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Influence of minimum tillage systems on physical and chemical properties of

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Influence of minimum tillage systems on physical and chemical properties of soil

Teodor Rusu, Petru Gus, Ileana Bogdan, Ioan Oroian and Laura Paulette
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
e-mail: rusuteodor@yahoo.com, petru.gus@email.ro, ileana2105@yahoo.com, neluoroian@yahoo.fr, pedopel@yahoo.com

Received 11 May 2006, accepted 28 August 2006.

Abstract
The paper presents the influence of conventional plough tillage system on physical and chemical properties of soil in comparison with the
alternative minimum tillage systems (disc harrow, rotary harrow, paraplow and chisel plow). Minimum soil tillage systems in three years rotation
culture: maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine hispida L. Merr.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) enable the rise of hydro stability of the
aggregates with 2.2-5.5% in 0-10 cm, 3.3-11.8% in 10-20 cm and 3.6-10.4% in 20-30 cm soil depth. Soil minimum tillage modifies soil bulk density
and resistance to penetration, but these modifications are within optimal limits of the soil type. Paraplow and chisel plow soil tillage, due to
reduction of soil intensity and to incorporation at the soil surface of vegetables remnants, leads to an increase in humus content with 0.35–0.51%
and in water permeability of soil. Minimum soil tillage is not leading to a significant modification of soil reaction and NPK content in the arable
layer but determines the stratification of those at the surface of the soil.

Key words: Minimum tillage, physical and chemical soil properties.

Introduction
The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the physical and
chemical properties of classic soil tillage system versus four
minimum soil tillage variants in the pedoclimatic conditions from
Cluj-Napoca (46°46’N, 26°36’E), Romania. Conventional tillage
means, in Romania as elsewhere, the autumn plough tillage at
approximately 20-25 cm, followed by a disc harrow work in spring
and sowing with combined fertilizer seed-drill. This practice shows
an increasingly set of problems, claimed by authorities and
farmers, because it undoubtedly affect soil degradation and
erosion, compaction and waterway pollution 3, 7. The objectives
of the soil tillage: basic working, preparing the germinal layer and
maintaining the field, result in a series of immediate effects with a
positive side but also some effects with a negative one. One of
the main objectives for the soil tillage system is to create an
optimal physico-chemical state of the soil and to preserve this
state over the whole vegetation period. This study, elaborated in
different bioclimatic conditions, shows that the soil tillage system
leads to different evolutions of soil properties 1, 2, 4-6.
Materials and Methods
The tests were carried out between 2002 and 2005 at the
University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Cluj-Napoca, on a moderately inclined northern slope, on vertic
preluvisol 10, vertic luvisols 11 and vertic hapludalfs 12 with medium
fertility, 2.7% humus content, slightly acid reaction (pH = 6.06),
clay texture (45% clay in the arable layer), medium content of
nitrogen (0.245% N total) and potassium (134 ppm) and low
content of phosphorus (16 ppm). The areas where our study was
performed show a medium of multi-annual temperature of 8.2°C
and a medium of multi-annual rainfall of 613 mm. The general
tendency of climatic warming, especially in the last decade, is
very well emphasized by the average annual quantities of
precipitation values, which are situated generally over the average
multi-annual values. The experimental soil tillage systems were
as follows:
Classic system: V1 – classic plough (20-25 cm) + disc –2x (8 cm),
Minimum tillage systems:
V2 – disc harrow (6-8 cm) + rotary harrow (10-12 cm),
V3 – rotary harrow (10-12 cm),
V4 – paraplow (18-22 cm) + rotary harrow (8 cm),
V5 – chisel plow (18-22 cm) + rotary harrow (8 cm).
The experimental design used in this study was a randomized
complete block design with three replications. The area of a plot
was 300 m2. Except for the soil tillage, all the other technology
sequences: sowing, fertilizing, weed control, tractors and
equipment used were identical in all the variants.
To be able to follow the evolution of soil properties, depending
on the tillage type, we performed determinations for each cultivar
in four vegetative stages (spring, 5-6 leaves, seed forming,
harvest) having the following characteristics: soil bulk density
(determined by volumetric ring method using the volume of a
ring 100 cm3, at three sites in each plot) and soil penetration
(measurements were made at intervals of 2.5 cm, in a 45 cm soil
depth using a Fieldscout SC900 penetrometer, using a 60° cone
of 1,28 cm2 cross–section, at three sites in each plot). After
harvesting of every cultivar, the following characteristics were
determined, in three sites of every plot: water stable aggregates
(measurements were made at 10 cm intervals in a soil depth of 30
cm, using a USDA-SQTKG method 13) and soil permeability (using
the infiltrometer method). In order to determine the chemical

