Technical Paper

Fernando Stucchi* DOI: 10.1002/suco.201600086

Marcelo Coelho Ungaretti
Gilson Fujii
Hugo Corres Peiretti
Sergio Doniak
José Soriano Martin

Corinthians Arena –
2014 World Cup, design and construction
This paper describes the design and construction of the concrete
structures of the Corinthians Arena built for the 2014 World Cup.
Due to many constraints, the structure was designed, essentially,
with prefabricated structural concrete members, some specific
elements were designed with structural concrete cast in situ, and
some areas, with special construction problems, were designed
with composite steel–concrete structures.
Keywords:  arena, precast concrete, design, construction, vibration,
connections

1 Introduction

The construction of the stadiums for the 2014 Brazil

World Cup was developed at a very fast rate. Some of
them had been completed and operational since the Con-
federations Cup in 2013. The financial system used for
each stadium is specific and aims to consider very differ-
ent conditions. The design projects of all these infrastruc-
tures were developed to fulfil strict requirements imposed
by FIFA (Football Stadiums – Technical Recommenda-
tions and Requirements [1, 2]) and, at the same time, to be
able to offer different and valuable uses after the event,
trying to avoid potential “white elephants” at the end of
the competition. This important commitment has given
rise to multi-use buildings, which could be used as football
arenas during the World Cup, and as sport or cultural in-
stallations, or, in certain cases, as shopping malls, after the
event. It may be said that the great challenge of hosting a
World Cup is to secure economic benefits for the host na-
tion.
Additionally, there were several other crucial con-
straints: the construction schedule was very tight, the fact
that FIFA has imposed the green guide certification for all
World Cup projects, and very strict cost-control condi-
tions were imposed due to the financial crisis and Brazil-
ian public opinion. Under these conditions, many of the
arenas have been designed considering prefabrication
(according to Brazilian standard NRB9062:2006 [3]). De-
* Corresponding author: frstucchi@gmail.com
Submitted for review: 03 May 2016; revision: 02 July 2016; accepted for
publication: 12 July 2016. Discussion on this paper must be submitted within
two months of the print publication. The discussion will then be published in
print, along with the authors’ closure, if any, approximately nine months after
the print publication.
Fig. 1.  Corinthians Arena in São Paulo
pending on the regional capacity to produce prefabricated
elements and assemble them (at the time of the construc-
tion of the arenas, there was intensive development of
buildings and infrastructure, and the availability of the
appropriate equipment, such as cranes, was also a condi-
tioning factor), a major or minor percentage of industrial-
ized elements were adopted. In some cases only the slabs
were prefabricated, using hollow core slabs. In other cases
more than 90 % of the construction was prefabricated.
This paper describes the Corinthians Arena in
Itaquera (Fig. 1), São Paulo. In this example, piles, col-
umns, beams, slabs, grandstands and grandstand beams
were prefabricated. Some elements were prefabricated in
factories, and others, the majority, were prefabricated on
site. In fact, a prefabrication plant was actually installed
on site. Additionally, some areas, with an irregular geom-
etry or with special structural requirements, such as the
shear walls, were cast in situ.
The roof was designed in steel according to the
shape defined in the architectural design. The facade area
of the east building is a huge LED screen of 2,950 m2 and
the facade area of the west building is composed of a large
glass puzzle with a surface of 5,136 m2.
2 General description of Corinthians Arena
The Corinthians Arena, located in the eastern part of the
city of São Paulo in Itaquera, has a final seating capacity
of 48,000 spectators (after all the necessary adjustments

