Name: Marjorie Bendo Date Performed: N/A

Course: BSC 3-1 Date Submitted: February 28,2022

Group No. 4- Gossypol Instructor: Ms. Rosemar Mendoza

EXPERIMENT 1

LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND OPERATIONS

DATA AND RESULTS

1. Handling Chemicals and Reagents

a. Transferring liquid reagent

• In transferring liquids reagents, we usually used a glass funnel. It is a pipe with

wide mouth and smaller end that can used to avoid spillage when transferring
chemicals from one vessel to another. However, in the video we can see that
instead of using glass funnel in transferring liquid from beaker to Erlenmeyer
they used a stirring/glass rod. Also, it is important to know that the mouth of
Erlenmeyer has a small mouth and a beaker has a big mouth with a lip. In this
technique, the tip of stirring/glass rod is placed on the side of Erlenmeyer and
make sure that it isn’t touch the destination of the Erlenmeyer’s mouth near to
the top edge. After that, pour the liquid on the stirring glass rod and let it flows
down to the Erlenmeyer. Thus, the liquid will transfer perfectly without
overflowing or spilling.

b. Heating liquid in a test tube

• In heating a liquid in a test tube first we will heat the upper part of the liquid,
rather than the bottom part, to prevent the liquid from sparking. To lessen the
pressure on the heated substance, we should place the test tube at a 45-
degree angle over the flame. Instead of concentrating the heat in one place on
the test tube, move it back and forth. When heating, we should always
remember that point the open end of the container should always away from
yourself and others. We should make sure we're not heating the empty part of
the test tube, and once it's started to simmer, we should rotate the test tube
back and forth across the flame to uniformly distribute the heat.

c. Getting solid reagents

• Getting solid reagents is one of the laboratory operations . In the video, I
observed that the professor uses a test tube to get the solid reagent
(precipitate) into the filter paper. In terms of getting a solid reagent, a
spatula is the most suggested tool since it can properly get or scoop the solid
reagent. And to avoid contamination of the chemicals, lets bear in our mind
that the spatula that will be used to get the solid reagent should be clean and
dry.
 d. Weighing solid reagents using a triple beam balance
• When measuring the mass of a solid reagents, we used the triple beam
balance. It has a three slider beams (that we can adjust in measuring) , the
medium is the largest, the far beam is the medium size and the front beam is
the smallest. However, before using the triple beam balance, we must ensure
that its pointer is pointing to the zero mark, which will require adjusting the
slider. We should also make certain that the pan is clean. To avoid corrosion,
we will use a watch glass instead of putting the chemical straight into the pan.
In this process, first we should weigh the substance and the watch glass to
determine its mass. After that, apply the substance to the watch glass, then to
the pan, and adjust the slider until the watch is balanced. The mass of the
watch glass in the experiment is 32.5 g, and the mass of the table salt
combined with the watch glass is 45 g, hence the difference between the watch
glass with table salt and the empty watch glass is the mass of the table salt,
which was 12.5 g.

e. Measuring liquids using the graduated cylinder

• In the matter of measuring the volume of liquid, normally we use the graduated
cylinder. Before they use it, they put a collar on it to avoid shattering and serve
as protection when it falls. Through the use of a test tube and Erlenmeyer we
will measure the volume of water. We also use a funnel to avoid spillage in
transferring water from a test tube to the bream then placed it on a graduated
cylinder to measure. In measuring the volume of a liquid, we must focus our
eyes on the lower meniscus of the volume reading. On condition that it is
mercury we must focus on the upper meniscus of the volume reading. In the
given experiment, we know that we're measuring water, so we'll check at the
lower meniscus, where the volume reading is 17ml. The next step is to
determine the volume of an Erlenmeyer; similarly, to transferring water to a test
tube, we use a funnel to do so. The graduated cylinder is simply marked 25 ml,
while the Erlenmeyer is marked 50 ml. We discovered that the Erlenmeyer can
hold 73ml of water after pouring it into a graduated cylinder. As a result, if the
Erlenmeyer is filled to the brim with water, it can hold 73ml of water.

2. Precipitation

• The development of a solid between two interacting chemicals is known as

precipitation. They utilized silver nitrate to react with sodium chloride solution in
this experiment. The process is completely done by combining/mixing it
together. They started with sodium chloride in a test tube, then added silver
nitrate, and finally formed a white solid substance known as precipitate. Silver
chloride is the chemical name for that white solid substance, which is made up
of sodium chloride and silver nitrate. To ensure that all of the silver nitrate has
precipitated out, add more sodium chloride until no further precipitation occurs,
then let the mixture settle.

