4/28/2021 Analog to Digital Converter : Block Diagram, Types & Its Applications

What is Analog to Digital Converter & Its Working

Almost every environmental measurable parameter is in analog form like temperature, sound, pressure, light, etc. Consider a
temperature monitoring system wherein acquiring, analyzing, and processing temperature data from sensors is not possible with digital
computers and processors. Therefore, this system needs an intermediate device to convert the analog temperature data into digital data
in order to communicate with digital processors like microcontrollers and microprocessors. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is an
electronic integrated circuit used to convert the analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary form consisting of 1s and 0s. Most of
the ADCs take a voltage input as 0 to 10V, -5V to +5V, etc., and correspondingly produces digital output as some sort of a binary number.

What is Analog to Digital Converter?

A converter that is used to change the analog signal to digital is known as an analog to digital converter or ADC converter. This converter
is one kind of integrated circuit or IC that converts the signal directly from continuous form to discrete form. This converter can be
expressed in A/D, ADC, A to D. The inverse function of DAC is nothing but ADC. The analog to digital converter symbol is shown below.

The process of converting an analog signal to digital can be done in several ways. There are different types of ADC chips available in the
market from different manufacturers like the ADC08xx series. So, a simple ADC can be designed with the help of discrete components.

The main features of ADC are sample rate and bit resolution.

The sample rate of an ADC is nothing but how fast an ADC can convert the signal from analog to digital.
Bit resolution is nothing but how much accuracy can an analog to digital converter can convert the signal from analog to digital.

Analog to Digital Converter

One of the major benefits of ADC converter is the high data acquisition rate even at multiplexed inputs. With the invention of a wide
variety of ADC integrated circuits (IC’s), data acquisition from various sensors becomes more accurate and faster. Dynamic
characteristics of the high-performance ADCs are improved measurement repeatability, low power consumption, precise throughput, high
linearity, excellent Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and so on.

A variety of applications of the ADCs are measurement and control systems, industrial instrumentation, communication systems, and all
other sensory-based systems. Classification of ADCs based on factors like performance, bit rates, power, cost, etc.
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ADC Block Diagram

The block diagram of ADC is shown below which includes sample, hold, quantize, and encoder. The process of ADC can be done like the
following.

First, the analog signal is applied to the first block namely a sample wherever it can be sampled at an exact sampling frequency. The
amplitude value of the sample like an analog value can be maintained as well as held within the second block like Hold. The hold sample
can be quantized into discrete value through the third block like quantize. Finally, the last block like encoder changes the discrete
amplitude into a binary number.

In ADC, the conversion of the signal from analog to digital can be explained through the above block diagram.

Sample

In the sample block, the analog signal can be sampled at an exact interval of time. The samples are used in continuous amplitude and
hold real value however they are discrete with respect to time. While converting the signal, the sampling frequency plays an essential
role. So it can be maintained at a precise rate. Based on the system requirement, the sampling rate can be fixed.

Hold

In ADC, HOLD is the second block and it doesn’t have any function because it simply holds the sample amplitude till the next sample is
taken. So the value of hold doesn’t change until the next sample.

Quantize

In ADC, this is the third block which is mainly used for quantization. The main function of this is to convert the amplitude from continuous
(analog) into discrete. The value of continuous amplitude within hold block moves throughout quantize block to turn into discrete in
amplitude. Now, the signal will be in digital form because it includes discrete amplitude as well as time.

Encoder

The final block in ADC is an encoder that converts the signal from digital form to binary. We know that a digital device works by using
binary signals. So it is required to change the signal from digital to binary with the help of an encoder. So this is the entire method to
change an analog signal to digital using an ADC. The time taken for the entire conversion can be done within a microsecond.

Analog to Digital Conversion Process

There are many methods to convert analog signals to digital signals. These converters find more applications as an intermediate device
to convert the signals from analog to digital form, display output on LCD through a microcontroller. The objective of an A/D converter is to
determine the output signal word corresponding to an analog signal. Now we are going to see an ADC of 0804. It is an 8-bit converter
with a 5V power supply. It can take only one analog signal as input.

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Analog to Digital Converter for Signal

The digital output varies from 0-255. ADC needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog to digital value depends on the
clock source. An external clock can be given to CLK IN pin no.4. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the clock IN and clock R pins
to use the internal clock. Pin2 is the input pin – High to low pulse brings the data from the internal register to the output pins after
conversion. Pin3 is a Write – Low to high pulse is given to the external clock. Pin11 to 18 are data pins from MSB to LSB.

