PRECISION LIVESTOCK FARMING

in India

Dr. Manjeet Singh

Senior Research Engineer cum Head
Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering
Punjab Agricultural University (PAU)
Ludhiana, India

E-mail: manjeetsingh_03@pau.edu
M: 09417122896
 Indian Livestock Production System

• World’s highest livestock owner : 512.05 million

• 1st in the total buffalo population : 105.3 million
• 2nd in the population of cattle and goats : 140.5 million
• 2nd largest poultry market in the world : Production of 63
billion eggs and
649 million
poultry meat
• 3rd in the population of sheep : 72 millions
• 5th in in the population of ducks and chicken
• 10th in camel population in the world
 Indian Dairy Scenario

• Cattle population : 196 million

• Buffaloes
• Total milk production
• Annual growth rate
• Percentage of World’s
Milk Production
• Share of livestock income
: 105 million
: 160 million tons
: 4%
: 15% (First in World)
: 6% (25% of agriculture)
in GDP
 Indian Dairy Production System
• Indian dairy production is characterized as a low input/low output
system mostly constituted by small and marginal farmers and
landless labourers owning less than 5 cows or water buffaloes.
• In general, milk productivity of dairying animals is very low in
comparison to global standards.
• The average milk yield of indigenous cattle and water buffaloes is 2.5
and 5.2 Kg per day respectively.
• The average milk yield for exotic/crossbred cattle is 7.2 kg per day.
• The yield is significantly less than that of 22 and 28 kg per day in U.K.
and U.S. respectively.

The lower milk yield is mainly due to

• low genetic potential,
• lack of nutritional feeds and
• inadequate veterinary services.
 Need Based Nutrition
Area Specific Mineral Mixture*
Central Zone
Dist.:- Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Patiala, Tarantaran, Nawansher & Fatehgarh Sahib
Complete Mineral Supplement for Animals
Sr. No. Minerals Quantity (%)
1 Moisture 5
2 Calcium 22
3 Phosphorus 12
4 Magnesium 4
5 Iodine 0.04
6 Copper 0.14
7 Cobalt 0.009
8 Zinc 1.0
9 Manganese 0.15
10 Silica 2.4
Varies with Region * GADVASAU, Ludhiana
 Need Based Nutrition
Area Specific Mineral Mixture*
South West Zone
Dist.:- Ferozepur, Mansa, Bathinda, Muktsar, Faridkot, Moga, Sangrur & Barnala
Complete Mineral Supplement for Animals
Sr. No. Minerals Quantity (%)
1 Moisture 5
2 Calcium 26
3 Phosphorus 09
4 Magnesium 4
5 Iodine 0.05
6 Copper 0.14
7 Cobalt 0.009
8 Zinc 0.8
9 Manganese 0.15
10 Silica 2.4
Varies with Region * GADVASAU, Ludhiana
 Need Based Nutrition
Area Specific Mineral Mixture*
Sub-mountian (Kandi) Zone
Dist.:- Gurdaspur, Ropar, Hoshiarpur and SAS Nagar
Complete Mineral Supplement for Animals
Sr. No. Minerals Quantity (%)
1 Moisture 5
2 Calcium 24
3 Phosphorus 11
4 Magnesium 4
5 Iodine 0.05
6 Copper 0.16
7 Cobalt 0.009
8 Zinc 1.0
9 Manganese 0.1
10 Silica 2.4
Varies with Region * GADVASAU, Ludhiana
 Need Based Nutrition
Area Specific Mineral Mixture*

Daily Dose
Young Calves: 20-30 g
Bulls: 100 g

Dairy Animals
Milk, kg
5-7 : 50 g
8-10 : 60 g
>11 : 100 g
or add 2 kg mineral mixture per 100 kg concentrate mixture

Improves:
• Digestion • Milk Production
• Reproductive Efficiency • Health
* GADVASAU, Ludhiana
 MOBILE APP “PRECISION OF DAIRY FARMING”