698 © 2016 Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin · Structural Concrete 17 (2016), No. 5
 F. Stucchi/M. Coelho Ungaretti/G. Fujii/H. Corres Peiretti/S. Doniak/J. Soriano Martin · Corinthians Arena – 2014 World Cup, design and construction
Fig. 2.  Internal view of the arena
are implemented – see Fig. 2). For the opening ceremony
of the 2014 Brazil World Cup, the stadium had to increase
its current seating capacity by 17,000 seats. This increase
in seating capacity was provisional and its removal began
following the end of the World Cup. These provisional
seats were supported by a steel structure to facilitate their
assembly and subsequent disassembly. Thus, the final ca-
pacity of the stadium during the World Cup was that of
65,000 spectators.
The complex covers an area of approximately
200,000 m2 and has more than 2,800 parking spaces
(about 1,000 inside the stadium and 1,800 located around
the arena). Additionally, it was established that the stadi-
Fig. 3.  North-south cross section
Fig. 4.  East-west cross section
um should be able to adequately receive the 32 heads of
state who were representing the countries participating in
the 2014 World Cup, as well as housing more than 5,000
journalists.
The stadium is a long-time dream come true for the
Sports Club Corinthians Paulista. For several years, one of
the most popular football teams in Brazil, it needed its
own home. The project was built through a private con-
tract between Corinthians and Odebrecht (the contrac-
tor). The works began on 30 May 2011 and finished in
May 2014.
The architect Anibal Coutinho, from CDCA Archi-
tects, designed the arena. One of the key points of the ar-
chitectural design was its adaptation of the ground area in
such a way as to accommodate the differences in levels
and therefore minimize earthworks.
The football pitch is set in a north–south direction.
In the east wing, two levels of grandstands are placed. In
the north and south parts (Fig. 3), there is only one level
of grandstands (during the World Cup a second level of
temporary seats was provided). The major grandstands are
placed in the east and west wings (Fig. 4). In the west
wing, two levels of grandstands and two levels of cabins
are placed. For practical purposes, all the necessary ser-
vices for the stadium are located in the west wing.
EGT Engenharia and Fhecor Consulting Engineers
(concrete and steel design of the buildings) and Werner
Sobek Structural Engineers (steel design of the roof) car-
ried out the structural design of the stadium. Each con-
sultant tried to achieve the best solution in accordance
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Fig. 5.  Pile driving Fig. 7.  Cast in situ pile caps

with the main constraints of cost and time. Furthermore,
in order to meet all the FIFA requirements, several meet-
ings were necessary to satisfy all parties involved in the
project: contractor, structural designers, architects and, of
course, the final client: Sports Club Corinthians Paulista.
The structure below the roof level is made mainly of
structural concrete. Practically 80 % of this structure is
precast whereas the remaining parts are cast in situ or
made of composite elements, with steel girders and top
concrete slabs. Composite construction was used only
when construction conditions prevented a concrete solu-
tion (for example, when architectural design demanded
longer spans without columns). The roof consists of a
membrane supported by a steel structure. The facades
were designed as important characteristics of this arena.
3 Foundations and retaining walls
According to the geotechnical conditions, it was decided
that the best solution for foundations consisted of precast
driven piles (Fig.  5). Precast piles of ∅ 0.50 m and
∅ 0.70 m diameter were used to support vertical loads of
1500 kN and 2500 kN, respectively. In some cases, for
example when a tension support is necessary, other types
of excavated piles were applied. More than 4,000 founda-
tion piles were executed with a total length of 55,500 m
over a period of six months (the initial estimate was nine
months).
The foundation system comprises not only vertical
piles, as can be seen in Fig. 6, but also inclined piles that
were placed in order to support horizontal forces. These

Fig. 6.  Foundation layout of core piles (arrows indicate inclined piles according to the respective orientation)

