BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülay YAZICI

2021
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
■ The procedure for the patient whose breathing and circulation has stopped for
some reason (cardiopulmonary arrest) is called cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) to ensure airway clearance and maintain the function of the body.
■ Causes of cardiopulmonary arrest are sudden cardiac death, heart attack, heart
failure and traffic accidents.
■ In traffic accidents, 10% of the injured are due to respiratory arrest and 50% die
due to major bleeding.
■ For this reason, correct CPR is of great importance in order to provide sufficient
oxygen to organs such as the brain and heart after cardiopulmonary arrest.
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
■ Respiratory arrest; It is the inability of the body to meet the oxygen it needs due
to the inability to fulfill the lung function.
■ If this period lasts more than a few minutes, cardiac arrest occurs. Respiratory
arrest is evaluated with the "LOOK - LISTEN - FEEL" method.

■ LOOK: The movements of the rib cage ascending and descending are checked
visually.
■ LISTEN: Respiratory sound is listened through the nose and mouth.
■ FEEL: The warmth of the breath is felt.
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

■ Cardiac arrest; It is the inability of the heart to perform its blood pumping
function. When the person's heart stops, he is unconscious and the pulse
cannot be taken from his large arteries. If this situation is not intervened for
five minutes, brain damage may occur as the oxygenation of the tissues will
deteriorate.
■ Life-saving chain; It is called all intervention practices performed to bring
people who have sudden cardiac arrest back to life. The American Heart
Association (AHA) has explained arrest situation in four steps for patients
who are not monitored inside or outside the hospital.
 LIFE CHAIN

Surveillance / Recognition / Protection

Activation of the emergency system
High quality CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
Fast defibrillation
Advanced life support / Post-Arrest care
 BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

■ Basic life support; These are practices performed without a healthcare

professional until the patient / casualty comes to the hospital where the
cardiac arrest has developed.
■ Brain death can be prevented if circulation is restored for the first four
minutes after breathing and heart stops.
■ The steps you will follow to protect and maintain life when the patient /
casualty are first encountered are known as CAB.
 Steps of Basic Life Support

Check the patient /

casualty's state of
consciousness (shake
patient lightly on the
shoulders and ask aloud
"how are you?"
Ensure the safety
of the rescuer's
patient / casualty
and those around

Not responding
(breathing is not Responding
normal or absent)

Activate the
emergency Do not move Check him/her
Begin chest
response system Evaluate the CAB unless further breathing at
compressions
(112 Emergency) danger is present regular intervals
 2. Ensuring Airway Clearance

When a patient / casualty person is encountered

After the CAB assessment is done, first airway clearance
should be provided.
■ (C)-Circulation (Maintaining Circulation): Check the pulse of the
patient / casualty (maximum 10 seconds time loss), if the pulse is
not available, move on to other steps immediately.

■ (A)-Airway (Ensuring Airway Clearance): Give the patient who has

stopped breathing in the head-chin position and ensure airway
clearance.

■ (B)-Breathing (Providing Respiration): Check the continuation of

breathing by using the look, listen and feel method after
establishing a clearance of the airway.
 Steps to Ensure Airway Clearance

The patient / casualty's head is pushed back, the neck is

raised and the chin is pulled forward (Head tilt / chin lift
maneuver)

If trauma to the neck of the patient / casualty is

suspected or present, the head is never pushed back
(jaw thrust maneuver)
If there is foreign substance, blood and vomit in the
mouth of the patient / casualty, it should be cleaned.

Backward tongue retention in the unconscious patient is

the main cause of airway obstruction.
 3. Providing Respiration

After the patient / casualty's airway clearance is

established, the continuation of breathing should be
monitored. If the patient / casualty does not have
breathing after providing airway clearance, rescuee
breathing should be started.
 Steps of Maintaining Respiration

With the look, listen and feel method, it should be checked

whether there is breathing, then rescue breathing should
be applied without wasting time.
Rescue breathing should be either mouth-to-nose or
mouth-to-mouth.

