Literature - litteratura (Latin) “writing formed w/ letters”; takes significant human  Read and Think

experiences as its main subject  Look closely at the opening of the poem
 Look at another section of the poem
Pickering, James H. & Hoeper, Jeffrey D. – literature is uniquely human  Look at how the poem concludes
activity, born of man’s timeless desire to understand, express, and share
experiences 2000 – Filipino women writers are welcomed

Value of Literature 1960

 Nourishes emotional lives Narita M. Gonzalez – compilation of narratives by wives of well-known literary
 Broadens perspective on world figures
 Engages you in problem solving
Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo – edited Pinay: Autobiographical Narratives by
Key Features of Literature Women Writers

 Form of communication Rosario Torres-Yu – Sarilaysay: Tinig ng 20 Babae sa Sariling Danas bilang
 Art Manunulat
 Nobility of thoughts
 Timelessness UMPIL – Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas; honors exceptional authors
 Universality
 Utility Critiquing an Essay

Why Study Literature  Content – appropriateness of topic, value to readers, clarity and
suitability of focus
 Imagination  Organization – introduction and conclusion, structure
 Communication
 Analysis  Style – appropriateness of tone
 Empathy  Correctness – grammar, punctuations, format
 Understanding
 Agility Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil – Where’s the Patis?; prolific writer
 Meaningfulness
 Travel Hors d’oeuvres – appetizers
 Inspiration
 Fun Consommé – concentrated soup

Interpreting a Text Bouillabaisse – stew mixed with fish

 Author – person who wrote the text Tournedos – cured meat

 Text – the work
 Reader - you Amelia Lapena-Bonifacio – Changes
 Literary Tradition – work done in the past

Creative nonfiction – simple, succinct, and accurate as a literary genre of “true

Intertextuality – texts give life to each other stories well told”; uses literary techniques; fact-based writing

Jose Garcia Villa – Emperor’s New Sonnet; National Artist for Literature in the
Philippines (1973)
Allusion – reference to something outside the text
Bienvenido Lumbera – Eulogy of Roaches; his works depict how the Philippines
was conditioned into embracing the colonizing cultures; Palanca Award for
Journalism (1975) and Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism (1975)
Literary nonfiction/Narrative nonfiction - encompasses travel, nature, science,
sports writing, research paper, biography, autobiography, memoir, interview,
familiar and personal essay
- Stands for both personal and public history
Elements of Creative Nonfiction

 Personal Presence – ability to motivate

Cirilo Bautista – Pedagogic; Poetry is the crown of all literature genres;
 Self-discovery and self-motivation – ability to recognize
Actualized and Rubber Tower; Carlos Palanca Award Hall of Fame (1995)
strengths and weaknesses
 Flexibility of Form – see the content and figure out the message
Pedagogic  Veracity – accuracy
 Literary Approaches - models that present topic
 Falling Woods – habitat of trees that men destroyed
 Speaking in dolor – mental suffering or anguish Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo – Some Books are Forever; 40 books
 Fingers flaming – passionate attention
 Serious Mien – being in a state of deep thought Idioms – groups of words with meanings of their own
 I knew the footnotes – confidence of men in their belief
 Time and birth – period and beginning
Speculative fiction – asks and answers “what if” and decribes; fantasy, science
 Language of men – practices of men; ways of coping up with
fiction, horror, magic realism, surrealism; teach, entertain and provoke thoughts
changes

Dean Francis Alfar – speculative fiction deals with observations of the human
Literary History – getting an overview of literary pieces
condition but offer experience through a different lens

The Palanca Hall of Fame – presented to Palanca awardee who has achieved
Nikki Alfar – The Stranded Star
the distinction of winning the first five prizes in regular categories

Carlos P. Romulo - I am a Filipino; National Artist of the Philippines Hall

Practical Criticism
of Fame in Literature (1982); Pulitzer Prize in Journalism
I Am a Filipino – sheds light on national identity through examination of
the Filipino’s fervent dream for freedom from colonial rule

Archetype - archeim and typos (Greek) "original pattern"; introduced by

Carl Gustav Jung

Riddles -succint poetic speeches

Proverbs - concise statements that pertain to specific values

Enculturation - passing one's culture to another

Poetic statement - statement made by a poem

Marcelino Pecson Crisologo – Neneng

Zarzuela - subgenre of drama inspired by the Spanish zarzuela

F. Sionil Jose - Why are Filipinos so Poor?; Most Honored Canonical

Writer; Rosales Saga

Things to Consider When Reading a Poem

 Title 
 Paraphrase – translate poem into your own words
 Connotations – meaning beyond literal
 Tone – poet’s attitude
 Shifts – change in speaker’s attitude
 Title - interpretative level
 Theme - intended meaning

Imagery - visual representation of a scene in a reader's mind (Auditory,

Visual, Tactile, Olfactory, Gustatory)

Andres Cristobal-Cruz - Now I Understand 

Sea Scenes - Andres Cristobal Cruz

Vocabulary

Defiance - putting in opposition 

Frail - lacking strength
Glorious - extremely pleasant 
Inheritor - heir
Vindication - gaining justice
Prejudice - irrational dislike
Passivity - absence of activity
Cacophony - discordance
Immense - boundless
Inquisitive - curious
Infirm - weak
Chattered - talked rapidly
Anguish - pain
Conception - forming ideas
Culling - choose
Desist - stop
Indulgence - pleasure
Limpid - clear
Plumage - feather
Pompous - arrogant 
Sojourn - stay, visit
Straight from the horse's mouth - came from reliable person
Labor of love - task one does without pay
Milestone to one's life - significant event
Tough act to follow - performance couldn't be duplicated
Bear fruit - results
Alienated - feeling of not belonging
Defamiliarizing - finding a new way of seeing something 
Wrath - anger
Complex - not simple
Succint - concise
Dispensation - exemption
Nonsense - baloney
Naughtiness - mischiefs
Exasperation - irritation 
Lunacy - insanity
Doomed - destined to failure
Ravaged - completely wrecked
Moorings - place for securing
Taunted - teased
Inequities - injustice
Insidious - harmful
Internalize - adopt 
Malaise - condition that harms a group
Tautology - repetition