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 F. Stucchi/M. Coelho Ungaretti/G. Fujii/H. Corres Peiretti/S. Doniak/J. Soriano Martin · Corinthians Arena – 2014 World Cup, design and construction
Fig. 8.  Plan view and cross section of pile cap for six piles
Fig. 9.  Execution of pile caps
horizontal forces come from shear walls, which have two
main functions: to provide static stability to the building
when subjected to horizontal forces from roof, wind, tem-
perature and shrinkage effects; and to provide sufficient
horizontal stiffness to control the dynamic effects mainly
due to the movement of the crowd (bobbing or jumping).
In addition, the tie beams between the pile caps of
one or two piles were always cast in situ, as well as the
pile caps themselves (see Figs. 7, 8 and 9).
Due to the exceptionally poor soil conditions in cer-
tain zones in the west wing, it was necessary to substitute
the grade slab with a slab supported directly on piles.
In the west wing there was a 15.00 m long gap be-
tween the lower level of the underground and the en-
trance level of the arena. Furthermore, the cranes that as-
sembled the roof needed to be positioned next to the edge
of the wall (see Fig. 10); causing a huge horizontal pres-
sure against it (the heaviest crane was able to raise
13,500 kN and had a vertical pressure on the soil of
0.5 MPa). In order to address this problem, a retaining
wall (see Figs. 11, 12 and 13) 15.00 m high was adopted
Fig. 10.  West wing section – crane position beside the wall
(other solutions, such as a slab over piles, were studied,
but were found to be not as efficient). The wall is 650 m
long, and a construction period of six months was neces-
sary to complete it. During the assembly of this retaining
wall, several layers of a polyester mesh were applied (this
system is named “terramesh”, see Figs. 11 and 12).
4 Structural solution
4.1 Main structural challenges
Several issues were considered to decide the structural
solution and the construction method. However, the main
constraints were the short deadline to deliver the stadium
and the comfort of the users. On the one hand, precast
concrete was the solution adopted to accelerate the con-
struction works. On the other hand, monolithic connec-
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Fig. 11.  View of Terramesh execution
Fig. 12.  View of Terramesh execution
tions were used to satisfy several dynamic analyses carried
out to guarantee the comfort of the spectators considering
vibration (following ISO 2632-1 [4] recommendations).
4.1.1 Structural solution
Considering the important amount of prefabricated ele-
ments required, CPI, the prefabricator, installed a 7,500 m2
prefabrication plant on site. This company regularly em-
ployed 45 people during the day shift, and 15 for the night
shift. In the peak periods, this workshop produced around
3,500 elements and hired up to 150 workers. Columns,
beams, grandstands and grandstand beams were produced
on site (see Fig. 13). This on-site plant saved money and
time, because outside factories would have encountered
problems in transporting all these concrete elements
through the congested highways of São Paulo to reach
Corinthians Arena.
In addition, other precast elements were supplied by
local prefabricators, such as piles and hollow core slabs.
The structural solution (see Fig. 14) is composed of
frames, in the east-west direction, made of precast col-
umns and beams. The frames are separated every 7.50 m,
except at the edges on which they are placed every
10.50 m. In the north-south direction, the structure is
702 Structural Concrete 17 (2016), No. 5
Fig. 13.  Precast grandstands’ prefabricated beams on site
composed of hollow core precast slabs of 20 cm thickness
+ 6 cm of topping for the normal spans of 7.00 m, and
25 cm thickness of hollow core slabs + 6 cm of topping for
the larger spans.
In specific areas, where the structural behavior de-
mands a more monolithic solution, such as close to the
cores, or where due to specific constraints it was not pos-
sible to use precast slabs, in situ concrete slabs or compo­
site solutions were employed.
Cast in situ cores were implemented to resist hori-
zontal forces, for example due to wind loads, to improve
the dynamic behavior (according to recommendations in
“Vibrations Problems in Structures – Practical Guide-
lines” [5]) of the entire structure and to stabilize the steel
roof, which covers the four stands of the arena.
The cores were executed using climbing formworks.
The connection between the core and the slabs, at the dif-
ferent levels, was solved using special reinforcement details.
4.1.2 Dynamic analysis
The crowd action in a multi-use stadium may consist of
dancing, running, jumping and clapping. These activities
are enhanced when accompanied by music, due to a
greater synchronization among people. The structural de-
sign should carefully consider these aspects, because the
facility is also expected to be used for rock concerts.
In order to perform the dynamic analysis, the dy-
namic loading of spectators (that excites the structure) is
defined by a function Fp(t), represented by a Fourier series
composed of the sum of three harmonic components as
follows:
∑i=1 G ∝i sen(2π fpt − ∅i)
n
Fp(t) = G +
where: G is the standard weight of the crowd; ∝i is the ith
“generated load factor” defining the load generated by ac-
tivity of the crowd; fp is the fundamental frequency of the
crowd activity in Hz; t is the time in seconds; and ∅i is the
phase difference of the ith harmonic.
The recommended values G ∝i used, according to the
activity represented, are shown in Table 1. IStructE Guide
[6] and a Brazilian researcher, Rodrigues [7], suggest differ-
 F. Stucchi/M. Coelho Ungaretti/G. Fujii/H. Corres Peiretti/S. Doniak/J. Soriano Martin · Corinthians Arena – 2014 World Cup, design and construction
Fig. 14.  Layout of frames, slabs and cast in situ cores
Fig. 15.  Finite element model of the western part of the stadium
ent parameters for the harmonic numbers (activity crowds).
Rodrigues’ [7] research was based upon local measure-
ments in Brazilian stadiums (with no seats in grandstands).
A 3D finite element model (see Fig. 15) was devel-
oped to evaluate the acceleration on critical points of the
structure.
According to this model and taking into account
the dynamic behavior of the crowd, it was possible to
define the dimensions of main structural elements
(cores, shear walls, columns and beams), in order to re-
spect the limits of comfort imposed by ISO standards.
Due to architectural impositions, the upper grandstand
located in the west wing presented a lower vertical stiff-
ness. Consequently, this area was significantly excited
by the vertical mode with minimum frequency in the
grandstands, 6.013 Hz.
Figure 16 shows a table with the difference between
the dynamic results (acceleration on determined points)
considering the IStructE Guide [6] and Rodrigues [7].
The  difference between the results obtained with IS-
tructE Guide and Rodrigues is quite evident. This differ-
ence could be based on the fact that the arenas studied
by Rodrigues [7] in Brazil had no seats whereas the Euro-
pean ones, studied in [6], did. With the presence of num-
bered seats, and according to the distance between seats
[1, 2], the available space to crowd movements is re-
duced, not allowing larger excitations. Studies performed
by Rodrigues [7] in Brazilian arenas were always in
grandstands with no seats, setting people free to move
(bobbing, jumping, etc.), and consequently larger excita-
tions were obtained. In the near future, the authors plan
to retro-analyse soccer matches held in the Corinthians
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Table 1.  Fourier coefficients adopted in dynamic analysis