Analog to Digital Converter samples the analog signal on each falling or rising edge of the sample clock. In each cycle, the ADC gets the
analog signal, measures it, and converts it into a digital value. The ADC converts the output data into a series of digital values by
approximates the signal with fixed precision.

In ADCs, two factors determine the accuracy of the digital value that captures the original analog signal. These are quantization level or
bit rate and sampling rate. The below figure depicts how analog to digital conversion takes place. Bit rate decides the resolution of
digitized output and you can observe in the below figure where 3-bit ADC is used for converting the analog signal.

Analog to Digital Conversion Process

Assume that one-volt signal has to be converted from digital by using 3-bit ADC as shown below. Therefore, a total of 2^3=8 divisions are
available for producing 1V output. This results 1/8=0.125V is called as minimum change or quantization level represented for each
division as 000 for 0V, 001 for 0.125, and likewise upto 111 for 1V. If we increase the bit rates like 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, etc. we will get a better
precision of the signal. Thus, bit rate or quantization gives the smallest output change in the analog signal value that results from a
change in the digital representation.

Suppose if the signal is about 0-5V and we have used 8-bit ADC then the binary output of 5V is 256. And for 3V it is 133 as shown below.

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There is an absolute chance of misrepresenting the input signal on the output side if it is sampled at a different frequency than the
desired one. Therefore, another important consideration of the ADC is the sampling rate. The Nyquist theorem states that the acquired
signal reconstruction introduces distortion unless it is sampled at (minimum) twice the rate of the largest frequency content of the signal
as you can observe in the diagram. But this rate is 5-10 times the maximum frequency of the signal in practice.

Sampling Rate of Analog to Digital Converter

Factors

The ADC performance can be evaluated through its performance based on different factors. From that, the following two main factors are
explained below.

SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio)

The SNR reflects the average number of bits without noise in any particular sample.

Bandwidth

The bandwidth of an ADC can be determined by estimating the sampling rate. The analog source can be sampled per second to produce
discrete values.

Types of Analog to Digital Converters

ADC is available in different types and some of the types of analog to digital converters include:

Dual Slope A/D Converter

Flash A/D Converter
Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Semi-flash ADC
Sigma-Delta ADC
Pipelined ADC

Dual Slope A/D Converter

In this type of ADC converter, comparison voltage is generated by using an integrator circuit which is formed by a resistor, capacitor,
and operational amplifier combination. By the set value of Vref, this integrator generates a sawtooth waveform on its output from zero to
the value Vref. When the integrator waveform is started correspondingly counter starts counting from 0 to 2^n-1 where n is the number of
bits of ADC.

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Dual Slope Analog to Digital Converter

When the input voltage Vin equal to the voltage of the waveform, then the control circuit captures the counter value which is the digital
value of the corresponding analog input value. This Dual slope ADC is a relatively medium cost and slow speed device.

Flash A/D Converter

This ADC converter IC is also called parallel ADC, which is the most widely used efficient ADC in terms of its speed. This flash analog to
digital converter circuit consists of a series of comparators where each one compares the input signal with a unique reference voltage. At
each comparator, the output will be a high state when the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage. This output is further given
to the priority encoder for generating binary code based on higher-order input activity by ignoring other active inputs. This flash type is a
high-cost and high-speed device.

Flash A/D Converter

Successive Approximation A/D Converter

The SAR ADC a most modern ADC IC and much faster than dual slope and flash ADCs since it uses a digital logic that converges the
analog input voltage to the closest value. This circuit consists of a comparator, output latches, successive approximation register (SAR),
and D/A converter.

Successive Approximation A/D Converter

At the start, SAR is reset and as the LOW to HIGH transition is introduced, the MSB of the SAR is set. Then this output is given to the
D/A converter that produces an analog equivalent of the MSB, further it is compared with the analog input Vin. If comparator output is
LOW, then MSB will be cleared by the SAR, otherwise, the MSB will be set to the next position. This process continues till all the bits are
tried and after Q0, the SAR makes the parallel output lines to contain valid data.

Semi-flash ADC

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These types of analog to digital converts mainly works approximately their limitation size through two separate flash converters, where
each converter resolution is half of the bits for the semi-flush device. The capacity of a single flash converter is, it handles the MSBs
(most significant bits) whereas the other handles the LSB (least significant bits).