3. Filtration and Decantation

 a. Filtration

• Filtration is the removal of solid particles from a liquid or gaseous fluid using a
filter material that allows the fluid to pass through while filtering the solid
particles. During the experiment, they attempted to filter the silver chloride
solution that had settled during the precipitation phase via filter paper. Fold the
filter paper twice diagonally before opening it. When you first open it, you'll
discover that one side has only one sheet, while the other side has three. To
keep the filter paper from "constructing out of the funnel," cut a little corner on
the side with three sheets. Make sure the filter paper is wet before placing it on
the funnel. After that, pour the silver nitrate into the funnel lined with filter paper
and stir with a stirring stick to ensure safety. The filtrate is defined as the liquid
that passes through the filter paper.

b. Decantation

• Decantation is the process of carefully pouring the supernatant to separate the

solid from the liquid. The liquid that spilled off when we progressively separated
the mixture is known as the supernatant. They tested this method on the
precipitate silver chloride that was left on the filter paper from the filtration step
in the experiment. They saw that the solid part was at the bottom of the mixture
and the liquid part was at the top. They gently and slowly poured off the liquid
to separate the mixture. The solid particles that remained on the test tube and
the liquid that was poured off was called supernatant.

4. Evaporation
• Evaporation is the process of separating a solid from a liquid by evaporating the liquid
and leaving the solid particles behind, which is referred to as residue. They put a
Bunsen burner underneath the Wire Colls, which are placed on an iron ring supported
by an iron stand, in this operation. They attempted to evaporate the colorless filtrate
liquid, presuming it was sodium nitrate, during the experiment. The liquid was then
placed on an evaporating dish to evaporate and determine the amount of residue. We
can see that the crystal hasn't been shattered here.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the use of the glass rod in transferring liquid reagents?

• A glass rid is a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals and
liquid for laboratory purposes. It is usually used for stirring chemicals but in the
absence of glass funnel in transferring liquid reagents, we use the glass rods to
avoid spilling out. When a glass rod is placed against the pouring edge of a beaker,
the liquid flows down along the rod into the receiving vessel instead of splashing
over the lip. It is also quicker and easier to clean up than a glass funnel.

2. When heating in a test tube, why is the test tube moved back and forth across
the flame?
 • When heating liquids in a test tube, the test tube must move back and forth
over the flame to heat uniformly the area of the glass. Consider that the liquid is
rapidly boiling and if it is heated only in one place, the test tube could crack and
even explode because massive change in volume of the liquid concerned to
become gas. Thus, it is important to move the test tube back and forth across the
flame to avoid accident and explosion.

3. Why should the spatula used for spooning solid chemicals from a reagent bottle
be clean and dry?
• In spooning solid chemicals from a reagents bottle, spatula should be clean
aand dry. If the spatula is clean and dry, we will be sure that there is no dirt, water
or other contaminants that will contaminates what inside the reagent bottle. And if
the person used a dirty spatula, the reagent bottle can quickly collect dust that can
contaminate and ruining the chemicals inside that can cause and create a
dangerous chemical reaction.

4. Compare filtration with decantation. Which is more effective in separating solids

from liquids? Explain your answer.
• Filtration is a process of separating of solid from liquid or gases, and it’s
done by pouring out the liquid through a filter like filter paper, cotton, wool and other
pouring materials. While decantation is the separation of two substances either
solid and liquid or immiscible substances, occurs by showing mixture to settle and
separate.
As I compare the filtration and decantation, I think filtration is more effective
than decantation because it can produce a clear and very fine insoluble
particles. It can also separate even the smaller particles. Aside from that, in
decantation, there is a potential that a supernatant particle will get mixed up with
the solute particles because it only relies on the essence of gravity.

5. Explain the use of evaporation in separating soluble solids from liquids.

• Evaporation is a separation technique that can be used to separate
components of a mixture with a dissolved solid in a liquid. In this process, it is
necessary to use heat. Once the liquid is completely evaporated, the solid is all
that is left behind, make sure that there are no more liquid remains. Before applying
this process, make sure that the mixture should only comprise one liquid
component because all liquid components will evaporate over time.

6. Illustrate/Draw the different laboratory techniques and glass manipulations

viewed from the video.