Fourier coefficients (IStructE Guide, 2008)

Table A2.2 Recommended values of the generated load factors, G ∝i, for use in calculations of performance for design or
assessment.

Scenario Harmonic number Typical activity represented Effectiveness factor

i=1 i=2 I=3

1 – – – Not required. Not required.

Route 1 only, but with discretion available by listed engineer
(recommendations Table I)

2 0.12 0.015 Zero Predominantly seated with occasional coordinated rhythmic Eqn. A2.3
movement from standing people

3 0.188 0.047 0.013 All crowd considered active. Moderate bobbing at three Eqn. A2.3
quarters Parkhouse and Ewin’s’ 50 person level

4 0.375 0.095 0.026 The whole crowd active. Eqn. A2.2

Loading taken to be twice that for the commonly occurring
events of Scenario 3

Fourier coefficients (Rodrigues, 2003)

Stadium Number of people First harmonic Second harmonic Third harmonic

(N/m2) (N/m2) (N/m2)

Morumbi I 4200 1184 473.6 118.4

II 3780 1376 550.4 137.6 a1 1.146

III 2940 704 281.6 70.4 a2 0.4587

a3 0.1147
IV 2100 736 294.4 73.6

V 840 1040 416.0 104.0

Ibirapuera 15 919.4 367.8 91.9

Maracanã 5000 850 340.0 85.0

Castelão 2860 328 131.2 32.8

Arena with chairs installed, and compare the results with

the ones obtained with [6]. If there are still differences,
then they may be caused by the behavior of the public. It
is possible that the dynamic excitation due to Brazilian
crowds is more intense (regardless of the fact that many
Brazilian arenas have no seats) than in Europe. In that
case, the Fourier values should be revised for the Brazil-
ian arenas.
In the event, Corinthians was notified that chairs
should be maintained. If necessary, they could be taken
out only in the lower stand of the east wing, with very stiff
structures as shown in Figure 4. To date (during World
Cup games or National games), uncomfortable situations
due to crowd actions have not been reported.