Sigma-Delta ADC

Sigma Delta ADC (ΣΔ) is fairly a recent design. These are extremely slow as compared to other kinds of designs however they offer the
maximum resolution for all kinds of ADC. Thus, they are extremely compatible with high-fidelity based audio applications, however, they
are normally not utilizable wherever high BW (bandwidth) is required.

Pipelined ADC

Pipelined ADCs are also known as sub ranging quantizers which are related in concept to successive approximations, even though more
sophisticated. While successive approximations grow through every step by going to the next MSB, this ADC uses the following process.

It is used for a coarse conversion. After that, it evaluates that change toward the input signal.
This converter acts as a better conversion by allowing for a temporary conversion with a range of bits.
Usually, pipelined designs offer a center ground among SARs as well as flash analog to digital converters by balancing its size, speed
& high resolution.

Analog to Digital Converter Examples

The examples of analog to digital converter are discussed below.

ADC0808

ADC0808 is a converter that has 8 analog inputs and 8 digital outputs. ADC0808 allows us to monitor up to 8 different transducers using
only a single chip. This eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments.

ADC0808 IC

ADC0808 is a monolithic CMOS device, offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term
accuracy and repeatability and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and
machine control to consumer and automotive applications. The pin diagram of ADC0808 is shown in the figure below:

Features

The main features of ADC0808 include the following.

Easy interface to all microprocessors

No zero or full-scale adjust required
8-channel multiplexer with address logic
0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply

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Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications

Carrier chip package with 28-pin

Specifications

The specifications of ADC0808 include the following.

Resolution: 8 Bits
Total Unadjusted Error: ±½ LSB and ±1 LSB
Single Supply: 5 VDC
Low Power: 15 mW
Conversion Time: 100 μs

Generally, the ADC0808 input which is to be changed over to digital form can be selected by using three address lines A, B, C which are
pins 23, 24, and 25. The step size is chosen dependent upon the set reference value. Step size is the change in analog input to cause a
unit change in the output of ADC. ADC0808 needs an external clock to operate, unlike ADC0804 which has an internal clock.

The continuous 8-bit digital output corresponding to the instantaneous value of analog input. The most extreme level of the input voltage
must be reduced proportionally to +5V.

The ADC 0808 IC requires a clock signal of typically 550 kHz, ADC0808 is used to convert the data into digital form required for the
microcontroller.

Application of ADC0808

The ADC0808 has got many applications; here we have given some application on ADC:

From the below circuit the clock, start, and EOC pins are connected to a microcontroller. Generally, we have 8 inputs; here we are using
only 4 inputs for the operation.

ADC0808 Circuit

The LM35 temperature sensor is using which is connected to the first 4 inputs of the analog to digital converter IC. The sensor has got
3 pins i.e., VCC, GND, and output pins when the sensor heated the voltage at output increases.
The address lines A, B, C are connected to the microcontroller for the commands. In this, the interrupt follows the low to high
operation.
When the start pin is held high no conversion begins, but when the start pin is low the conversion will start within 8 clock periods.
At the point when the conversion is completed the EOC pin goes low to indicate the finish of conversion and data ready to be picked
up.
The output enables (OE) is then raised high. This enables the TRI-STATE outputs, allowing the data to be read.

ADC0804
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We already know that analog-to-digital (ADCs) converters are the most widely used devices for information securing to translate the
analog signals to digital numbers so the microcontroller can read them easily. There are many ADC converters like ADC0801, ADC0802,
ADC0803, ADC0804, and ADC080. In this article, we are going to discuss the ADC0804 converter.

ADC0804

ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital converter. It works with 0V to 5V analog input voltage. It has single analog input
and 8-digital outputs. Conversion time is another major factor in judging an ADC, in ADC0804 conversion time varies depending on the
clocking signals applied to CLK R and CLK IN pins, but it cannot be faster than 110 μs.

Pin Description of ADC804

Pin 1: It is a chip select pin and activates ADC, active low

Pin 2: It is an input pin; high to low pulse brings the data from internal registers to the output pins after conversion

Pin 3: It is an input pin; low to high pulse is given to start the conversion

Pin 4: It is a clock input pin, to give the external clock

Pin 5: It is an output pin, goes low when the conversion is complete

Pin 6: Analog non-inverting input

Pin 7: Analog inverting input, it’s normally ground

Pin 8: Ground (0V)

Pin 9: It is an input pin, sets the reference voltage for analog input

Pin 10: Ground (0V)

Pin 11 – Pin 18: It is an 8-bit digital output pin

Pin 19: Is used with Clock IN pin when internal clock source is used

Pin 20: Supply voltage; 5V

Features of ADC0804

The main features of ADC0804 include the following.