262 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.4 (3&4), July-October 2006
properties the soil was sampled from soil depths of 0-10, 10-20
and 20-30 cm following the MESP 8 method. The results of the
study: the annual data of soil bulk density and soil penetration
and the data values for water stable aggregates, soil permeability
and chemical properties determined at every cultivar rotation were
statistically interpreted by the variance analysis method 9.
Results and Discussion
The effect of soil tillage system on soil structure raises a special
theoretical and practical interest. The visual observations made
on the field at every end of a cultivar rotation (after applying for
3 consecutive years the same working system) show some
differences in the soil looseness. It may be concluded that, for
the superficial soil breaking up made by disc and rotary harrow –
a soil practically unbothered and the pressure caused by the
agricultural equipments – together with the action of plant roots,
the alteration of humidity and the soil drowning, pressurize the
existent structural pieces and aggregates to mutual adhesion. In
this way, a new type of structure occurs. The new formed
structure represents 40-50% of the soil mass, making the soil to
break up after certain separation surfaces, with plate sides and
well-defined edges, with an inner stuffy composition and slightly
porous, with a reduced mechanical resistance. This explains the
high values of bulk density and the settling degree, generally, in
these alternatives at 10-20 cm depth. Also, the water reserve is
more reduced for these alternatives, especially in the summer
time.
The formation of this breaking up structure for the vertic
preluvisol soil represents a form of passing to another way of
structural arrangement, (structural resilience) qualitatively
dependent on the intensity of the natural regeneration processes
and the level of the present structural factors (the flora and fauna
activity in soil, the way of soil breaking up, fertilization etc.). This
stuffy soil settlement in the minimum soil tillage systems is a
characteristic of this type of soil, through its earthy-clayey texture,
middle humus content and the profound leaching of calcium
carbonate. The aggregate stability is a measure of the vulnerability
of soil aggregates to external destructive forces. Greater amounts
of stable aggregates are better for soil quality. Water stability of
structural macro-aggregates (>250 µm; WSA, %) determined for
the minimum tillage systems at every harvest shows a raise in
stability of the soil surface towards its depth. At the end of the 3rd
year of tests the results acquired set the stability rate in the range
of 61.47-72.17% of water stable aggregates (Table 1). Compared
with the values obtained for the conventional tillage by classic
plough, the stability rate was higher within the minimum systems:
2.2-5.5% in 0-10 cm depth, 3.3-11.8% in 10-20 cm and 3.6-10.4% in
20-30 cm. Significantly higher values for water stable aggregates
were registered in the rotary harrow, paraplow variants and in the
depth of 20-30 cm for all variants working with minimum tillage.
The soil physical settlement state, expressed through bulk
density (BD, g/cm3) calculated as an annual average of the
determinations on phenophase, shows for all experimental years
a better looseness in the 0-10 cm depth in the variants where the
rotary harrow was used (1.14–1.20 g/cm3). Significantly higher
bulk density was registered in the 10-20 cm depth for disc harrow
and rotary harrow variants as compared to all other treatments.
Soil bulk density can serve as an indicator of compaction and
relative restrictive factor to root growth. In vertic preluvisol soil
typically the bulk density ranges from 1.20 to 1.30 g/cm3 and
increases with depth of the soil profile at 1.40-1.50 g/cm3. At
depths higher than 20 cm the soil remains slightly rammed, with
medium values of 1.4–1.45 g/cm3. Thus, a stratification is observed
(from the settlement state point of view) in the profile of the soil