4.2 Roof

Werner Sobek Structural Engineers (see Figs. 17 and 18)

designed the roof. A steel frame structure was designed to Fig. 16.  Vertical acceleration (m/s2) of the grandstand due to crowd action
cover a total area of 32,300 m2. Initially, the roof was as-
sembled as cantilevers in the east and the west wings. Af- 5 Construction data
terwards, temporary supports were placed in the south
and north wings to finally connect the east and west can- In total, 20,430 elements (excluding foundation piles)
tilevers. The maximum span is 170 m long. were assembled, distributed as follows:

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Fig. 17.  Roof sketch

– 4,000 grandstand elements; – 950 precast columns;

– 430 grandstand beams; – 1,600 other elements (stairs, slabs, plates, etc.).
– 11,450 hollow core precast slabs;
– 2,000 precast beams; The concrete volume of precast elements was 31,500 m3.
The peak of production was 160 pieces assembled in one day.
The maximum daily fabrication was 4  columns,
8 units of single beams, 2 units of grandstand beams,
15 units of grandstand elements, and 36 units of slabs. The
maximum assembly was 4 columns, 6 units of single
beams, 3 units of grandstand beams, 16 units of grand-
stand elements, and 32 units of slabs.

6 Connection detailing

The definition of the precast connection details was made

in such a way as to minimize and facilitate the erection
process and the crew operations, because the unit costs of
Fig. 18.  General overview of the roof crane time and the erection crew time were relatively high.

Fig. 19.  Typical joint detail between two prefab column segments in the west wing

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Fig. 20.  Typical columns, beam and slab joint detail

Fig. 21.  Connection between alligator beams

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 F. Stucchi/M. Coelho Ungaretti/G. Fujii/H. Corres Peiretti/S. Doniak/J. Soriano Martin · Corinthians Arena – 2014 World Cup, design and construction
In the east wing, where the building is not so high,
single precast columns were employed. In the highest ar-
eas of the west wing, the columns were split (see Fig. 19),
at least into two elements, which were assembled using
couplers to establish continuity to the main vertical rein-
forcement. The type of coupler adopted in the construc-
tion of this arena was a screwed splice. It consists of the
following procedure. At the end of the bottom part of the
columns, a screwed bolt is welded to the reinforcement
bars. These bars splice to the main reinforcement of the
column. These screwed bolts remain outside the concrete
column. The top part of the column has a system of weld-
ed plates connected to the reinforcement bars of the col-
umn. The horizontal plate has a hole to fit the screwed
bolt of the bottom column. Then, after a crane raises the
upper part of the column and positions it over the bottom
column, a worker screws each nut, usually only in the four
corners, for provisional stability of the column. After that,
the crane releases the column to move on to the next one
and the other necessary connections can be screwed. In
comparison to a welded connection, the saved time is
about 80 minutes for each column. A welded connection
would take about 130 minutes, while this screwed splice
takes only about 50 minutes. After having connected all
nuts, the connection is grouted to provide continuity to
the structure and protect the reinforcement.
The prefabrication plant was able to produce 4 col-
umns per day. And the contractor usually assembled 4 col-
umns per day. A total volume of 5,200 m3 of concrete was
used to produce the precast columns.
The joints of the frames are monolithic. To maintain this
continuity, corbels located at different levels on the precast
columns support the beams. After the installation of the pre-
Fig. 22.  Connection between stands
Fig. 23.  Typical joint detail applied to cantilever beams in the west wing
cast beams, the small gap between the back face of the beam
and the front face of the column is filled with grout. The con-
tinuity to the top reinforcement of the beam, through the col-
umn, is guaranteed by coupled reinforcement that crosses the
precast column after the installation of the beam (see Fig. 20).
This figure also shows corbels all along the side of
the beams, with continuity through the columns, to make
constant the length of the precast slabs.
To establish a monolithic connection between pre-
cast grandstand beams, welded steel bars are used to
transfer tension forces (see Fig. 21).
For the connection between precast stands, bolts are
used to transfer tension forces. These bolts are designed to
allow a group movement of the stands. These stands are
pinned to the alligator beams (see Fig. 22).
As it had been initially proposed, all the connections
were optimized to achieve the best possible cost-time rela-
tionship. Even in cantilevered beams, (see Fig. 23) a pre-
cast solution was applied.
In some zones, due to the strict clearance-height re-
strictions, it was deemed necessary to substitute the pre-
cast concrete beams with slender composite beams or cast
in situ post-tensioned girders (see Figs. 24, 25 and 26).
Alternative connection details can be found in Lu [8]
and Yekrangnia [9].
7 Conclusions
Many and very different constraints, in particular the
time available for the design and construction of the
structure of the Corinthians Arena, determined the use
of structural concrete as the main material used in this
project.
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Fig. 26.  Cast in situ post-tensioned girder (22.5 m span)
References
 