• The mobile app, ‘Precision of Dairy Farming’, has been developed by

the Department of veterinary and animal husbandry extension
Education of the varsity to help dairy farmers to get answers to their
queries. The app is being made available in two languages- English
and Punjabi.
• This app can be downloaded by Android users and will help farmers
in getting expert advice from GADVASU scientists sitting at home.
“This app has been developed to address the problems of those
farmers who want some advice for their livestock problems,”
Portable device to detect adulteration in milk in 60 seconds
For testing adulteration, one needs to take
3 ml of milk, add 10ml of water to it and
use a biochemical capsule in the solution.
Leave it for one minute. After a minute,
lower a probe attached to the meter into
the solution, press OK button on it, and see
the screen. It will detect any adulteration in
the milk
Central Electronics Engineering
Research Institute (CEERI), Pilani
developed a device will detect
adulterants such as urea, salt,
detergents, boric acid and caustic
soda in 60 seconds.
The portable meter can be used by
dairy farmers, domestic users and
enforcement agencies.
Production cost of the meter is Rs
5,000. A portable scanner for
industrial use is being used by more
than 400 dairies across the country,
which is sold for Rs 100,000 a
device.
Nine Million Cattle in Madhya Pradesh to Get Aadhaar Tags
• Tagged in the ear, the yellow Aadhaar
chip will contain the cow's date of birth,
address, milk yield, reproductive details
and health data, accessible at the click
of a mouse.
• As many as 9 million cattle, including
5.4 million cows, will get Aadhaar tags.
• The target is to give 0.75 million cattle
Aadhaar tags per month across 51
districts of the state.
• Cows in Madhya Pradesh will be
the first in the country to get an
Aadhaar identity
• About 3,600 workers will visit
every village, block, tehsil and
district to locate cows and fit a
chip on their ear with the unique
identification (UID) number, after
filling a form comprising details of
the animal and uploading it on the
software
Nine Million Cattle in Madhya Pradesh to Get Aadhaar Tags

• UID would help keep a check on slaughter and illegal transportation. The
National Dairy Development Board in Gujarat is the nodal agency for cow
Aadhaar in the country.

• The task would be completed in two years and was expected to cost Rs 13
crore, largely funded by the Centre

• It was being carried out under the National Mission on Bovine Productivity. Every
state in the country has to carry out the exercise.

• Like Aadhaar, the UID number given to a cow will not be repeated anywhere in
the country, so that even if it is transported from to another place, its record will
remain intact and can be updated.

• Aadhaar cards of cattle will help in breed improvement, health monitoring and
production. Also, a buyer can check the cow's history and it will help track
missing cattle.
 AMUL MODEL

• The Amul model has helped India to emerge as the largest milk
producer in the world.
• More than 15 million milk producers pour their milk in 1,44,500 dairy
cooperative societies across the country.
• Their milk is processed in 184 District Co-operative Unions and
marketed by 22 State Marketing Federations, ensuring a better life
for millions.
• Milk procurement doubled in last seven years, from 90.9 lakh litres
per day to 176.5 lakh litres per day, this effectively increased the
income of its dairy farmers, four-fold in the last seven years.
• Turnover of all products sold under Amul brand was Rs. 38,000 crores
or US$ 6 Billion in the year 2016-17.
• It aims to achieve a business turnover of Rs. 50,000 crore and
become the largest FMCG organization in India by 2020-21. In the
long-term, Amul claims to establish itself as the largest dairy
organization in the world.
 AMUL MODEL

The Amul Model of dairy

development is a three-
tiered structure with the
dairy cooperative societies
at the village level
federated under a milk
union at the district level
and a federation of member
unions at the state level
MILK SILOS AT AMULFED (MOTHER DAIRY)
PLANT IN GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT)
Largest
plant in
Asia for
production
of skim
milk
powder
and dairy
whitener
Production:
150 tonnes
per day of
skim milk
powder

120 tonnes
per day of
dairy
whitener/
baby food.
 Interesting Features of AmulFed Plant With GEA

• The plant, to be installed on a turnkey basis by GEA, will process

around 90,000 liters per hour of milk to produce multiple value-
added products.
• The new plant features GEA’s most advance safety system and uses
hygienic architectural design principles to make it one of the most
advanced GEA has built to date.
• The plant will be designed to operate in fully automated mode. This
includes the powder production, conveying, storage, packing, final
packed product conveying and a complete management information
system
 Technical Features of AmulFed Plant
Mechanical Vapor Re-compression (MVR) system: The use of a MVR
within the evaporation plant. MVR continuously recycles energy by
recompressing the vapor within the evaporator. This reduces energy costs
and the CO2 footprint to minimize the environmental load.
Reverse Osmosis (RO) polisher: RO will be used to treat the milk
condensate from the evaporation plant and recycle the water for reuse
within the plant. This significantly reduces water usage and approaches
zero liquid discharge concept.
Clarifying separator: to remove the entire life cycle of bacteria from the
milk, thereby ensuring a supply of bacteria-free healthy milk throughout
the process cycle.
SANICIPTM bag filters : in series with cyclones to collect powder fines,
save product and reduce emissions to the atmosphere.
Sifter :to provide a uniform distribution of the powder particles and,
therefore, a more homogenous final product.
 ASEPTIC FILLING INSTALLED IN AMUL DAIRY FROM GEA

• Aseptic filling most

advanced technology for the
filling of PET bottles with
sensitive beverages.
• An aseptic bottling line
includes: bottle or preform
sterilisation, cap sterilisation,
aseptic filling, contamination
control, and feed systems.