Table 1. The evolution of physical properties on a vertic preluvisol soil depending on the soil tillage system.
Depth Plough Disc harrow + Paraplow Chisel plow
Soil property Rotary harrow
cm + disc - 2x rotary harrow + rotary harrow + rotary harrow
0-10 61.47 (wt) 62.83 ns 64.73 ** 64.83 ** 63.47 ns
10-20 63.53 (wt) 65.63 ns 71.03 ** 69.20 * 69.07 ns
20-30 63.53 (wt) 68.10 * 72.17 ** 70.03 ** 70.17 **
WSA, %
0-10 *: LSD (p 0.05%) = 2.14; **: LSD (p 0.01%) = 3.11; ***: LSD (p 0.001%) = 4.67
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 4.14; LSD (p 0.01%) = 6.02; LSD (p 0.001%) = 9.03
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 4.13; LSD (p 0.01%) = 6.01; LSD (p 0.001%) = 9.01
0-10 1.22 (wt) 1.20 ns 1.14 0 1.17 ns 1.19 ns
10-20 1.30 (wt) 1.36 * 1.37 * 1.32 ns 1.33 ns
20-30 1.42 (wt) 1.40 ns 1.39 ns 1.39 ns 1.38 ns
30-40 1.42 (wt) 1.40 ns 1.39 0 1.40 ns 1.40 ns
40-50 1.46 (wt) 1.46 ns 1.45 ns 1.45 ns 1.45 ns
BD, g/cm3
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.07; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.10; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.14
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.06; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.08; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.12
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.05; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.07
30-40 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.04; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.06
40-50 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.01; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.02; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.03
0-10 1003 (wt) 1138 ns 883 ns 962 ns 1078 ns
10-20 1303 (wt) 1584 * 1402 ns 1460 ns 1538 *
20-30 2068 (wt) 1969 ns 1916 0 1898 0 1925 0
30-40 2609 (wt) 2665 ns 2626 ns 2560 ns 2693 ns
40-45 2819 (wt) 2941 ns 2889 ns 2798 ns 2864 ns
SPR, kPa
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 146; LSD (p 0.01%) = 258; LSD (p 0.001%) = 337
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 198; LSD (p 0.01%) = 289; LSD (p 0.001%) = 433
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 142; LSD (p 0.01%) = 252; LSD (p 0.001%) = 428
30-40 LSD (p 0.05%) = 116; LSD (p 0.01%) = 260; LSD (p 0.001%) = 390
40-45 LSD (p 0.05%) = 126; LSD (p 0.01%) = 230; LSD (p 0.001%) = 395
0-10 4.25 (wt) 3.12 000 3.21 000 5.54 *** 5.08 ***
SP, l/m2/min
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.10; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.14; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.21
Note: wt – control, ns – not significant, * signification positive, signification negative.
0

Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.4 (3&4), July-October 2006 263
worked with the plough: a loose arable layer (0-20 cm) caused by
energetic tillage and a more compact layer underneath (20-50
cm). The minimal soil tillage works lead to increased values of
bulk density in the 10-20 cm depth and slightly decreased ones
in the 30-40 cm depth. All the values fit to a variation domain
slightly loose – slightly rammed, and low-medium respectively,
which is specific to vertic preluvisol soil.
The measurements of soil penetrometer resistance (SPR, kPa)
show very insignificant differences between the experimental
variants. Variance analysis shows that it assured the statistical
difference, in 10-20 cm depth, where the values for penetration
resistance are higher at the variant worked with disc harrow and
chisel plow, and in 20-30 cm depth where the values for penetration
resistance are lower in the variants worked with rotary harrow,
paraplow and chisel plow.
After three years of applying the same soil tillage system, the
data show that the soil permeability (SP, l/m2/min) and soil capacity
of retaining water is better when working with paraplow and chisel
plow variant, the values 5.54 and respectively 5.08 l/m2/min with
very significant positive differences being statistically assured.
For control classic plough + disc - 2x variant the water quantity
retained was 4.25 l/m2/min. The lowest amount was registered for
rotary harrow variant with 3.21 l/m2/min and disc harrow + rotary
harrow with 3.12 l/m2/min with very significant negative differences
statistically assured.
Humus is an extremely important constituent of soil and is so
vital to many biological and chemical reactions required for
sustaining plant life. Depending on the used tillage variant, at the
end of three experimental years, the humus content varies within
2.28-3.29% limits at 0-20 cm depth with an obvious tendency to
increase if the minimum system with paraplow and chisel plow is
used,with very significant positive differences assured statistically
(Table 2). The increase of organic matter content and even of
humus content is due to the plant remnants partially incorporated
and to an adequate biological activity. The statistical data
interpretation shows that at 0-30 cm depth the increase in humus
content is statistically assured only at the variants paraplow and
chisel plow.
The located major essential nutrient elements supplied through
the soil are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), their
content being modified under the influence of different tillage
systems on their mobility. We have to mention that on skewed
fields the values of soil chemical properties varies in a relatively
large domain. The nitrogen, a nutrient element with a large mobility
is found in a permanent cycle influenced by different factors. Soil
tillage system leads to a concentration of nitrogen in the 0-20 cm

Table 2. The influence of soil tillage system on chemical properties of vertic preluvisol soil.
Depth Plough Disc harrow Paraplow Chisel plow
Soil property Rotary harrow
cm + disc - 2x + rotary harrow + rotary harrow + rotary harrow
0-10 2.55 (wt) 2.72 * 2.70 * 3.00 *** 3.29 ***
10-20 2.28 (wt) 2.68 *** 2.59 *** 3.06 *** 3.16 ***
20-30 2.70 (wt) 2.11 000 2.32 000 2.53 000 2.62 00
0-30 2.51 (wt) 2.50 ns 2.54 ns 2.86 * 3.02 *
Humus, %
0-10 *: LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.12; **: LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.18; ***: LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.27
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.04; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.06
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.05; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.08; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.12
0-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.32; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.61; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.91
0-10 0.22 (wt) 0.20 0 0.23 ns 0.25 ** 0.28 ***
10-20 0.22 (wt) 0.22 ns 0.24 *** 0.24 *** 0.26 ***
000 0
20-30 0.24 (wt) 0.20 0.23 0.23 0 0,23 0
0-30 0.23 (wt) 0.21 ns 0.23 ns 0.24 ns 0.26 *
N total, %
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.02; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.04
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.01; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.01; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.02
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.01; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.02; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.03
0-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.04; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.06
0-10 12 (wt) 34 *** 33 *** 25 *** 27 ***
10-20 15 (wt) 8 000 9 000 12 0 12 0
20-30 6 (wt) 30 30 8 ns 7 ns
0-30 11 (wt) 15 ns 15 ns 15 ns 15 ns
P mobile, ppm
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 2.07; LSD (p 0.01%) = 3.01; LSD (p 0.001%) = 4.51
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 2.53; LSD (p 0.01%) = 3.68; LSD (p 0.001%) = 5.52
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 2.28; LSD (p 0.01%) = 3.32; LSD (p 0.001%) = 4.98
0-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 11.98; LSD (p 0.01%) = 17.42; LSD (p 0.001%) = 26.13
0-10 155 (wt) 202 *** 196 *** 168 * 207 ***
10-20 134 (wt) 122 000 131 0 137 * 131 0
20-30 120 (wt) 112 0 125 ns 128 * 122 ns
0-30 136 (wt) 145 ns 151 ns 144 ns 153 ns
K mobile, ppm
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 9.21; LSD (p 0.01%) = 13.40; LSD (p 0.001%) = 20.10
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 2.86; LSD (p 0.01%) = 4.16; LSD (p 0.001%) = 6.24
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 7.15; LSD (p 0.01%) = 10.40; LSD (p 0.001%) = 15.60
0-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 28.59; LSD (p 0.01%) = 41.58; LSD (p 0.001%) = 62.37
0-10 6.06 (wt) 5.90 000 5.81 000 5.62 000 5.77 000
10-20 6.08 (wt) 5.79 000 6.03 000 5.72 000 5.73 000
20-30 6.03 (wt) 6.13 ns 5.95 ns 5.87 ns 5.93 ns
pH (H2O) 0-30 6.06 (wt) 5.94 ns 5.93 ns 5.74 ns 5.81 ns
0-10 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.01; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.02; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.02
10-20 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.02; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.03; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.05
20-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.23; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.33; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.49
0-30 LSD (p 0.05%) = 0.37; LSD (p 0.01%) = 0.39; LSD (p 0.001%) = 0.41
Note: wt – control, ns – not significant, * signification positive, 0 signification negative.

