiled; you may substitute parrot.
231 — roasted with a must sauce.[47]
Pink flamingo prepared for cooking
(Bardo Museum)
Suetonius mentions flamingo tongues in his Life of Vitellius:[48]

"Most notorious of all was the dinner given by his brother to

celebrate the emperor's arrival in Rome, at which two thousand of the choicest fishes and seven thousand
birds are said to have been served. He himself eclipsed even this at the dedication of a platter, which on
account of its enormous size he called the "Shield of Minerva, Defender of the City." In this he mingled the
livers of pike, the brains of pheasants and peacocks, the tongues of flamingoes and the milt of lampreys,
brought by his captains and triremes from the whole empire, from Parthia to the Spanish strait."[49]

Martial, the poet, devoted an ironic epigram (Epigrammata 71, Book 13), alluding to flamingo tongues:

Dat mihi penna rubens nomen; sed lingua gulosis

Nostra sapit: quid, si garrula lingua foret?[50]

["My red wing gives me my name; but it is my tongue that is considered savoury by epicures. What, if my
tongue had been able to sing?"][51]

There is also a mention of flamingo brains in a later, highly contentious source detailing, in the life of
Elagabalus, a food item not apparently to his liking as much as camels' heels and parrot tongues, in the
belief that the latter was a prophylactic:

"In imitation of Apicius he frequently ate camels-heels and also cocks-combs taken from the living birds,
and the tongues of peacocks and nightingales, because he was told that one who ate them was immune
from the plague. He served to the palace-attendants, moreover, huge platters heaped up with the viscera of
mullets, and flamingo-brains, partridge-eggs, thrush-brains, and the heads of parrots, pheasants, and
peacocks."[52]
Other relationship with humans
In the Americas, the Moche people of ancient Peru
worshipped nature.[53] They placed emphasis on
animals, and often depicted flamingos in their art.[54]
Flamingos are the national bird of the Bahamas.
Andean miners have killed flamingos for their fat,
believing that it would cure tuberculosis.[55]
In the United States, pink plastic flamingo statues are
popular lawn ornaments.[56]
Moche ceramic depicting flamingo
(200 AD). Larco Museum, Lima, Peru

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External links
Flamingo Resource Centre (https://web.archive.org/web/20090413164043/http://www.flamin
goresources.org/)
Flamingo videos and photos (http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/flamingos-phoenicopteridae) on
the Internet Bird Collection

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