0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V supply

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Compatible with microcontrollers, access time is 135 ns

Easy interface to all microprocessors
Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL voltage level specifications
Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference
On-chip clock generator
No zero adjust required
0.3[Prime] standard width 20-pin DIP package
Operates ratio metrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or analog span adjusted voltage reference
Differential analog voltage inputs

It is an 8-bit converter with a 5V power supply. It can take only one analog signal as input. The digital output varies from 0-255. ADC
needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog to digital value depends on the clock source. An external clock can be
given to CLK IN. Pin2 is the input pin – High to low pulse brings the data from the internal register to the output pins after conversion.
Pin3 is a Write – Low to high pulse is given to the external clock.

Application

From the simple circuit, pin 1 of ADC is connected to GND where pin4 is connected to GND through a capacitor; pin 2, 3, and 5 of ADC
are connected to 13, 14, and 15 pins of the microcontroller. Pin 8 and 10 are shorted and connected to GND, 19 pins of ADC is to 4th pin
through resistor 10k. Pin 11 to 18 of ADC are connected to 1 to 8 pins of the microcontroller which belongs to port1.

ADC0804 Circuit

When the logic high is applied to CS and RD, input has been clocked through the 8-bit shift register, completing the specific absorption
rate (SAR) search, on the next clock pulse; the digital word is transferred to the tri-state output. The output of the interrupt is inverted to
provide an INTR output that is high during conversion and low when the conversion is completed. When a low is at both CS and RD, an
output is applied to the DB0 through DB7 outputs and the interrupt is reset. When either the CS or RD inputs return to a high state, the
DB0 through DB7 outputs are disabled (returned to the high-impedance state). Thus depending on the logic the voltage various from 0 to
5V which is transformed to a digital value of 8-bit resolution, being fed as an input to the microcontroller port 1.

ADC0804 Component Used Projects

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator

ADC0808 Component Used Projects

Scada (Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition) For Remote Industrial Plant

ADC Testing
The testing of analog to digital converter mainly needs an analog input source as well as hardware to transmit the control signals as well
as to capture digital data o/p. Some kinds of ADCs need a precise reference signal source. The ADC can be tested by using the following
key parameters

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DC Offset Error
Power Dissipation
DC Gain Error
Spurious Free Dynamic Range
SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio)
INL or Integral Nonlinearity
DNL or Differential Nonlinearity
THD or Total Harmonic Distortion

The testing of ADCs or Analog-to-digital converters is mainly done for several reasons. Apart from the reason, the society of IEEE
Instrumentation & Measurement, the waveform generation & analysis committee was developed the IEEE Standard for ADC for
Terminology as well as Test Methods. There are different general test setups which include Sine Wave, Arbitrary Waveform, Step
Waveform & Feedback Loop. To determine analog to digital converters’ stable performance, then different methods are used like the
servo based, ramp based, the ac histogram technique, the triangle histogram technique & the physical technique. The one technique that
is used for dynamic testing is the sine wave test.

Applications of Analog to Digital Converter

The applications of ADC include the following.

At present, the usage of digital devices is increasing. These devices work based on the digital signal. An analog to digital converter
plays a key role in such kind of devices to convert the signal from analog to digital. The applications of analog to digital converters are
limitless which are discussed below.
AC (air conditioner) includes temperature sensors to maintain the temperature within the room. So this conversion of temperature can
be done from analog to digital with the help of ADC.
It is also used in a digital oscilloscope to convert the signal from analog to digital to display.
ADC is used to convert the analog voice signal to digital in mobile phones because mobile phones use digital voice signals but
actually, the voice signal is in the form of analog. So ADC is used to convert the signal before sending the signal toward the transmitter
of the cell phone.
ADC is used in medical devices like MRI and X-Ray to convert the images from analog to digital before alteration.
The camera in the mobile mainly used for capturing images as well as videos. These are stored in the digital device, so these are
converted to digital form using ADC.
The cassette music can also be changed into a digital like CDS & thumb drives use ADC.
At present ADC is used in every device because almost all devices available in the market are in digital version. So these devices use
ADC.

Thus, this is about an overview of analog to digital converter or ADC converter & its types. For easier understanding, only a few ADC
converters are discussed in this article. We hope this furnished content is more informative to readers. Any further queries, doubts, and
technical help on this topic you can comment below.

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