264 Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.4 (3&4), July-October 2006
depth layer on the variant worked with paraplow and chisel plow,
but a statistically assured increase in the 0-30 cm depth layer was
determined only in the variant worked with chisel plow. The soil
contents of phosphorus and mobile potassium change
significantly under the influence of soil tillage system in the way
that the administered fertilizers are located at different depots, but
without a statistical assured increase in the 0-30 cm depth layer.
Thus, working with disc harrow or rotary harrow locates large
quantities of mobile phosphorus in the first 10 cm of tillage soil,
with very distinct significant positive differences. The paraplow
and chisel have the exact same effect, but we have to mention that
phosphorus reaches 10-20 cm depths at significant negative values
with the classic tillage system that involves plough work. The
reason of the lower contents of mobile phosphorus in the variant
where the classic plough work is performed is the intensity of
aeration and the different development of plants.
The soil reaction remained practically unchanged in 0-30 cm
depth, the differences between the variants being not statistically
assured, regardless the way in which the soil was tilled, except pH
values recorded in the 0-20 cm depth layer, which were negatively
assured. The pH increase at the surface of the soil in variants
worked with minimal tillage system is caused by the nutrient
concentration and organic matter at this depth. This fact imposes
on this soil type the modification of fertilizer applying technology.
Conclusions
The use of minimum soil tillage systems within a three years
rotation: maize, soybean and wheat favorites the increase of the
aggregates hydro stability. The advantages of minimum soil tillage
systems can be taken into account as improving methods in weak
productive soils with reduced structure stability on slope fields
and as measures of preserving the soils on the rest of the surfaces.
Soil tillage without the turning of furrow with paraplow and
chisel plow leads to an increase of bulk density values and
penetration resistance in 10-20 cm depth and to a light decrease in
20-30 cm depth, compared with the control yearly worked with
plough. Soil tillage with disc harrow and rotary harrow, without
deep soil looseness, leads to bulk density and resistance to
penetration values equal with the other variants in 0-10 cm depth.
Below this level, in the 10-20 cm depth, the highest values were
registered for these variants but without excelling values specific
to the soil type. The speed at which the water infiltrates in the
superior layers of the soil profile is maximum in the paraplow and
chisel tillage variants.
Under the influence of tillage system the main factor that is
modified is the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium in the soil. Tillage with disc harrow or rotary harrow
ties large quantities of phosphorus (33-34 ppm) in the first 10 cm
beneath the soil. The paraplow and the chisel plow do the same
thing (25-27 ppm) but we have to mention the NPK can go beneath
10-20 cm depth.
The soil reaction for the 0-30 cm depth remains practically
unchanged, no matter how the soil was tillaged. In all the variants
worked with the minimal tillage a decreasing tendency of pH is
observed, meaning a slightly increase in soil acidic reaction in
the 0-20 cm depth.
Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.4 (3&4), July-October 2006
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