Approximately 400-600 cc of expiratory air should be

given 10-12 times a minute and the chest is lifted 3-5 cm.
 4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4.1. Adult CPR

■ If the pulse cannot be obtained after the patient / casualty's CAB is evaluated, CPR
should be started in a short time such as 2-3 minutes.
■ Purpose of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to help pump blood by compressing
the heart between the spine and chest.
■ Every pressure on the rib cage should be sufficient for the heart to pump blood.
■ Every time the first aider lifts her hand, the heart is filled with enough blood and in
this way it is possible to maintain circulation.
 4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4.1. Adult CPR
■ Different procedures are applied if the first aiders are one or two people.
■ In the case of one rescuer, alternating 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue
breaths, in the case of two rescuers, chest compressions (1 rescue breath every 6
seconds) should be administered by one person and one person to direct rescue
breaths.
■ While chest compressions are continued without a break for 100-120
compressions per minute, enough waiting should be waited while pulling the
hands for the amount of blood filling the heart.
 4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4.2. CPR in Children and Babies

■ Unlike adult CPR steps, if there is a rescuer, 30 chest compressions 2 rescue

breaths, if there are two rescuers 15 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths
should be applied.

■ Chest compression should be applied with one or both hands (depending on the
developmental state of the child) just below the midpoint of the sternum, with a 5
cm collapse for children aged 1-10.
 4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4.2. CPR in Children and Babies

■ A 4 cm chest compress applied with two fingers to the sternum point of the
imaginary line joining two nipples is sufficient for children under one year old.
■ Chest compressions, which are rhythmically regular and upright as in adults, should
be applied at a rate of 100-120 per minute.
■ In addition, rescue breathing should be applied in babies to cover both the mouth and
the nose.
 CPR PROCESSING STEPS
■ Lay the patient / casualty person on a firm and flat surface.
■ Place the little fingers in the middle of the lowest point and the top of the sternum.
■ Make both hands in a C shape, find the midpoint of the sternum and place the heel of the unactively
used hand at this point.
■ The rescuer places her other hand on this hand and cross the fingers of both hands.
■ Keep the rescuer's shoulders at the level of the patient / casualty's sternum with arms and elbows
parallel and perpendicular to each other.
■ Apply pressure to collapse the sternum by 5 cm in rhythmic movements without fingers touching the
chest.
■ Don’t pull the heel of hand from the sternum while separating the hands after compression.
■ Give the patient / casualty a rescue breath every 6 seconds. (10 breaths / 1 min).
■ Continue the procedure until the patient / casualty starts taking the pulse.
■ If breathing begins, bring the patient / casualty to a safe position.
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CRP
Components Yetişkinler Children Infants
No response (for all ages)
Recognition No breathing or No breathing or sighing
no normal breathing
(Ex, just sigh)
No palpable pulse within 10 seconds, for all ages (medical staff only)

CPR Flow CAB

Compression Speed
Compression depth
4cm
Compression-to-breath ratio
forward airway is established)
100-120/min
Minimum 5cm (Don’t exceed 6cm) 5cm
30/2 one or two rescuers 30/2 One or two rescuers(until

Advanced airway ventilation
compress)
Position of the hand during CPR
the middle of the chest
100-120/min chest compression Every 6 seconds 1 breathing (every 10
Two hands in the middle of the sternum In the middle of the sternum In
2 or 1 hands 2 fingers
 5. Automatic External Defibrillator (OED)
■ Automatic External Defibrillator (OED) is a sensitive and safe tool that can be
used by people who are not healthcare professionals or non-healthcare
professionals in cardiac arrest cases and guides defibrillation.
■ These tools have two types of fully automatic and semi-automatic, and the fully
automatic ones have the feature of detecting heart rhythm and applying automatic
shock.
■ On the other hand, semi-automatic define the rhythm, guide the rescuer with the
audio or visual system and allow her to apply shock.
■ While the defibrillation procedure is applied to a patient / casualty older than 8
years old, over 25 kg, unresponsive, unable to breathe and pulse cannot be taken,
it should never be applied to a patient / injured patient with hypothermia motris
(death rigidity) and severe trauma.
 5. Automatic External Defibrillator (OED)

5.1. Use of the defibrillator;

There are four instructions for the use of defibrillators for OED devices
that can be easily used in the USA, including children aged 8. These
instructions are applications that everyone can easily understand,
regardless of brand or model.
 OED PROCESS STEPS

The defibrillator system analyzes the ECG and guides the user
with the audio and visual system. The user does not need to
know the heart rhythm

If the device shock rhythm application is recommended, it is

checked whether the patient is wet.

The area to be shocked should be bare and everyone should be

warned before the shock is delivered

No one, including the rescuer, should touch

the patient during the shock application
THANK YOU...