• Aseptic blow-fill the latest technology brings the blower and filler together in one
contained system. Instead of sterilizing bottles, the system sterilizes the preforms
with H2O2 before blowing and keeps them in a sterile environment throughout the
process.
• Aseptic blow fill technology has the benefits of allowing lighter-weight bottles
thereby reducing PET consumption and transport costs; allowing greater freedom
in bottle design as there is no distortion during sterilisation; reducing water,
sterilisation media and power consumption. It also occupies less space as there is
no need for air conveyors, bottle sterilisation and rinsing carousels.
Rotary Milking Parlour

Bhagyalaxmi Dairy Farm at Pune

It is equipped with one of India's first Rotary Parlours, which has mechanized the
whole milking process and in turn maximized quality and hygiene.
This world class facility meticulously follows specialized farming,
nurturing, breeding and a milking program that makes sure that the milk
obtained is wholesome and of the highest quality.
Automated Dairy Plant at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (India)
• GEA in India and Hatsun Agro Product Limited (HAP) are developing
automated dairy plant in India
• HAP is one of the leading private sector companies in the dairy
business in South India. It manufactures and markets dairy and ice
cream products under various brands including ‘Hatsun’, ‘Ibaco’,
‘Arun’ and ‘Arokya’.
• This greenfield dairy project is designed to handle 650 thousand liters
of milk per day, to produce 300 thousand liters per day of milk in
pouches and 150 thousand liters per day of curd.
• The plant is expected to be fully operational by early 2018.
• HAP believes that the dairy industry in India is ready to embrace new
technologies & higher hygienic standards and chose GEA as its
engineering partner because of its turnkey approach, its innovative
technology and its experience of working with GEA in the past.
Automated Dairy Plant at Coimbatore, Tamilnadu (India)
• HAP is a progressive dairy products company and likes to be ahead of
the curve in terms of automation, quality and hygiene standards.”
• Apart from specialized equipment from GEA such as separators,
homogenizer and flow components, a new and interesting feature of
GEA’s offering is the Reverse Osmosis (RO) plant for the concentration
of skim milk.
• RO, being a cold process, ensures natural freshness of milk and curd.
• The plant is fully automated for the processing and packaging of
liquid milk and curd. Management Information System (MIS) reports
can be generated to capture data regarding process parameters,
production and packaging making it highly responsive and efficient.
 Precision Feeding System

Precision Feeding System: Feeding system helps farmers

to feed their livestock precisely, timely and with minimal
expenditure of labour at all times (24x7).

Precision feeding system for dairy Precision feeding system for poultry
 Precision Milking Robot

Precision Milking Robot: Highly efficient and hygienic. Can

handle up to 65 milch animals per day.

Precision milking robot for dairy

 Automatic Temperature Control

Automatic Temperature Control: This unit provides

advantage of climate resilience for better productivity.

Automatic temperature control using foggers and forced air circulation

 E-Brushes

E-Brushes: Increases cow comfort and hygiene in the stall.

Optimize release of heat through skin and stimulates blood
circulation. Tail head, head and back: all are effectively
cleaned and brushed with great comfort.

E-Brushes in operation
Brush starts to rotate on contact at an animal-friendly speed
 Health Monitoring System

Wearable sensors for animal health management

• Timely diagnosis of diseases
• Decrease in economic losses

Sensors and wearable technologies can be implanted on animals to

• detect their sweat constituents
• measure body temperature
• observe behavior and movement
• detect stress
• analyze sound
• detect pH and prevent disease
• detect presence of viruses and pathogens
Wearable Devices and Model

Cow collar to detect estrus

Real-time image-based
model to calculate walk
parameters for
lameness detection
 Sensors For Automated Detection of Diseases
Sensor Location Output
Mastitis
EC (electrical conductivity) In-line Alert
AMS Sensor (automatic milking system) on-line Alert
EC, milk yield In-line Health alert
Automated detection of estrus
Pedometer Leg Alert
Heat Watch cow sacrum Alert
Detection of locomotion problems in dairy cows
3D Accelerometer Leg Alert
Weighting platform floor Graphs
Video camera next to corridor Images
Detection of metabolic problems in dairy cows
pH electrode Rumen fistulated
Camera System for Poultry

Camera system for monitoring broiler behaviour

Zone Occupation Index

Images of bird distributions can be used to calculate the zone

occupation indices
 Manure Scraper Robot

Scraper robot cleans the slatted floors ensuring clean,

slurry-free surfaces. As a result infection pressure is
reduced, hoof diseases and mastitis are guarded against
and animal health is promoted.
 Limitations - PLF

• Useful only if the information is interpreted and used effectively

in decision making
• Slow adoption rate due to uncertain return on investment
• High fixed costs of investment and information acquisition
• Animal ID may sometime read errors
• Equipment failure may occur because technology is sophisticated
• Data transfer error may be due to over-supply of data
• Time-consuming for handling of software programme
• Lack of validated research results concerning the effects of
application, high capital input and high costs
• Applicable to a restricted spatial area