 
 
 
Fig. 24.  Sketch of cast in situ post-tensioned girders
 
Prefabrication has been a special characteristic of  
this project. More than 20,000 elements were prefabricat-
ed, both in established industrial plants and in plants built
on site. These elements (for the solution of the structure
under the roof) were executed and assembled in a reduced  
timescale.
Globally, the adopted solution combines specific ele-
 
ments cast in situ, prefabricated elements for most of the
project, with stiff joints and composite elements as the
solution for special areas.
The adopted solution has been a correct choice to  
satisfy the structural demands of a project of this kind and,
particularly, those related to vibration control, a character-
istic and very important aspect in a building of this nature.
Fig. 25.  Sketch of slender composite beams
708 Structural Concrete 17 (2016), No. 5
1. Caderno de Eneargos das FIFA: Football stadiums – Techni-
cal recommendations and requirements, 4th Edition, 2007.
2. Department of Culture, Media and Sport: Guide to safety at
sports grounds, Crown Copyright, United Kingdom, 2008.
3. NBR 9062:2006 Brazilian Standard; “Projeto e Execução de
Estruturas de Concreto Pré-Moldado”.
4. ISO 2632-1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD: Mechanical
vibration and shock – Evaluation of human exposure to
whole-body vibration – Part 1, General requirements, 1997.
5. CEB: Bulletin d’information no. 209; Vibration problems in
structures. Practical Guidelines, 1991.
6. The Institution of Structural Engineers: Recommendations
for management design and assessment; Dynamic perfor-
mance requirements for permanent grandstands subject to
crowd actions, London, 2008.
7. Rodrigues, J. F. S.: Modelo das Ações Induzidas por Multi-
dões em Estruturas de Arquibancadas – PhD Thesis, Escola
Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, 2003.
8. Lu, X., Wang, L., Wang, D. and Jiang, H.: An innovative joint
connecting beam for precast concrete shear wall structures.
Structural Concrete. Accepted Author Manuscript.
doi:10.1002/suco.201500193
9. Yekrangnia, M., Taheri, A. and Zahrai, S. M.: Experimental
and numerical evaluation of proposed precast concrete con-
nections. Structural Concrete. Accepted Author Manuscript.
doi:10.1002/suco.201500168
 F. Stucchi/M. Coelho Ungaretti/G. Fujii/H. Corres Peiretti/S. Doniak/J. Soriano Martin · Corinthians Arena – 2014 World Cup, design and construction

Prof. Dr. Eng. Fernando Stucchi

Professor at Escola Politécnica da Universidade
de São Paulo Hugo Corres Peiretti
Director at EGT Engenharia Ltda Prof. at Technical University of Madrid
ZIP Code: 05051-030 Director FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores
R: Fabia, 442 Calle del Barquillo, 23,
São Paulo, Brazil 28004 Madrid, Spain
fernando.stucchi@egtengenharia.com.br hcp@fhecor.es

Eng. Marcelo Coelho Ungaretti

Director at EGT Engenharia Ltda José Soriano Martin
ZIP Code: 05051-030 FHECOR Ingenieros Consultores
R: Fabia, 442 Calle del Barquillo, 23,
São Paulo, Brazil 28004 Madrid, Spain
marcelo.ungaretti@egtengenharia.com.br jsm@fhecor.es

Eng. Gilson Fujii Eng. Sérgio Doniak

EGT Engenharia Ltda CEO – FHECOR DO BRASIL
ZIP Code: 05051-030 ZIP Code 80610-260
R: Fabia, 442 República Argentina, 2403
São Paulo, Brazil Curitiba-Paraná-Brazil
gilson.fujii@egtengenharia.com.br sdk@fhecordobrasil.com

Structural Concrete 17 (2016), No. 5 709